Fundamentals: Nursing Science

Which basic human needs belongs to the fourth level as per Maslow's hierarchy of needs? Select all that apply. 1. self-worth 2. achievement 3. security needs 4. belonging needs 5. self actualization

1,2. Self worth & achievement. Fourth level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs encompasses self-esteem needs, which involve self-confidence, usefulness, self-worth, and achievement. Security needs are included in the second level. Belonging needs such as friendship, social relationships, and sexual love come under the third level. Self-actualization is the basic human need, which belongs to the final level.

A nurse is evaluating different situations on the basis of the components of human personality as mentioned by Sigmund Freud. Which situations represent the id component? Select all that apply. 1 . A client experiencing pain takes pain medication prescribed to a family member. 2 . A client feels nauseous; therefore, he or she leaves work midway to go to a healthcare facility. 3 . A client wishes to go home and therefore slips out of the healthcare facility quietly without anyone noticing. 4 . A client feeling hungry notices a food tray at the next bed, but does not grab the food because a nurse is watching. 5 . A client feeling thirsty waits for the nurse to bring him or her water instead of taking it from the next client because he or she knows that it is wrong.

1,2,3. According to Sigmund Freud, the components of human personality develop in stages and affect behavior. The three components are the id, the ego and the superego. The id represents basic human instincts and impulses that are driven to achieve pleasure. In the given situation, the client feels the need to reduce the pain and therefore takes a medication prescribed for a different person. This is an example of id. A client who leaves work midway to go to the healthcare facility because of nausea is also exhibiting id behavior. Another example of id behavior is a situation where a client who wishes to go home slips out of the healthcare facility instead of following proper protocol. A client who is hungry is tempted by the food tray beside the next bed but controls himself or herself because the nurse is watching exhibits ego behavior. A client who feels thirsty understands that it is wrong to take water given to another client and instead waits for the nurse to bring some water exhibits superego behavior.

A nursing student is listing the impact of applying the Roy adaptation model on improved functional status in clients with heart failure. Which step listed by the nursing student needs correction? 1. "use of literature resources supports practical-based nursing interventions" 2. "A client may learn techniques to improve the ability to adapt to an illness or condition." 3. "Involve a client's support system to increase the client's ability to use adaptive techniques." 4. "Nursing theories support theory-based nursing practices and define the specific interventions for clients."

1. "Use of literature resources supports practical-based nursing interventions." When using a nursing theory like Roy's adaptation model, the nurse should remember that using literature resources supports theory-based nursing interventions. The nurse should remember that by applying the Roy adaptation model, clients may learn techniques to improve his or her ability to adapt to an illness or condition. When using Roy's adaptation model, the nurse should remember that involving a client's support system helps in increasing the client's ability to use adaptive techniques. When using Roy's adaptation model, the nurse should remember that nursing theories support theory-based nursing practices and define the specific interventions for clients.

Which program is an example of a continuing education program? 1. A program on caring for the elderly with dementia offered by a university 2. A program on culturally sensitive approaches in health care for the hospital nursing staff 3. A training on the use of computers to maintain health records by the health care institution 4. A program on safe principles for administering chemotherapy for nurses in the oncology department

1. A program on caring for the elderly with dementia offered by a university The program on caring for the elderly with dementia offered by a university is an example of a continuing education program. Such programs are formal, organized educational programs offered by universities, hospitals, or professional nursing organizations. An in-service education program is held in the institution or health care agency to increase the competencies of the nurses employed there. Therefore the programs on culturally sensitive approaches in health care, use of computers, and safe principles for administering chemotherapy are in-service educational programs.

What is the similarity between evidence-based practice (EBP) and quality improvement (QI)? 1. Both receive funding from internal sources 2. Both use data sources from multiple research studies. 3. Both need approval of the institutional review board. 4. Both are conducted by researchers employed for this purpose.

