FSHN120
Essential Nutrient
1. At least one specific biological function of the nutrient must be identified in the body. 2. Omission of the nutrient must lead to a decline in biological functions. 3. Replacing the nutrient before damage occurs must restore the biological functions.
AI
Adequate Intake: estimated nutrient intake amount for when an RDA isn't available
DRI
Dietary Reference Intake: nutrient recommendations
EER
Estimated Energy Requirement: used for specific life stages/lifestyles
RDA
Recommended Dietary Allowance
Mouth
Step 1: saliva, amylase (digests starch), lipase (breaks down fat)
Esophagus
Step 2: lower esophageal sphincter allows food into stomach
Stomach
Step 3: allow 4 cups of food, chyme; pyloric sphincter allows food to enter small intestine
Small Intestine
Step 4: duodenum, jejenum, ileuym; digestion and absorption (must pass through ileocecal sphincter to get to large intestine)
Large Intestine
Step 5: also known as colon; cecum, ascending, transverse, and descending colon, sigmoid; little absorption
UL
Tolerable Upper Intake Level: evaluates highest amount of daily nutrient intake unlikely to cause negative effects
Satiety
a feeling of satisfaction; a state of fullness
Lysosomes
aid in digestion
Gallbladder
bile storage
Trace Minerals
body needs less than 100 mg daily
Major Minerals
body needs more than 100 mg daily
Macronutrients
carbs, lipids, proteins
Epigenetics
changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the DNA sequence
Nutrients
chemical substances in food that contribute to health; many are necessary
Case-Control Study
compares individuals who have a disease or condition to those who don't
Nutrient Density
determined by comparing nutritional content with amount of calories it provides
Energy Density
determined by comparing the calorie content with weight of a food
Liver
detoxifier, produces bile
Proportionality
eating more nutrient dense foods
Dietary Assessment
estimation of typical food choices
Functional Foods
foods rich in phytochemicals
Probiotics
improve intestinal tract health
Nutritional Genomics
interactions between nutrition and genetics; includes nutrigenetics/nutrigenomics
Anthropometric Assessment
measurement of body weight, lengths, circumferences and thicknesses
Biochemical Assessment
measurement of concentrations of nutrients/ nutrient by-products in blood, urine, etc.
Endocrine System
metabolism, water balance, hormones
Electrolytes
minerals that function based on their electrical charge when dissolved in water
Environmental Assessment
provides details about living conditions, education level and ability to purchase/prepare foods to maintain health
Facilitated Diffusion
requires a carrier protein
Active Absorption
requires a carrier protein and energy input
Clinical Assessment
search for physical evidence of diet-related diseases/deficiencies
Pancreas
secretes hormones
Nutrigenomics
study of how food impacts health through its interaction with our genes; development/treatment of nutrition related diseases
Nutrigenetics
study of the effects of genes on nutritional health
Motility
the mixing and moving of food
Hunger
the physical drive to eat
Appetite
the physiological drive to eat
Nutrition
the science that links food to health and disease
Obesity
the second leading cause of preventable death; it is a disease
Epidemiology
the study of diet and disease patterns among various populations
Passive Diffusion
the way a nutrient is absorbed/dissolved
Heart Disease, Cancer, & Stroke
three leading causes of death in the United States
Lymphatic System
transports products of fat digestion/absorption