FSHN120

Essential Nutrient

1. At least one specific biological function of the nutrient must be identified in the body. 2. Omission of the nutrient must lead to a decline in biological functions. 3. Replacing the nutrient before damage occurs must restore the biological functions.

AI

Adequate Intake: estimated nutrient intake amount for when an RDA isn't available

DRI

Dietary Reference Intake: nutrient recommendations

EER

Estimated Energy Requirement: used for specific life stages/lifestyles

RDA

Recommended Dietary Allowance

Mouth

Step 1: saliva, amylase (digests starch), lipase (breaks down fat)

Esophagus

Step 2: lower esophageal sphincter allows food into stomach

Stomach

Step 3: allow 4 cups of food, chyme; pyloric sphincter allows food to enter small intestine

Small Intestine

Step 4: duodenum, jejenum, ileuym; digestion and absorption (must pass through ileocecal sphincter to get to large intestine)

Large Intestine

Step 5: also known as colon; cecum, ascending, transverse, and descending colon, sigmoid; little absorption

UL

Tolerable Upper Intake Level: evaluates highest amount of daily nutrient intake unlikely to cause negative effects

Satiety

a feeling of satisfaction; a state of fullness

Lysosomes

aid in digestion

Gallbladder

bile storage

Trace Minerals

body needs less than 100 mg daily

Major Minerals

body needs more than 100 mg daily

Macronutrients

carbs, lipids, proteins

Epigenetics

changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the DNA sequence

Nutrients

chemical substances in food that contribute to health; many are necessary

Case-Control Study

compares individuals who have a disease or condition to those who don't

Nutrient Density

determined by comparing nutritional content with amount of calories it provides

Energy Density

determined by comparing the calorie content with weight of a food

Liver

detoxifier, produces bile

Proportionality

eating more nutrient dense foods

Dietary Assessment

estimation of typical food choices

Functional Foods

foods rich in phytochemicals

Probiotics

improve intestinal tract health

Nutritional Genomics

interactions between nutrition and genetics; includes nutrigenetics/nutrigenomics

Anthropometric Assessment

measurement of body weight, lengths, circumferences and thicknesses

Biochemical Assessment

measurement of concentrations of nutrients/ nutrient by-products in blood, urine, etc.

Endocrine System

metabolism, water balance, hormones

Electrolytes

minerals that function based on their electrical charge when dissolved in water

Environmental Assessment

provides details about living conditions, education level and ability to purchase/prepare foods to maintain health

Facilitated Diffusion

requires a carrier protein

Active Absorption

requires a carrier protein and energy input

Clinical Assessment

search for physical evidence of diet-related diseases/deficiencies

Pancreas

secretes hormones

Nutrigenomics

study of how food impacts health through its interaction with our genes; development/treatment of nutrition related diseases

Nutrigenetics

study of the effects of genes on nutritional health

Motility

the mixing and moving of food

Hunger

the physical drive to eat

Appetite

the physiological drive to eat

Nutrition

the science that links food to health and disease

Obesity

the second leading cause of preventable death; it is a disease

Epidemiology

the study of diet and disease patterns among various populations

Passive Diffusion

the way a nutrient is absorbed/dissolved

Heart Disease, Cancer, & Stroke

three leading causes of death in the United States

Lymphatic System

transports products of fat digestion/absorption