1. Both receive funding from internal sources Both evidence-based practice (EBP) and quality improvement (QI) are funded by internal sources. EBP uses information from multiple research studies; in contrast, QI collects data from client records. EBP does not require the institutional review board approval; QI sometimes may require institutional review board approval. EBP and QI are carried out by practicing nurses and possibly other members of the healthcare team. Research studies are carried out by researchers.

An African man presents to the emergency department to obtain pain medication. The nurse behaves judgmentally and labels the client a drug abuser. What is the nurse demonstrating? 1. Ethnocentrism 2. Multiculturalism 3. Cultural encounter 4. Cultural imposition

1. Ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism is the tendency of a person to hold his or her own beliefs superior to those of other people. It causes biases and prejudices in regard to people from other groups. This practice is transmitted by cultural groups from one generation to another. In multiculturalism, two cultures coexist and are accepted by the individual. In a cultural encounter, part of cultural competence, a nurse engages in cross-cultural interactions for effective communication. Cultural imposition occurs when a nurse or health care provider ignores the differences between his or her own culture and others and imposes his or her beliefs on people of other cultures.

What is the order of evidence-based practice that a nurse should follow while caring for a client?

1. ask a question 2. collect evidence 3. appraise the evidence 4. make a decision 5. evaluate changes 6. share outcomes Evidence-based practice consists of six steps. The nurse should first ask questions about the relevant issues of client care such as "What is the best way to prevent urinary tract infections in postoperative clients?" Then the evidence is collected from a variety of sources such as advanced practice nurses, staff educators, risk managers, and infection control nurses. After that, the evidence is appraised and the value, feasibility, and usefulness of the evidence are considered before making a decision. Then the plans made based on evidence are implemented in practice followed by the evaluation of the outcomes. The outcomes are then shared with others to determine the effectiveness of the intervention.

A nurse is advising a parent to teach the child impulse control and cooperative behaviors to avoid the risks of altered growth and development. In which stage does the nurse teach the parent about this, according to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? 1. initiative v. guilt 2. intimacy v. isolation 3. autonomy v. shame and doubt 4. generativity v. self-absorption and stagnation

1. initiative v. guilt In the Initiative versus Guilt stage, the nurse advises the parent to teach the child impulse control and cooperative behaviors. This helps to avoid risks of altered growth and development. In the Intimacy versus Isolation stage, the nurse tries to understand the needs of a young adult. The Autonomy versus Sense of Shame and Doubt stage models empathetic guidance that provides support for and understanding the challenges of this stage. In the Generativity versus Self-Absorption and Stagnation stage, the nurse assists physically ill adults in choosing creative ways to foster social development.

A registered nurse is teaching a nursing student about Piaget's theory of cognitive development that includes four periods, which are related to age. Which age group corresponds with concrete operations? 1. 2-7 years 2. 7-11 years 3. Birth to 2 years 4. 11 years to adulthood

2. 7-11 years According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the concrete operations period applies to the age group of 7 to 11 years of age. The preoperational period is during the age group of 2 to 7 years. The sensorimotor period applies to the age group of birth to 2 years. The formal operations period applies to the age group of 11 years to adulthood.

How is the term "beneficence" in health ethics different from "nonmaleficence"? 1. Beneficence refers to fairness, whereas nonmaleficence refers to the agreement to keep promises. 2. Beneficence involves taking positive actions to help other's whereas nonmaleficence is the avoidance of harm or hurt. 3. Beneficence stands for all health care professionals, whereas nonmaleficence stands for nursing professionals. 4. Beneficence refers to the support of a particular cause, whereas nonmaleficence refers to a willingness to respect one's professional obligations.

2. Beneficence involves taking positive actions to help other's whereas nonmaleficence is the avoidance of harm or hurt. Beneficence is the act of taking positive actions to help others; nonmaleficence is the avoidance of harm or hurt. Justice refers to fairness; fidelity refers to the agreement to keep promises. Both beneficence and nonmaleficence stand for all healthcare professionals. Advocacy refers to the support of a particular cause; responsibility refers to a willingness to respect one's professional obligations.

