Fundamentals FINAL

Why are the developmental theories important to nursing practice? a. They describe how parts work together as a system b. They outline the process of human growth and development c. They define human adaptation to others and to the environment d. They explain the importance of legal and ethical care

b. They outline the process of human growth and development

Which of the following accurately describes Florence Nightingales influence on nursing knowledge? a. She defined nursing practice as the continuation of medical practice b. She differentiated between health nursing and illness nursing c. She established training for nurses under the direction of the medical profession d. She established a theoretical base for nursing that originated outside the profession

b. She differentiated between health nursing and illness nursing

A nurse is providing home care for an older woman with severe osteoporosis. What complication of this disease process must the nurse consider in the plan of care? a. Diarrhea b. Fractures c. Visual deficits d. Skin disorders

b. Fractures

Which of the following individuals provided community-based care and founded public health nursing? a. Adelaide Nutting b. Lillian Wald c. Sojourner Truth d. Clara Barton

b. Lillian Wald

Which of the following patients would be most at risk for alterations in oral health? a. Infant who is breast fed b. Man with a nasogastric tube c. Woman who is pregnant d. Healthy young adult

b. Man with a nasogastric tube

A nurse is assessing the muscles of an older adult. What will be assessed? a. Temperature, turgor, moisture b. Mass, tone, strength c. Degree of flexion, associated pain d. Reflexes, range of motion

b. Mass, tone, strength

What was significant about the promotion of the National Center for Nursing Research to the current National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR)? a. Increased numbers of articles are published in research journals b. NINR gained equal status with all other national Institutes of Health c. NINR became the major research body of the International Council of Nurses d. It decreased emphasis on clinical research as an important area for nursing

b. NINR gained equal status with all other national Institutes of Health

A nurse incorporates the health promotion guidelines established by the U.S. Department of Health document: Healthy People 2010. Which of the following is a health indicator discussed in this document? a. Cancer b. Obesity c. Diabetes d. Hypertension

b. Obesity

A patient undergoing chemotherapy for a brain tumor believes that having a good attitude will help in the healing process. This is an example of what type of knowledge? a. Science b. Philosophy c. Process d. Virtue

b. Philosophy

A nurse conducts a smoking-cessation program for patients of a neighborhood clinic. This is an example of which of the following aims of nursing? a. Promoting health b. Preventing illness c. Restoring health d. Facilitating coping with disability or death

b. Preventing illness

Teaching a woman about breast self-examination is an example of what broad aim of nursing? a. Promoting health b. Preventing illness c. Restoring health d. Facilitating coping with disability and death

b. Preventing illness

Which of the following set of terms best describes nursing at the end of the Middle Ages? a. Continuity, caring, critical thinking b. Purpose, direction, leadership c. Assessment, interventions, outcomes d. Advocacy, research, education

b. Purpose, direction, leadership

What is the role of the flat bones in the body? a. Height b. Shape c. Movement d. Length

b. Shape

A school nurse is assessing children in the third grade for pediculosis capitis. What assessments should be made? a. The public area for growth of hair b. The head for nits on hair shafts c. The nails for evidence of cleanliness d. The body for evidence of abuse

b. The head for nits on hair shafts

There are four concepts common in all nursing theories. Which one of the four concepts is the focus of nursing? a. Person b. Environment c. Health d. Nursing

a. Person

A patient has had food poisoning with severe vomiting and diarrhea. What would this acute illness most likely cause? a. Edema b. Dehydration c. Jaundice d. Eczema

b. Dehydration

A nurse is providing oral care to a patient with dentures. What action would the nurse do first? a. Assess the mouth and gums b. Don gloves c. Wash the patients face d. Apply lubricant

b. Don gloves

Which of the following factors does NOT affect personal hygiene practices? a. Culture b. Income level c. Health state d. Gender

d. Gender

One step in implementing evidence-based practice is to ask a question about a clinical area of interest or an intervention. The most common method is the PICO format. Which of the following accurately defines the letters in the PICO acronym? a. P = population b. I = institution c. C = compromise d. O = output

a. P = population

Which of the following patients are at an increased risk for oral problems? Select all that apply. a. A comatose patient b. A confused patient c. A depressed patient d. A patient undergoing chemotherapy e. A hypertensive patient f. An obese patient

a. A comatose patient b. A confused patient c. A depressed patient d. A patient undergoing chemotherapy

