foundations to Kine chapter 5
Rank the processes of the information processing model in the order in which they occur
-input -decision making -output -feedback
Identify the reasons for the occurrence of plateaus in an individual's performance
-lack of motivation -loss of interest
identify the locomotor skills commonly seen in elementary school children
-running -jumping -walking
who is often considered the father of motor behavior
Franklin Henry
identify an example of an internal motive of learning
Zara wants to eat healthy to look beautiful
identify a performance characteristic of learners during the associative stage of learning
a learner works on mastering the timing needed for a skill
identify a scenario in which a person is obtaining inputs
a police officer trying to investigate a crime
in the context of fundamental motor movements, ____ is a movement occurring at the joints of the body in which body parts are brought closer together
bending
in the context of motor learning, how can instructors help learners understand the task to be learned
by helping learners establish an executive or motor plan for action
skills performed in a predictable, stable environment are called ____
closed skills
according to Fitts and Posner, the first stage of learning is the ____
cognitive stage
in the context of the information processing model, the process of ____ occurs when visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and other sensory information is transmitted through the nervous system to the brain
decision making
in the context of the information processing model, the process of ____ occurs when visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and other sensory information is transmitted through the nervous system to the brain
descision making
The ____ of the developmental sequences approach reflects the time needed to develop different aspects of the skill being learned
emerging stage
the proficient stage of the developmental sequences approach is marked by ____
enhanced coordination
true or false: continual reinforcement tends to be more effective than random reinforcement
false
In the context of the information processing model, ____ is information about the performance of a movement and its quality, appropriateness, or outcome
feedback
the ability of an individual to modify a skill to adapt to changing demands in the environment is termed as ____
generalizability
research suggests that reinforcement is more effective when ____
given immediately after a response
Gallahue developed and continues to refine the ____ to illustrate how development is a continued process
hourglass model
according to Magill and Anderson, a performance characteristic associated with skill learning is ____
improvement
the ____ stage of the developmental sequences approach is often characterized by poor spatial and temporal integration of movements comprising a skill
initial
teachers help learners become wise decision makers by ____
instructing learners on how to use the available feedback
feedback may be described as ____ when the source of the information is the outcome of the task or skill itselff
intrinsic
Adam's closed loop theory
it explained how feedback is used to update the cognitive representation of the movement and improve subsequent performances of the motor skills
kicking
it involves imparting force to an object by the foot and the leg
catching
it involves the use of hands to stop and gain control of an object
striking
it involves using a body part to apply force to a stationary object
positive reinforcement
it is given following a desired response
negative reinforcement
it is withheld following a desired response
identify a characteristic of bending
it may be done in several directions
Schmidt's schema theory
it proposed the idea that movement patterns such as kicking or throwing could be generalized to a variety of sports and settings
identify a necessary condition for swinging movements
it should be continuous, rhythmical, and free flowing
the dynamical systems theory
it suggested that the neuromuscular system plays a prominent role in the selection of movements
the ____ marked the beginning of the growth of motor development as an area of study within physical education
maturational period
as a skill is learned, an individual becomes ____
more adept at adapting the skill to changing conditions
____ is concerned with the learning or acquisition of skills across the lifespan
motor behavior
Derek, a manager at Newsay Publishers, sends his subordinate's project reports for rework when he is not satisfied with their work. He approves the reports when they meet his expectations. This is an example of ___
negative feedback
in the context of fundamental motor skills, ____ skills are typically done from a relatively stationary position, using a stable base of support
nonlocomotor
identify a necessary condition to promote the learning of motor skills and improvement of performance
practice sessions should be structured to promote optimal conditions for learning
how should practice sessions to be structured to promote optimal conditions for learning
practice should be organized so that distracting elements are eliminated from the setting
identify an example of intrinsic feedback
scoring an ace with a tennis serve
in the context of nonlocomotor movements, ____ is a forceful action designed to decrease the distance between the body and an object
pulling
in the context of nonlocomotor movements, ____ is a forceful action directed toward increasing the distance between the body and an obejct
pushing
____ can be defined in terms of physiological and psychological factors influencing an individual's ability and willingness to learn
readiness
which of the following occurs during the decision making process in the information processing model
relevant environment cues are identified
which of the following individuals is in the cognitive stage of learning
sarah is asked to watch a game of soccer familiarize herself with the game before she begins coaching
during the maturational period, early researchers focused on the ____
sequences of motor development in young children
which of the following would be considered a locomotor skill
sliding
which of the following would be considered a manipulative skill
striking
Throndike's research on learning in 1927, which became a significant development during the early period of motor learning and motor control, became known as ____
the Law of Effect
which of the following is true about the autonomous stage of learning
the learner can perform a skill without consciously thinking about it at all
identify a true statement about a person performing an open skill
the performer of the skill must adapt his or her responses to the ever-changing environment
Researchers in motor control are interested in ____
the processes underlying the learning and performance of motor skills
identify a goal of motor behavior identified by Thomas and Thomas
to understand how motor skills are controlled
the influence of a previously learned skill on the learning or performance of a new skill is called ____
transfer of learning
True or false: the study of motivation focuses on the causes of behavior, specifically those factors that influence the initiation, maintenance, and intensity of behavior
true
true or false: according to the dynamical systems model, characteristics of individual, environment, and task interact to influence movement
true
during the early period, motor learning researchers focused on ____
trying to understand how the mind worked
in the context of fundamental motor movements, ____ is a rotation of the body or a body part around its axis while maintaining a fixed base of support
twisting