What is the definition of descriptive research? 1. Descriptive research tests how well a program, practice, or policy is working. 2. Descriptive research measures the characteristics of persons, situations, or groups. 3. Descriptive research is designed to establish facts and relationships concerning past events. 4. Descriptive research explores the interrelationships among variables of interest without any active intervention.

2. Descriptive research measures the characteristics of persons, situations, or groups. Descriptive research is defined as a study that measures characteristics of persons, situations, or groups and the frequency with which certain events or characteristics occur. Evaluation research tests how well a program, practice, or policy is working. Historical research is designed to establish facts and relationships concerning past events. Correlational research explores the interrelationships among variables without any active intervention by the researcher.

Which domain of the nursing intervention phase includes electrolyte and acid-base management? 1. Domain 1 2. Domain 2 3. Domain 3 4. Domain 4

2. Domain 2 Domain 2 of the nursing intervention phase includes electrolyte and acid-base management. Domain 2, or the physiologic complex, includes care that supports homeostatic regulation. Domain 1 includes care that supports physical functioning. Domain 3 incorporates care that supports psychosocial functioning and facilitates lifestyle changes. Domain 4 involves care that supports protection against harm.

12. A student nurse is asking a registered nurse to suggest a database source to find information on studies related to allied health sciences. Which database would the registered nurse suggest? 1. EMBASE 2. MEDLINE 3. National Guidelines Clearinghouse 4. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

2. MEDLINE The MEDLINE database includes studies in medicine, nursing, dentistry, psychiatry, veterinary medicine, and allied health. EMBASE includes biomedical and pharmaceutical studies. The National Guidelines Clearinghouse includes a repository for structured abstracts about clinical guidelines and their development. It also includes a condensed version of the guidelines. The Cochrane Database includes full text of regularly updated systematic reviews prepared by the Cochrane Collaboration as well as completed reviews and protocols.

A client in the final stage of cancer is very anxious about his or her disease. The client is showing aggressive behavior towards family members. The nurse comforts and offers compassion and empathy to the client and the family members. Which theory principle is the nurse following in this situation? 1. Roy's theory 2. Watson's theory 3. Leininger's theory 4. Henderson's theory

2. Watson's theory Watson's theory involves assisting the clients in attaining health, maintaining health, or dying peacefully. As per Watson's theory, the nurse should comfort and offer compassion and empathy to clients and their families. Roy's theory identifies the types of demands placed on the client and helps the client adapt to changes in his or her physiological needs. Leininger's theory is about transcultural care theory, which explains that caring is the central and unifying domain for nursing knowledge and practice. Henderson's theory illustrates that nurses working interdependently with other healthcare workers can best assist the client.

Which intervention by the nurse is an important aspect of client-centered care according to the survey conducted by the Picker Institute? 1. informing the client after scheduling appointments 2. asking the client if the family should be involved in his or her care 3. ensuring that all client health care needs are met until discharge 4. asking the client to contact any of the health care personnel for assistance

2. asking the client if the family should be involved in his or her care The nurse provides client-centered care by asking the client if the family should be involved in the care. The client has the right to determine the family's involvement in his or her care. The nurse should schedule appointments in consultation with the client so that the client's convenience is taken into account. The nurse should ensure that the client's continuing health care needs are met even after discharge. Clients generally look for one team member to be in charge and communicate clearly with the other team members. Therefore the nurse should identify one member who can be of assistance at all times.