Which of the following examples represents the types of knowledge known as process? Select all that apply. a. A nurse dispenses medications to patients b. A nurse changes the linens on a patients bed c. A nurse studies a nursing journal article on infection control d. A nurse consults an ethics committee regarding an ethical dilemma e. A nurse believes in providing culturally competent nursing care f. A nurse monitors the vital signs of a postoperative patient

a. A nurse dispenses medications to a patient b. A nurse changes the linens on a patients bed f. A nurse monitors the vital signs of a postoperative patient

While conducting an oral assessment, a nurse notices the patients gums are red and swollen, some teeth are loose, and blood and pus can be expressed when the gums are palpated. What condition do these symptoms indicate? a. Periodontitis b. Plague c. Halitosis d. Caries

a. Periodontitis

Which one of the following examples of nursing actions would be considered an ethical/legal skill? a. A nurse helps a patient prepare a living will b. A nurse obtains a urine sample for a urinalysis c. A nurse explains the rationale for a patients plan of care d. A nurse holds the hand of a woman whose baby died in childbirth

a. A nurse helps a patient prepare a living will

A nurse is assessing the activity level of a 5-month-old baby. What normal findings would be assessed? a. Ability to sit and head control b. Ability to pick up small objects c. Progress toward running and jumping d. Progress toward unassisted walking

a. Ability to sit and head control

An 80year-old woman tells the nurse that she just itches all the time and her skin seems very dry. How do these symptoms relate to aging skin? a. Activity of the glands in the skin lessens b. The symptoms are indicators of a disease c. Skin gland activity increases, leading to acne d. the symptoms are unrelated to aging skin

a. Activity of the glands in the skin lessens

Which of the following organizations has established standards for clinical nursing practice? a. American Nurses Association b. National League for Nursing c. International Council for Nurses d. State Board of Nursing

a. American Nurses Association

A student nurse learns how to give injections from the nurse manager. This is an example of the acquisition of what type of knowledge? a. Authoritative b. Traditional c. Scientific d. Applied

a. Authoritative

Which of the following sources of knowledge is based on objective data? a. Authoritative b. Traditional c. Scientific d. Applied

a. Authoritative

A patient tells a nurse that he always uses boric acid solution to wash out his eyes. What would the nurse teach the patient? a. Boric acid should not be used; it is toxic when absorbed b. Good work! Continue with your cleansing routine c. Why in the world would you do such a thing? d. Maybe you should try something a little stronger

a. Boric acid should not be used; it is toxic when abosorbed

A patient in a clinical research study has given informed consent. This means that the patient has certain rights. These rights include which of the following? Select all that apply. a. Confidentiality b. Free medical care c. Refusal to participate d. Protection from harm e. Guarantee of treatment f. Consent knowledgeably

a. Confidentiality c. Refusal to participate d. Protection from harm f. Consent knowledgeably

While performing range-of-motion exercises on a patient, a nurse bends a patients foot so that the toes are brought up, as though to point them at the knee. What is the term for this type of movement? a. Dorsiflexion b. Inversion c. Rotation d. Eversion

a. Dorsiflexion

A nurse performing range-of-motion exercises on a bedfast patient moves the patients chin down onto the chest and then back to an upright position. The nurse then tilts the head as far as possible to each shoulder. What therapeutic movement is the nurse achieving with this exercise? Select all that apply. a. Flexion b. Adduction c. Extension d. Dorsiflexion e. Pronation f. Abduction

a. Flexion c. Extension

A nurse is providing perineal care to a female patient. In which direction would the nurse move the washcloth? a. From the pubic area toward the anal area b. From the anal area to the pubic area c. From side to side within the labia d. The direction does not make any difference

a. From the pubic area toward the anal area

Breaking the healthcare community into separate entities (such as the medical community, the nursing staff, management, support staff) and analyzing how they work as a whole together is an example of which nursing theory? a. General systems theory b. Adaptation theory c. Developmental theory d. Compartment theory

a. General systems theory

A nurse instructor explains the concept of health to her students. Which of the following statements accurately describes this state of being? a. Health is a state of optimal functioning b. Health is an absence of illness c. Health is always an objective state d. Health is not determined by the people

a. Health is a state of optimal functioning

Which of the following are examples of characteristics of evidence-based practice? Select all that apply. a. It is a problem-solving approach b. It uses the best evidence available c. It is generally accepted in clinical practice d. It is based on current institutional protocols e. It blends the science and art of nursing f. It is not concerned with patient preferences

a. It is a problem-solving approach b. It uses the best evidence available e. It blends the science and art of nursing

