Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1
alzheimer disease may be caused by
a buildup of beta amyloid in brain
movement is
a change in body position/body part position. it also includes motions of internal organs
in the thirties, signs of aging include
a few gray hairs, faint facial lines, minor joint stiffness, and a decrease in female fertility
hydrostatic pressure is
a pressure exerted by liquids
a recent anatomical discovery is
a previously unknown muscle between two bones in the hand
responsiveness is
a reaction to change taken place inside or outside the body
control centers function to
decide what a particular value should be
in the sixties, signs of aging include
deepening wrinkles and a waning immune system
with urbanization, humans became susceptible to
diseases and malnutrition
nutrients supply
energy and raw materials for building new living matter
with agriculture, humans became susceptible to worm diseases because
excrement was used in fertilizers and less reliance was placed on wild plants that offered their protective substances
physiologists rely on
experimentation
in the forties and fifties, signs of aging include
fading of hair color, wrinkles, increased blood pressure, and elevated blood glucose levels
substances that provide organisms with nutrients called
foods
physiology is
function of the body (how body parts work)
early medical providers developed the language of anatomy and physiology from
greek and latin
the organs of the cardiovascular system are
heart and blood vessels
a form of energy used by the body is
heat
the forerunners of modern drugs were
herbs and potions
the organism studied in this class is the
human
toothy decay was lowest among
hunter-gathers, and highest among city residents
examples of atoms are
hydrogen and glucose
the body uses oxygen
in the process of releasing energy from nutrients
receptors provide
information about specific conditions in the internal environment
the interests of our earliest ancestors most likely concerned
injuries and illnesses because healthy bodies demand little attention
examples of organ systems include
integumentary, skeletal, and digestive systems
before agriculture, infectious diseases did not spread easily because
isolated bands of people had little contact with eachother
the organs of the urinary system are
kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
the anatomy of the hand, which is
long, jointed bones with attached muscles allows it to grasp objects
the organs of the lymphatic system are
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen
organelles are made of
macromolecules
when atoms chemically bond together they form
macromolecules
four major uses of water by the body are
metabolic processes, medium for metabolic reactions, transporting substances, and regulating body temperature
examples of organelles are
mitochondria, golgi apparatus, and nuclei
the organs of the digestive system are
mouth, teeth, gallbladder, pancreas, small/large intestines, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and liver
circulation is
movement of substances from place to place in body fluids
examples of cells are
muscle cells and nerve cells
the organs of the respiratory system are
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
anatomists rely on
observation
primitive people certainly suffered from
occasional aches and pains, injuries, bleeding, broken bones, and diseases
wrinkles are produced because
of decreased amounts of collagen, elastin, and subcutaneous fats in skin
teeth can function to break solid foods because
of their shape
organisms are formed from
organ systems
cells are made of small structures called
organelles
organ systems are formed from
organs
the organs of the female reproductive system are
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva
one-fifth of air is
oxygen
the structure of the heart includes
powerful, muscular walls which allows it to propel blood into blood vessels
the application of force on an object is
pressure
respiration is
process of obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods
reproduction is
production of new organisms and cells
elderly people metabolize drugs at different rates than younger people because
proportions of fat to water in tissues changes as you age
scientific inquiry consists of
providing a descriptive amount of how and why
heat helps to regulate
rates of metabolic reactions
the three components of a homeostatic mechanism are
receptors, a control center, and effectors
excretion is
removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
effectors cause
responses that alter conditions in the internal environment
the organs of the male reproductive system are
scrotum, testes, epididymides, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland,
homeostatic mechanisms are
self-regulating mechanisms that maintain homeostasis
tissues are formed from
similar cells
examples of organs are
skin, femur, heart, and kidney
the organs of the integumentary system are
skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands
examples of tissues are
squamos epithelium and loose connective tissue
at first healers had to rely on
superstitions and notions about magic
the heart valves ensure
that blood moves in the proper direction
digestion is
the breaking down of food substances through membranes and into body fluids
within humans, the basic unit of structure and function is
the cell
the internal environment of the body consists of
the fluid that surrounds our cells, extracellular fluid, and the cells themselves
atmospheric pressure is
the force action on the outside of a land organism due to weight of air above it
a recent physiological discovery is
the identification of a hormone, ghrelin that controls fat
the organs of the endocrine system are
the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adernal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus gland
anatomy is
the structure of body parts and relationships
metabolism is
the sum of the physical and chemical processes in an organism by which its material substance is produced, maintained, and destroyed, and by which energy is made available.
organs are formed from
tissues
the major functions of the urinary system are
to filter wastes away from blood, maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
the major functions of the muscular system are
to move body parts, maintain posture, and produce body heat
the major functions of the endocrine systems are
to produce hormones that regulate metabolism by stimulating target issues
the major functions of the reproductive system are
to produce, maintain, and transport sex cells and house developed offspring
the major functions of the integumentary system are
to protect underlying tissues, regulate body temp, house sensory receptors, and synthesize various substances
the major functions of the skeletal system are
to provide frame work, protect organs, provide attachments for muscles, to produce blood cells, and store inorganic salts
the major functions of the cardiovascular system are
to pump blood and carry blood to and from body parts
the shape of the mouth allows it
to receive food
the major functions of the digestive system are
to receive food, break down nutrients, eliminate materials that aren't absorbed
the major functions of the nervous system are
to receive impulses from sensory parts, interpret sensory impulses, and act on sensory impulses by activating muscles or glands
the major functions of the respiratory system are
to take in and release air, exchange gases between blood and air
the major functions of the lymphatic system are
to transport lymph from tissue spaces to blood stream and carry certain fatty substances away
the most abundant substance in the body is
water
examples of molecules are
water and glucose
the five requirements of life are
water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure
preserved bones from children can reflect malnutrition because
when a child starves or suffers from severe infection, the ends of the bones stop growing
in a negative feedback mechanism, a deviation from the set point is
corrected. and the correction reduces action of the effectors
growth is
an increase in body size
anatomy and physiology are difficult to separate because
anatomical structs make possible their functions
chemicals consist of tiny particles called
atoms
a type of hydrostatic pressure in the human is
blood pressure
homeostasis is
body's maintenance of a stable internal environment
the organs of the skeletal system are
bones, ligaments, and cartilage
the organs of the nervous system are
brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs
absorption is
changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
assimilation is
changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
all materials are made of
chemicals