Fundamental of Speech Final Exam (Mrs.Swiatkowski)

Power

According to your textbook, speechmaking carries heavy ethical responsibilities because it is a form of ______.

Bandwagon

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?

Knowledge, Interest, and Attitude.

According to your textbook, what are the three primary factors to consider when assessing an audience's disposition toward a speech topic?

Lacks a reference to the audience.

"To explain the three major benefits of cycling as a form of exercise" is a poorly phrased specific purpose statement because it ______.

Value

"To persuade my audience that doctor-assisted suicide is morally acceptable" is a special purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of _________.

Policy

"To persuade my audience that they should adopt a program of regular exercise" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of ______

False Cause

A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second. What term of fallacy is this? Example: I always wear my blue sweater when I take an exam, but I couldn't find it yesterday. If I had worn it yesterday, I would not have flunked my accounting exam.

Red Herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion. Example: How can you worry about cruelty to animals when spousal abuse occurs everyday?

Slippery Slope

A fallacy which assumes that taking the first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented. Example: If we allow the government to require healthy meals in school cafeterias, then it's only a matter of time before the government tells us everything we can and cannot eat.

False

A persuasive speech on a question of fact is essentially the same as an informative speech. True or False.

True

Although most of the process of audience adaptation occurs as part of preparing a speech, a speaker may still need to adapt his or her remarks to the audience during the presentation of the speech. True or False.

Invalid Analogy

An _______ in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike.

False

True or False. Because men and women in the US share a much broader range of experiences than they once did, gender is no longer a significant factor in demographic audience analysis.

Over the years, people have tried many remedies to combat the common cold.

Arranged in random order below are a main point, one sub point, and three sub-points from a speech preparation outline. Which is the main point?

Violates the Bill of Rights in the US Constitution.

As explained in your textbook, public speakers have an obligation to avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language because such language.

Free of figurative language.

As explained in your textbook, the central idea of a speech should be ________

False

True or False. Establishing common ground with an audience is especially important in the conclusion of a persuasive speech.

Signal the end of the speech and reinforce the speaker's central idea.

As explained in your textbook, the two major functions of a speech conclusion are to ________

False

True or False. If something is legal, it is also ethical.

False

Audience analysis and adaptation are usually less challenging in persuasive speaking than in speaking to inform. True or False.

True

True or False. It is possible to disagree entirely with a speaker's ideas but still support the speaker's right to express those ideas.

False

Because opinions on the Internet are free for anyone to use, it is ethical to use them in your speech without citing your source. True or False.

A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.

Define Ad Hominem.

An fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

Define Bandwagon.

Standards on which a judgment or decision can be based.

Define Criteria.

A group of two people.

Define Dyad.

A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.

Define Either-or.

Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something.

Define Evidence.

False

Brainstorming is a way of clearing your mind so you can relax while choosing a speech topic. True or False.

An error in reasoning

Define Fallacy.

A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.

Define Hasty Generalization.

A set of unstated individual goals that may conflict with the goals of the group as a whole.

Define Hidden Agenda.

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.

Comparative Advantages Order

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to an emotional appeal.

Define Pathos.

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.

Define Question of Fact.

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

Define Question of Policy.

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

Define Question of Value?

True

True or False. Moving listeners from being strongly opposed to a speaker's position to being only moderately opposed would be a sign of a successful persuasive speech.

True

True or False. One function of a speech conclusion is to reinforce the speaker's central idea.

True

A speaker's credibility is affected by everything he or she says and does during the speech. True or False.

False

A speaker's ethical obligation decrease as the size of the audience decreases. True or False.

Patchwork.

According to your textbook, __________________ plagiarism occurs when a speaker copies word for word from two or three sources.

Directions for delivering the speech.

According to your textbook, as Tevin prepares his presentation outline for his speech on spiders, he should remember to include all of the following except ______.

1.) Oral Report: A speech presenting the findings, conclusions, or decisions of a small group. 2.) Symposium: A public presentation in which several people present prepared speeches on different aspects of the same topic. 3.) Panel Discussion: A structured conversation on a given topic among several people in front of an audience.

Define and explain each method of presenting the recommendations of a problem-solving small group as discussed in the chapter. (Chapter 19) : Thought Questions.

A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old.

Define appeal to novelty.

True

Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. True or False?

Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that the U.S. Congress should pass legislation curbing the spread of phony pharmaceuticals. Central Idea: Because phony pharmaceuticals are a serious problem in the United States, Congress should pass legislation ensuring that the medications we buy are safe.

Example of Problem-Solution Order:

Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on the Richter scale will hit California in the next ten years. Central Idea: There are three good reasons to believe that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on the Richter scale will hit California in the next ten years.

Example of Question of Fact.

1. Passive Agreement : Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that a balanced-budget amendment should be added to the U.S. Constitution. 2. Immediate Action: Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience to participate in alternative spring break.

Example of Question of Policy.

Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that capital punishment is morally and legally wrong. Central Idea: Capital punishment violates both the Bible and the U.S. Constitution.

Example of Question of Value.

1.) Procedural Needs: Routine "housekeeping" actions for the efficient conduct of business in a small group. Example: Deciding when and where the group will meet. 2.) Task Needs: Substantive actions necessary to help a small group complete its assigned task. Example: Analyzing the issues facing the group. 3.) Maintenance Needs: Communicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group. Example: How will members get along with one another.

Explain the differences among procedural needs, task needs, and maintenance needs in a problem-solving small group. Give an example of each. (Chapter 19) : Thought Questions.