A nurse is analyzing and explaining the demographics of a population under research. What phase of the nursing process is the nurse exercising? 1. diagnosis phase 2. Evaluation phase 3. assessment phase 4. implementation phase

2. evaluation phase When the nurse is analyzing and interpreting the demographics of a study population, the nurse is exercising the evaluation phase. During the diagnosis phase, the nurse develops hypotheses related to the drug study. During the assessment phase, the nurse formulates the theoretical framework, reviews the literature, and identifies the study variables. During the implementation phase, the nurse obtains the necessary approvals, recruits subjects, and implements the study protocol.

A health care facility uses cardiac telemetry for a client. Which Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) competency does this intervention adhere to? 1. safety 2. informatics 3. patient-centered care 4. Evidence-based practice

2. informatics Informatics is the use of advanced technology. Cardiac telemetry is an example of the use of informatics in client care. It is a device that monitors the client's heart rate wherever the client is on the unit. The safety competency requires the nurse to minimize the risk of harm to clients through system effectiveness and individual performance. The nurse provides patient-centered care by acknowledging the client as a full partner in health care. The nurse uses evidence-based practice while providing health care. It involves the conscientious use of current best practice based on research findings.

Which group benefits from Medicare? 1. self-insured employers 2. people who are 65 years or older 3. members of low-income families 4. children who are not poor enough for medicaid

2. people who are 65 years or older. Medicare is a health insurance program for people 65 years or older. The payment for the plan is deducted from monthly individual social security checks. A Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) plan is a contractual agreement between a set of providers and self-insured employers. It offers comprehensive health services at a discount to companies under contract. The Medicaid plan is a federally funded, state-run program that provides health insurance for low-income families. It finances a large portion of care for poor children, their parents, pregnant women, and disabled very poor adults. The State Children's Health Insurance Programs (SCHIP) is a federally funded, state-run program for children who are not poor enough for Medicaid.

A nurse needs to record a client's data from admission until discharge. Which record will the nurse use? 1. acuity record 2. source record 3. hand-off records 4. problem-oriented medical record

2. source record The nurse will use the source record for writing information from the client's admission until discharge. This record has a separate section for each discipline (such as the admission sheet, nursing records, and medication). Acuity records are not part of a client's medical record. They are useful for determining the hours of care and staff required for a given group of clients. A hand-off record is used when up-to-date information about a client's condition, required care, treatments, medications, services, and any recent or anticipated changes is to be communicated. The problem-oriented medical record (POMR) is a method of documentation that places emphasis on the client's problems. In this record, data is organized by problem or diagnosis.

11. A nurse assisting in a research study calculates the risk-benefit ratio and concludes that there were no harmful effects associated with a survey of diabetic clients. This researcher was applying which principle? 1. Human dignity 2. Human rights 3. Beneficence 4. Utilitarianism

3. Beneficence Beneficence is defined as the promotion of well-being and abstaining from the injuring of others as well as doing good and being kind and charitable. In this situation, the possible benefits outweigh the possible harm for the clients participating in a research study. Human dignity and human rights are underlying principles of research ethics but are not directly related to the risk-benefit ratio here. Utilitarianism relates to the ethical doctrine that virtue is based on utility, and that conduct should be directed toward promoting the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

The nurse interviews a client about a current health problem. The nurse then obtains and documents the client's temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate. Which step of the nursing process is involved in this situation? 1. Planning 2. Diagnosis 3. Assessment 4. Implementation

3. Assessment The scenario is an example of the assessment phase of the nursing process. Assessment involves the collection of comprehensive data pertinent to the client's health. During the planning level of nursing care, the nurse develops a plan that prescribes strategies and alternatives to attain expected outcomes. The nurse analyzes the assessment data to determine the diagnoses during the diagnosis level of nursing practice. The nurse implements the health care plan identified for the client during the implementation level of the standards of nursing practice. This level may include administering prescribed medications or healthcare procedures.

