foundations to Kine chapter 5

Rank the processes of the information processing model in the order in which they occur

-input -decision making -output -feedback

Identify the reasons for the occurrence of plateaus in an individual's performance

-lack of motivation -loss of interest

identify the locomotor skills commonly seen in elementary school children

-running -jumping -walking

who is often considered the father of motor behavior

Franklin Henry

identify an example of an internal motive of learning

Zara wants to eat healthy to look beautiful

identify a performance characteristic of learners during the associative stage of learning

a learner works on mastering the timing needed for a skill

identify a scenario in which a person is obtaining inputs

a police officer trying to investigate a crime

in the context of fundamental motor movements, ____ is a movement occurring at the joints of the body in which body parts are brought closer together

bending

in the context of motor learning, how can instructors help learners understand the task to be learned

by helping learners establish an executive or motor plan for action

skills performed in a predictable, stable environment are called ____

closed skills

according to Fitts and Posner, the first stage of learning is the ____

cognitive stage

in the context of the information processing model, the process of ____ occurs when visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and other sensory information is transmitted through the nervous system to the brain

decision making

in the context of the information processing model, the process of ____ occurs when visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and other sensory information is transmitted through the nervous system to the brain

descision making

The ____ of the developmental sequences approach reflects the time needed to develop different aspects of the skill being learned

emerging stage

the proficient stage of the developmental sequences approach is marked by ____

enhanced coordination

true or false: continual reinforcement tends to be more effective than random reinforcement

false

In the context of the information processing model, ____ is information about the performance of a movement and its quality, appropriateness, or outcome

feedback

the ability of an individual to modify a skill to adapt to changing demands in the environment is termed as ____

generalizability

research suggests that reinforcement is more effective when ____

given immediately after a response

Gallahue developed and continues to refine the ____ to illustrate how development is a continued process

hourglass model

according to Magill and Anderson, a performance characteristic associated with skill learning is ____

improvement

the ____ stage of the developmental sequences approach is often characterized by poor spatial and temporal integration of movements comprising a skill

initial

teachers help learners become wise decision makers by ____

instructing learners on how to use the available feedback

feedback may be described as ____ when the source of the information is the outcome of the task or skill itselff

intrinsic

Adam's closed loop theory

it explained how feedback is used to update the cognitive representation of the movement and improve subsequent performances of the motor skills

kicking

it involves imparting force to an object by the foot and the leg

catching

it involves the use of hands to stop and gain control of an object

striking

it involves using a body part to apply force to a stationary object

positive reinforcement

it is given following a desired response

negative reinforcement

it is withheld following a desired response

identify a characteristic of bending

it may be done in several directions

Schmidt's schema theory

it proposed the idea that movement patterns such as kicking or throwing could be generalized to a variety of sports and settings

identify a necessary condition for swinging movements

it should be continuous, rhythmical, and free flowing

the dynamical systems theory

it suggested that the neuromuscular system plays a prominent role in the selection of movements

the ____ marked the beginning of the growth of motor development as an area of study within physical education

maturational period

as a skill is learned, an individual becomes ____

more adept at adapting the skill to changing conditions

____ is concerned with the learning or acquisition of skills across the lifespan

motor behavior

Derek, a manager at Newsay Publishers, sends his subordinate's project reports for rework when he is not satisfied with their work. He approves the reports when they meet his expectations. This is an example of ___

negative feedback

in the context of fundamental motor skills, ____ skills are typically done from a relatively stationary position, using a stable base of support

nonlocomotor

identify a necessary condition to promote the learning of motor skills and improvement of performance

practice sessions should be structured to promote optimal conditions for learning

how should practice sessions to be structured to promote optimal conditions for learning

practice should be organized so that distracting elements are eliminated from the setting

identify an example of intrinsic feedback

scoring an ace with a tennis serve

in the context of nonlocomotor movements, ____ is a forceful action designed to decrease the distance between the body and an object

pulling

in the context of nonlocomotor movements, ____ is a forceful action directed toward increasing the distance between the body and an obejct

pushing

____ can be defined in terms of physiological and psychological factors influencing an individual's ability and willingness to learn

readiness

which of the following occurs during the decision making process in the information processing model

relevant environment cues are identified

which of the following individuals is in the cognitive stage of learning

sarah is asked to watch a game of soccer familiarize herself with the game before she begins coaching

during the maturational period, early researchers focused on the ____

sequences of motor development in young children

which of the following would be considered a locomotor skill

sliding

which of the following would be considered a manipulative skill

striking

Throndike's research on learning in 1927, which became a significant development during the early period of motor learning and motor control, became known as ____

the Law of Effect

which of the following is true about the autonomous stage of learning

the learner can perform a skill without consciously thinking about it at all

identify a true statement about a person performing an open skill

the performer of the skill must adapt his or her responses to the ever-changing environment

Researchers in motor control are interested in ____

the processes underlying the learning and performance of motor skills

identify a goal of motor behavior identified by Thomas and Thomas

to understand how motor skills are controlled

the influence of a previously learned skill on the learning or performance of a new skill is called ____

transfer of learning

True or false: the study of motivation focuses on the causes of behavior, specifically those factors that influence the initiation, maintenance, and intensity of behavior

true

true or false: according to the dynamical systems model, characteristics of individual, environment, and task interact to influence movement

true

during the early period, motor learning researchers focused on ____

trying to understand how the mind worked

in the context of fundamental motor movements, ____ is a rotation of the body or a body part around its axis while maintaining a fixed base of support

twisting