What was one barrier to the development of the nursing profession in the United States after the Civil War? a. Lack of educational standards b. Hospital-based schools of nursing c. Lack of influence from nursing leaders d. Independence of nursing orders

a. Lack of educational standards

What is the ultimate goal of expanding nursing knowledge through nursing research? a. Learn improved ways to promote and maintain health b. Develop technology to provide hands-on nursing care c. Apply knowledge to become independent practitioners d. Become full-fledged partners with other care providers

a. Learn improved ways to promote and maintain health

A nurse is teaching an older woman how to move and lift her disabled husband. The woman has osteoarthritis of the hips and knees. What is the goal of the nurses teaching plan? a. Minimize stress on the wives joints b. Provide exercise for the husband c. Increase socialization with neighbors d. Maintain self-esteem of the wife

a. Minimize stress on the wives joints

Which of the following is a characteristic of nursing practiced from an early civilization to the 16th century? a. Most early civilizations believed that illness had supernatural causes b. The physician was the priest who treated disease with prayer c. The nurse was a nun committed to caring for the needy and homeless d. Nursing changed from a spiritual focus to an emphasis on knowledge expansion

a. Most early civilizations believed that illness had supernatural causes

Which age group in the population is expanding most rapidly, resulting in changes int he delivery of healthcare? a. Older adults b. Younger adults c. School-aged children d. Newborns

a. Older adults

A homeless person uses the soap and towels in a public restroom to wash up. This is an examples of which of the following factors affecting personal hygiene practices? a. Socioeconomic class b. Culture c. Developmental level d. Health state

a. Socioeconomic class

Which of the following are characteristics of nursing theories? Select all that apply. a. They provide rational reasons for nursing interventions b. They are based on descriptions of what nursing should be c. They provide a knowledge base for appropriate nursing responses d. They provide a base for discussion of nursing issues e. They help resolve current nursing issues and establish trends f. They use complex terminology to resolve specific nursing issues

a. They provide rational reasons for nursing interventions c. They provide a knowledge base for appropriate nursing responses d. They provide a base for discussion of nursing issues e. They help resolve current nursing issues and establish trends

A nurse is developing a plan of care for an older adult who is malnourished and on bed rest. Which of the following interventions would be included to prevent skin alterations? a. Turn and reposition every 2 hours b. Limit fluids to 500 mL every 24 hours c. Do not use lotions or creams on skin d. Assess vital signs every 4 hours

a. Turn and reposition every 2 hours

A nurse is caring for a patient with long hair. The patient asks if something could be done about her hair to be more comfortable. How would the nurse respond? a. Yes, I can braid it for you if you want me to b. Well I guess I could just cut it all off c. You will have to ask your family to do that d. No, that is not a part of my job as a nurse

a. Yes, I can braid it for you if you want me to

What phrase best describes the science of nursing? a. Application of clinical skills b. Body of nursing knowledge c. Holistic patient care d. Art of individualized nursing

b Body of nursing knowledge

Which of the following nursing groups provides a definition and scope of practice for nursing? a. ICN b. AAN c. ANA d. The Joint Commission

b. AAN

Which of the following nursing pioneers established the Red Cross in the United States in 1882? a. Florence Nightingale b. Clara Barton c. Dorothea Dix d. Jane Addams

b. Clara Barton

A nurse caring for a patient with diabetes chooses an appropriate plan of care and devises interventions to accomplish the desired outcomes. This is an example of using which of the following type of nursing skills? a. Technical b. Cognitive c. Interpersonal d. Ethical/Legal

b. Cognitive

A nurse is assessing the skin of an older patient with dry skin and notices several areas of scratches and abrasion. Interventions should be implemented to meet what goal? a. Investigate the possibility of elder abuse b. Decrease the risk of infection c. Promote safety during daily hygiene d. Increase the patients self-esteem

b. Decrease the risk of infection

Which of the following statements by a patient would alert the nurse to an increased risk for skin cancer? a. I take a shower three times a day b. This wart has changed color c. My skin is just so dry and it itches d. My cast is rubbing a blister