1.) Defining the Problem. 2.) Analyzing the Problem. 3.) Establishing criteria for solving the problem. 4.) Generating potential solutions. 5.) Selecting the best solution.

Explain the five stages of the reflective-thinking method for discussion in problem-solving small groups. (Chapter 19) : Thought Questions.

1.) Implied Leader: A group member to whom other members defer because of her or his rank, expertise, or other quality. 2.)Emergent Leader: A group member who emerges as a leader during the group's deliberations. 3.) Designated Leader: A person who is elected or appointed as leader when the group is formed.

Explain the kinds of leaders for small groups as discussed in the chapter. (Chapter 19): Thought Questions.

A problem-solving small group is formed to solve a particular problem.

Explain why defining the problem for a small group discussion is similar to determining the specific purpose for a speech? (Chapter 19) : Thought Questions.

False

In a presentation outline, the specific purpose and central idea are identified by Roman numerals. True or False.

False.

It is seldom a good idea to discuss the importance of your topic in the introduction of a speech. True or False.

Need

Nina's persuasive speech contained the following statement: The lack of national law requiring seat belts on school buses is a serious problem in the United States. Last year alone, 437 children were killed and more than 17,000 ended up in emergency rooms as a result of accidents involving school buses. Given all the advances in automobile safety in recent years, how can we continue to allow our children to ride in unsafe vehicles? Which of the three basic issues of persuasive speeches on questions of policy did Nina address in this excerpt?

True

One way for a persuasive speaker to uphold the ethical obligations of speechmaking is to learn about all sides of an issue. True or False.

1. Judge whether each part of the speech is fully developed. 2. Ensures that ideas flow clearly from one to another. 3.Solidify the structure of a speech.

Outlining is important to public speaking because an outline helps a speaker

The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

Practicality

False

Research indicates that evidence is usually more persuasive when it is stated in general rather than specific terms. True or False.

False

The aim of successful speechmaking is to gain the desired response from listeners by any means necessary. True or False.

Egocentric

To say that people usually want to hear about things that are meaningful to them is to say that people are _______.

False

True or False. The speaking outline is essentially a manuscript of your speech.

False

True or False. The following is an example of causal reasoning: "Taking a human life is morally wrong. Assisted suicide is the taking of a human life. Therefore, assisted suicide is morally wrong."

True

True or False. To inform my audience of the major steps in responding to a medical emergency" is an example of an effective specific purpose statement for an informative speech.

True

True or False. Your success in a persuasive speech will usually depend on how well you adapt to the attitudes, beliefs, and values of your audience

1. Attention: Gain the attention of your audience by using one or more of the methods described in (chapter 10). 2. Need: Make the audience feel a need for change. 3. Satisfaction: Having aroused a sense of need, you satisfy it by providing a solution to the problem. 4. Visualization: Having given your plan, you intensify desire for it by visualizing its benefits. 5. Action: The audience is convinced that your policy is beneficial, you are ready to call for action.

What are the five Motivated Sequence?

1.) Defining the problem. 2.) Analyzing the problem. 3.) Establishing criteria for solving the problem. 4.) Generating potential solutions. 5.) Selecting the best solution.

What are the five Reflective-Thinking Method?

1.) Commit yourself to the goals of your group. 2.) Fulfill individual assignments. 3.) Avoid interpersonal conflicts. 4.) Encourage full participation. 5.) Keep the discussion on track.

What are the five rules Responsibilities in a Small Group?

1.) Use Emotional Language. 2.) Develop Vivid Examples. 3.) Speak with Sincerity and Conviction.

What are the three Generating Emotional Appeal?

1. Need: The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy? 2.Plan: The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem? 3.Practically: The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

What are the three Policy Issues?

1.) Initial Credibility: the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak. 2.) Derived Credibility: the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech. 3.) Terminal Credibility: the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech.

What are the three types of credibility?

1.)Oral Report: a speech presenting the findings, conclusions, or decisions of a small group. 2.)Symposium: a public presentation in which several people present prepared speeches on different aspects of the same topic. 3.)Panel Discussion: a structured conversation on given topic among several people in front of an audience.

What are the three ways of presenting the recommendations of your group?

A five-step method for directing discussion in a problem-solving small group.

What does reflecting-thinking method mean?

The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.

What does the term Ethics mean?

The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.

What does the term Mental Dialogue with the audience mean?

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

What does the term Persuasion mean?

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

What does the term Target Audience mean?

Hasty Generalization

What error in reasoning is exemplified by the following statement: My Volkswagen constantly needs repairs, and so does my roommate's Mazda. We can see, then, that all foreign cars are unreliable.

True

When reasoning from specific instances in a persuasive speech, it is usually a good idea for a speaker to supplement the specific instance with testimony or statistics showing that the instances are typical. True or False.

Reveal the topic.

Which of the following is a major objective of a speech introduction?

To persuade my audience that capital punishment fails to deter people from committing murder.

Which of the following is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of fact?

Advocating

Which of the following is inappropriate in a speech to inform?

1.Put ethical principles into practice. 2.Make sure your goals are ethically sound.

Which of the following is presented in your textbook as a guideline for ethical speechmaking?

Get an early start on researching and preparing your speech

Which of the following is recommended by your textbook as a way to avoid plagiarism?

To persuade my audience that the campus library should be open 24 hours a day.

Which of the following specific purpose statements is from a persuasive speech seeking passive agreement?

Appeal to Tradition.

a fallacy which assumes that something that something old is automatically better than something new. Which fallacy is this definition?