Which of these is a part of health belief model? 1. Behavioral outcomes 2. Behavior-specific knowledge 3. Perception of susceptibility to an illness 4. Individual characteristics and experience

3. Perception of susceptibility to an illness. The health belief model is divided into three components. The first component is an individual's perception of susceptibility to an illness. The second component is an individual's perception of seriousness of an illness. The third component is the preventive actions taken by a person. The health promotion model focuses on behavioral outcomes, behavior-specific knowledge and affect, and individual characteristics and experience.

A theory contains a set of components such as concepts, definitions, assumptions or propositions. What do these components help to explain? 1. Domain 2. Paradigm 3. Phenomenon 4. Environment or situation

3. Phenomenon A theory contains a set of components such as concepts, definitions, assumptions or propositions that explain a phenomenon. The domain is the perspective of a profession. A paradigm is a pattern of thought that is useful in describing the domain of a discipline. Environment or situation includes all possible conditions affecting clients and the settings in which their health care needs occur.

A block nurse is caring for an elderly couple in the neighborhood. What kind of service does block nursing offer to the elderly clients? 1. Diagnostics 2. Health screening 3. Running errands 4. Communicable disease control

3. Running errands Block nursing involves the services of nurses living within a neighborhood. The nurse generally provides services for older clients or those who are unable to leave their homes. Therefore running errands is one of the services offered by the block nurse. The primary health care provider's offices provide primary health care, which includes diagnostics and treatment. School health, occupational health, primary health care provider's offices, and community health centers provide health screening. Communicable disease control is offered by occupational health services.

An adolescent tells the nurse, "I do not go to parties that serve alcohol, not because my dad doesn't like it, but because I know this is not right." What does the statement indicate according to Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development? 1. The statement specifies that the adolescent has reached the 'Social Contract Orientation' stage. 2. The statement specifies that the adolescent has reached the 'Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation' stage. 3. The statement specifies that the adolescent has reached the 'Society-Maintaining Orientation' stage. 4. The statement specifies that the adolescent has reached the 'Punishment and Obedience Orientation' stage.

3. The statement specifies that the adolescent has reached the 'Society-Maintaining Orientation' stage. The statement provided by the adolescent specifies that he or she has reached the Society-Maintaining Orientation stage. In this stage, an individual expands his or her focus from a relationship with others to societal concerns and the moral decisions take into account societal perspectives. In the Social Contract Orientation stage, an individual follows the societal law, but recognizes the possibility of changing the law to improve society. In the Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation stage, an individual wants to win approval and maintain the expectations of one's immediate group. In the Punishment and Obedience Orientation stage, a child's response to a moral dilemma is in terms of absolute obedience to authority and rules.

The nurse finds that a client with bilateral oral swelling, pain, and trismus had undergone a surgical extraction of an impacted tooth five days ago. What type of nursing diagnosis does the documentation of acute pain refer to? 1. syndrome diagnosis 2. risk nursing diagnosis 3. actual nursing diagnosis 4. health promotion diagnosis

3. actual nursing diagnosis According to the given information, the pain is secondary to the surgical procedure. In this case, the nurse has sufficient assessment data to establish the nursing diagnosis. This is an example of an actual nursing diagnosis. A syndrome diagnosis is a clinical judgment describing a specific cluster of nursing diagnoses that occur together. A risk nursing diagnosis describes human responses to health conditions or life processes that may develop in a vulnerable individual, family, or community. A health promotion nursing diagnosis is a clinical judgment of a person's, family's, or community's motivation, and readiness to increase well-being.

In an ongoing research study a nurse asks participants, who are breast cancer survivors, to briefly share information about their lives after surviving cancer. The nurse then compiles the views to determine the cancer survivors' quality of life. Which type of study is being conducted? 1. historical research 2. descriptive research 3. qualitative research 4. correlational research

3. qualitative research Qualitative research involves inductive reasoning to develop an overview from specific observations or interviews. In this type of study, the nurse interviews the participants and then summarizes the common themes from all the interviews in order to develop generalizations or theories based on the observations. Historical research establishes facts and relationships concerning past events. Descriptive research measures characteristics of persons, situations, or groups, and the frequency with which certain events or characteristics occur. Correlational research explores the interrelationships among variables of interest without any active intervention by the researcher.