b. This wart has changed color

What is the primary purpose of standards of nursing practice? a. To provide a method by which nurses perform skills safely b. to ensure knowledgeable, safe, comprehensive nursing care c. To establish nursing as a profession and discipline d. To enable nurses to have a voice in healthcare policy

b. To ensure knowledgeable, safe, comprehensive nursing care

Why is it important for the nurse to each and role model proper body mechanics? a. To ensure knowledgeable patient care b. To promote health and prevent illness c. To prevent unnecessary insurance claims d. To demonstrate knowledge and skills

b. To promote health and prevent illness

The practice of changing patients bedclothes each day in acute care settings is an example of what type of knowledge? a. Authoritative b. Traditional c. Scientific d. Applied

b. Traditional

Although all of the following are nursing responsibilities, which one would be expected of a nurse with a baccalaureate degree? a. Providing direct physical care b. Using research findings to improve practice c. Administering medications as prescribed d. Collaborating with other healthcare providers

b. Using research findings to improve practice

A patient with severe osteoarthritis is having a surgical hip replacement. This is possible because of the type of joint found in the hip. What type is it? a. Pivot joint b. Gliding joint c. Ball-and-socket joint d. Hinge joint

c. Ball-and-socket joint

After graduation from an accredited program in nursing and successfully passing the NCLEX, what gives the nurse a legal right to practice? a. Enrolling in an advanced degree program b. Filing NCLEX results in the county of residence c. Being licensed by the State Board of Nursing d. Having a signed letter confirming graduation

c. Being licensed by the State Board of Nursing

A nurse practitioner is caring for a couple who are the parents of an infant diagnosed with Downs Syndrome. The nurse makes referrals for a parent support group for the family. This is an example of which nursing role? a. Teacher/Educator b. Leader c. Counselor d. Collaborator

c. Counselor

Which of the following is a responsibility of an institutional review board (IRB)? a. Secure informed consent for researchers b. Review written accuracy of research proposals c. Determine risk status of all studies d. Secure funding for institutional research

c. Determine risk status of all studies

Before developing a procedure, a nurse reviews all current research-based literature on insertion of a nasogastric tube. What type of nursing will be practiced based on this review? a. Institutional practice b. Authoritative nursing c. Evidence-based nursing d. Factual-based nursing

c. Evidence-based nursing

A nurse is making a bed occupied by a patient. Which of the following is a recommended step for this procedure? a. Lower side rail on opposite side of you b. Discard soiled linen onto the floor c. Fan-fold soiled linens as close to patient as possible d. Place the drawsheet under the patients knees

c. Fan-fold soiled linens as close to the patient as possible

Who is considered to be the founder of professional nursing? a. Dorothea Dix b. Lillian Wald c. Florence Nightingale d. Clara Barton

c. Florence Nightingale

Who was the first nurse to develop a nursing theory? a. Clara Barton b. Dorothea Dix c. Florence Nightingale d. Virginia Henderson

c. Florence Nightingale

What physical changes during adolescence predispose the adolescent to body odor and acne? a. Growth of long bones b. Loss of calcium from bones c. Hormonal changes d. Decreased skin secretions

c. Hormonal changes

A nurse uses the process of quantitative research to study the incidence and causes of hospital-acquired pneumonia in her hospital. The statement of what the researcher expects to find in these studies is called the: a. Variable b. Data c. Hypothesis d. Instrument

c. Hypothesis

A home health nurse is visiting a patient who is receiving chemotherapy for cancer treatment. What condition may result from chemotherapy? a. Changes in skin color b. Excess hair growth c. Loss of hair d. Dry, brittle nails

c. Loss of hair

A female patient in a reproductive health clinic tells the nurse practitioner that she douches every day. Should the nurse tell the patient to continue this practice? a. Yes, this helps prevent vaginal odor b. Yes, this decreases vaginal secretions c. No, douching removes normal bacteria d. No, douching may increase secretions

c. No, douching removes normal bacteria

Which of the following represents the basic framework of the research process? a. Qualitative data b. Quantitative data c. Nursing process d. Nursing theory

c. Nursing process

What nursing activity would meet the broad nursing aim of facilitating coping with disability and death? Select all that apply. a. Conducting a blood pressure screening program b. Teaching testicular self-examination c. Referring to a community diabetic support group d. Administering intravenous fluids e. Admitting a patient to a hospice program f. Performing a physical assessment on a patient

c. Referring to a community diabetic support group e. Admitting a patient to a hospice program