Which of these measures does a nurse take during the working phase of a helping relationship? 1. evaluating goal achievements with the client 2. anticipating health concerns or issues that may arise 3. using appropriate self-disclosure and confrontation 4. prioritizing the client's problems and identifying his or her goals

3. using appropriate self-disclosure and confrontation During the working phase of a helping relationship, the nurse uses appropriate self-disclosure and confrontation. Evaluation of goal achievements with the client is performed during the termination phase. The nurse anticipates health concerns or issues that may arise during the preinteraction phase. The nurse prioritizes the client's problems and identifies his or her goals during the orientation.

A nurse conducting a research study is obtaining informed consent from a research subject. Which statement made by the nurse to the client needs correction? 1. "You may or may not give your consent" 2. "You may rest assured that any information you provide will remain confidential." 3. "I hope you are able to understand the purpose and implications of participating in the research study" 4. "Let me explain all the details about the research and why it is the best available method of treatment"

4. "Let me explain all the details about the research and why it is the best available method of treatment" When obtaining informed consent from research subjects, the nurse is required to explain details such as the purpose of the study, procedures involved, data collection, potentials risks and benefits, and the alternative methods of treatment. The nurse should not convince the client that the research study is the best treatment option available. The nurse is required to assure the client that consent may be given voluntarily; the client is allowed to decline participation. The nurse should discuss the method of maintaining confidentiality and anonymity of information provided. The nurse should also ensure that the client is able to understand the purpose and implications of participating in the research study.

While teaching a nursing student, a registered nurse says "This is a study in which the investigator controls the study variable and randomly assigns subjects to different conditions to test the variable." Which type of research is the above statement? 1. Historical research 2. Evaluation research 3. Exploratory research 4. Experimental research

4. Experimental research In experimental research, the investigator controls the study variable and randomly assigns subjects to different conditions to test the variable. In historical research, studies are designed to establish facts and relationships concerning past events. In evaluation research, studies test how well a program, practice, or policy is working. Exploratory research is an initial study designed to develop or refine the dimensions of phenomena or to develop or refine a hypothesis about the relationships among phenomena.

A nurse is heading a performance improvement team. The nurse collects records of needlestick injuries due to improper needle recapping techniques used during medicine administration. What is the next step to be followed by the nurse, if he or she is using the "plan, do, study, act (PDSA)" model? 1. Evaluate data regarding the number of needlestick injuries after providing proper training 2. Conduct training programs to teach proper needle recapping techniques on a weekly basis 3. Implement new training programs on needle recapping techniques in all units of the hospital 4. Facilitate a training program for all nurses to teach the proper technique of recapping needles

4. Facilitate a training program for all nurses to teach the proper technique of recapping needles The PDSA model includes the steps "plan," "do," "study," and then "act." In this case, the nurse performs the "plan" step by collecting the records of needlestick injuries that occur due to improper needle recapping techniques. After this, the nurse should move on to the 'do' step. At this stage, the nurse should choose an intervention based on the data and implement the change. In the given situation, all nurses are given training on the proper technique of recapping needles through a training program. The 'study' step involves the nurse evaluating the data regarding the number of needlestick injuries after training has been given. The last step of the PDSA cycle is the 'act' stage. At this stage, the training programs are implemented on a weekly basis. In addition, new training programs on needle recapping techniques are implemented in all units of the hospital.

Which feature according to Benner is observed in a nurse at the "proficient" level? 1. The nurse learns by means of a set of rules. 2. The nurse identifies the principles of nursing care. 3. The nurse identifies the problems related to the health care system. 4. The nurse focuses on managing care rather than managing skills.

4. The nurse focuses on managing care rather than managing skills. The nurse at the proficient level has more than 2 or 3 years of experience in the same clinical position. The nurse focuses on managing care rather than managing and performing skills. The novice nurse learns by means of a set of rules, which are usually stepwise and linear. The advanced beginner has observational experience and is able to identify the principles of nursing care. The expert nurse is skilled at identifying client-centered problems, health care system-related problems, and the needs of the novice nurse.

A parent observes that the child is dressing on his or her own and is self-feeding. Which stage of life does the child belong to according to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? 1. initiative v. guilt 2. trust v. mistrust 3. industry v. inferiority 4. autonomy v. shame and doubt

4. autonomy v. shame and doubt According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, autonomy verses sense of shame and doubt stage is seen in children ages 1 to 3 years. By this age, the child is more accomplished in some basic self-care activities such as walking, feeding, and toileting. Therefore the child who is learning to dress himself or herself and self-feed is in the autonomy verses sense of shame and doubt stage. In the initiative versus guilt stage, the child likes to pretend and try out new roles. Fantasy and imagination allow them to explore their environment. In the trust versus mistrust stage, the infant requires a consistent caregiver who is available to meet his or her needs. From this basic trust in caregivers comes trust in himself or herself, in others, and in the world. Industry versus inferiority is seen in school-aged children (6-11 years). In this stage, children will apply themselves to learning socially productive skills and learning to play with peers.

During the implementation of evidence-based practice, a nurse researcher using MEDLINE databases collects published scientific studies and uses PICOT questions when conducting the search for evidence. What would be the next step performed by the nurse researcher? 1. ask a clinical question 2. integrate the evidence 3. evaluate the practice decision 4. critically appraise the evidence.

4. critically appraise the evidence Using databases to collect the published scientific studies and PICOT questions for conducting the search is the second step (collecting the evidence) in the implementation of an evidence-based practice. The next step is to critically appraise the evidence, which involves evaluating the evidence by determining the value, feasibility, and usefulness of the evidence for making a practical change. Asking a clinical question is the first step of evidence-based practice, and it is done before collecting the evidence. Integrating the evidence is the fourth step of an evidence-based practice, which is done after critically appraising the evidence. This step involves incorporating the evidence into practice. Evaluating the practice decision or change is the fifth step of evidence-based practice, and it involves evaluating the outcome of integrating the evidence into practice.

12. A clinical research organization wants to conduct a large-scale study on the effect of changes in clients' activity levels after surgery on postoperative ileus. Prior to the conduction of the full-scale study, the health care team performed a pilot study to predict an appropriate sample size and to improve the study design. Which type of research does this study belong to? 1. historical research 2. evaluate research 3. descriptive research 4. exploratory research

4. exploratory research In exploratory research, the initial study is designed to develop or refine the dimensions of phenomena or to develop or refine a hypothesis about the relationships among phenomena. Therefore the pilot study conducted to improve or refine the study design before performing the full-scale study comes under exploratory research. In historical research, studies are designed to establish facts and relationships concerning past events. In evaluation research, the study tests how well a program, practice, or policy is working. In descriptive research, the study measures characteristics of persons, situations, or groups, and the frequency with which certain events or characteristics occur.

The Magnet Recognition Program for health care organizations is based on fourteen forces of magnetism related to five magnet model components. Which force of magnetism is assessed to review the structural empowerment of the organization? 1. quality of care 2. quality improvement 3. interdisciplinary relationships 4. personnel policies and programs

4. personnel policies and programs Health care organizations that apply for Magnet status must demonstrate innovations in professional practice. One of the forces of magnetism that impacts the structural empowerment of the organization is its personnel policies and programs. Personnel policies of an organization should provide an innovative environment in which the staff are developed and empowered. Empirical quality outcomes are reviewed by assessing the quality of care. New knowledge, innovations, and improvements are reviewed by assessing the quality improvement of the health care organization. Interdisciplinary relationships are assessed to review exemplary professional practice.