A nurse is shaving the facial hair of a bed-ridden patient. Which of the following is a recommended guideline for this procedure? a. Fill bath basin with cool water b. Apply shaving cream approximately 1 inch thick c. Shave with the direction of hair growth in downward, short strokes d. Do not use aftershave or lotion on area shaved

c. Shave with the direction of hair growth in downward, short strokes

A nurse is conducting a health history for a patient with a skin problem. What question or statement would be most useful in eliciting information about personal hygiene? a. Perhaps you don't recognize your bad body odor b. You must eat a lot of greasy foods to have this acne c. Tell me about what you do to take care of your skin d. Why do you only take a bath once a week?

c. Tell me about what you do to take care of your skin

The mother of a 2 year old tells the nurse she always cleans the child's ears with a hairpin. What would the nurse tell the mother? a. That's not good. Use a Q-tip or your finger instead. b. You really like to keep you child clean. Good for you! c. That is dangerous; you might puncture the eardrum d. Show me exactly how you use the hairpin

c. That is dangerous; you might puncture the eardrum

A nurse is teaching an older adult about inactivity. What information would be included in the teaching plan? a. The requirement of frequent inactivity b. The recognition that exercise is not important c. The importance of regular exercise d. The possibility of exercise-induced fractures

c. The importance of regular exercise

A nurse has been tried and found guilty of the felony crime of forgery. How might this affect the nurses license to practice nursing? a. It will have no effect on the ability to practice nursing b. The nurse can practice nursing at a less-skilled level c. The license may be revoked or suspended d. The license will permanently carry the felony conviction

c. The license may be revoked or suspended

Which of the following statements accurately describe an element of nursing? Select all that apply. a. The skills involved in nursing are primarily technical in nature b. The primary focus of nursing is to assist individuals to recover from illness c. The science of nursing is the knowledge base for the care that is given d. The art of nursing is the collection of knowledge through research e. Nursing is considered to be both an art and a science f. Nursing is a profession that used specialized knowledge and skills

c. The science of nursing is the knowledge base for the care that is given e. Nursing is considered to be both an art and a science f. Nursing is a profession that uses specialized knowledge and skills

Before a long-term care resident goes to sleep at night, his dentures are placed in a denture cup with clean water. What rationale supports placing dentures in water? a. None; they should be placed in saline b. To increase comfort when replaced in the mouth c. To prevent drying and warping of plastic d. To ensure the dentures are not thrown away

c. To prevent drying and warping of plastic

Why are nursing organizations important for the continued development and improvement of nursing as a whole? a. To provide socialization and networking for members b. To regulate work activities for members c. To set standards for nursing education and practice d. To provide information to nurses about legal requirements

c. To set standards for nursing education and practice

A nurse is teaching an adolescent patient how to care for her acne. Which of the following is a recommended guideline? a. Squeeze infected areas to prevent infection b. Rigorously cleanse the acne with soap and hot water c. Use water-based moisturizers and make-up d. Use sun-tanning booths to dry up postulates

c. Use water-based moisturizers and make-up

Which of the following activities are normally acquired in the toddler years? Select all that apply a. Rolling over b. Pulling to a standing position c. Walking d. Running e. Jumping f. Climbing stairs

c. Walking d. Running e. jumping

In what time period did nursing care as we know it begin? a. Pre-civilization b. Early civilization to 16th century c. 16th to 17th century d. 18th to 19th century

d. 18th to 19th century

Which of the following patients would be at greatest risk for injury to the skin and mucous membranes? a. 10-day-old infant with no health problems b. 17-year-old adolescent with asthma c. 44-year-old man with hemorrhoids d. 77-year-old man with diabetes

d. 77-year-old man with diabetes

A nurse observes that certain patients have less pain after procedures than do others, and forms a theory of why this happens. What is a theory? a. A concept used to directly prove a fact or a group of facts b. An understanding borrowed from other disciplines c. A best guess based on intangible ideas d. A statement of occurrence based on observed facts

d. A statement of occurrence based on observed facts

Which of the following is a criteria that defines nursing as a profession? a. An undefined body of knowledge b. A dependence on the medical profession c. An ability to diagnose medical problems d. A strong service orientation

d. A strong service orientation

Nurses use the nursing process to focus care on human responses to what? a. Interactions with the environment b. Physical effects of disease c. Outcomes of medical or surgical treatment d. Actual or potential health problems

d. Actual or potential health problems

The family of a patient being discharged home has arranged to rent a hospital bed. What should the nurse teach the family about safety when using the bed? a. How to apply the bed linens b. Proper maintenance c. How to move the patient in bed d. Advisable positions and controls

d. Advisable positions and controls

A beginning student is reading a published research article. Where in the article would the student find the abstract? a. In the introduction b. In the methods section c. After the references d. At the beginning

d. At the beginning

Information is collected for analysis in both quantitative and qualitative research. What is the information called? a. Surveys b. Answers c. Interviews d. Data

d. Data

Which of the following is a current trend affecting nursing education and practice? a. Over abundance of graduating nurses b. Office-based care delivery systems c. Increase in length of hospital stay d. Increase in chronic health conditions

d. Increase in chronic health conditions

A staff nurse asks a student, Why in the world are you studying nursing theory? How would the student best respond? a. Our school requires we take it before we can graduate b. We do it so we know more than your generation did c. I think it explains how we should collaborate with others d. It helps explain how nursing is different from medicine

d. It helps explain how nursing is different from medicine

Amy Jones, a high school senior, wants to become a geriatric nurse practitioner. What nursing degree will she need to attain this goal? a. Licensed practical nurse b. Associate degree c. Baccalaureate degree d. Masters degree

d. Masters degree

A student has been assigned to provide hygiene care to four patients. Which one would require special consideration for perineal care? a. Middle-aged man with a nasogastric tube b. Young adult man who has had a hernia repair c. Young woman who has had cosmetic surgery d. Middle-aged woman with a Foley catheter

d. Middle-aged woman with a Foley catheter

Which of the following is one of the most important benefits of a nurse helping with bathing? a. The patient sees professional staff b. The nurse improves technical skills c. Staff-nurse relationships are more collegial d. Nurse-patient relationships are facilitated

d. Nurse-patient relationships are facilitated

During the first half of the 20th century, a change in the structure of society resulted in changed roles for women and, in turn, for nursing. What was one of these changes? a. More women retired from the workforce to raise families b. Women became more dependent and sought higher education c. The focus of nursing changed to hands-on training d. Nursing research was conducted and published

d. Nursing research was conducted and published

What term is used to describe the correction or prevention of disorders of body structures used in locomotion? a. Pediatrics b. Obstetrics c. Geriatrics d. Orthopedics

d. Orthopedics

What function of the skeletal system is essential to proper function of all other cells and tissues? a. Supporting soft tissues of the body b. Protecting delicate body structures c. Providing storage area for fats d. Producing blood cells

d. Producing blood cells

A student has been assigned to provide morning care to a patient. The plan of care includes the information that the patient requires partial care. What will the student do? a. Provide total physical hygiene, including perineal care b. Provide total physical hygiene, excluding hair care c. Provide supplies and orient to the bathroom d. Provide supplies and assist with hard-to-reach areas

d. Provide supplies and assist with hard-to-reach areas

A nurse is providing nursing care in a neighborhood clinic to single pregnant teens. Which of the following actions is the best example of using the collaborator role as a nurse? a. Discussing the legal aspects of adoption for teens wishing to place their infants with a family b. Searching the Internet for information on child care for teens who wish to return to school c. Conducting a patient interview and documenting the information on the patients chart d. Referring a teen who admits having suicidal thoughts to a mental healthcare specialist

d. Referring a teen who admits having suicidal thoughts to a mental healthcare specialist

Which of the following postural deformities might be assessed in a teenager? a. Kyphosis b. Rickets c. Osteoporosis d. Scoliosis

d. Scoliosis

Which of the following terms are part of quantitative research? a. Process b. Concept c. Ethnography d. Variable

d. Variable

A nurse is helping an older woman undress and notices the woman's knee-high hose have left dep indentations. The woman has diabetes. Does this pose a risk to the patient? a. No, the indentations will go away b. No, knee-high hose are more comfortable c. yes, these are a safety hazard and should not be worn d. Yes, these can obstruct lower extremity circulation

d. Yes, these can obstruct lower extremity circulation