Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1

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alzheimer disease may be caused by

a buildup of beta amyloid in brain

movement is

a change in body position/body part position. it also includes motions of internal organs

in the thirties, signs of aging include

a few gray hairs, faint facial lines, minor joint stiffness, and a decrease in female fertility

hydrostatic pressure is

a pressure exerted by liquids

a recent anatomical discovery is

a previously unknown muscle between two bones in the hand

responsiveness is

a reaction to change taken place inside or outside the body

control centers function to

decide what a particular value should be

in the sixties, signs of aging include

deepening wrinkles and a waning immune system

with urbanization, humans became susceptible to

diseases and malnutrition

nutrients supply

energy and raw materials for building new living matter

with agriculture, humans became susceptible to worm diseases because

excrement was used in fertilizers and less reliance was placed on wild plants that offered their protective substances

physiologists rely on

experimentation

in the forties and fifties, signs of aging include

fading of hair color, wrinkles, increased blood pressure, and elevated blood glucose levels

substances that provide organisms with nutrients called

foods

physiology is

function of the body (how body parts work)

early medical providers developed the language of anatomy and physiology from

greek and latin

the organs of the cardiovascular system are

heart and blood vessels

a form of energy used by the body is

heat

the forerunners of modern drugs were

herbs and potions

the organism studied in this class is the

human

toothy decay was lowest among

hunter-gathers, and highest among city residents

examples of atoms are

hydrogen and glucose

the body uses oxygen

in the process of releasing energy from nutrients

receptors provide

information about specific conditions in the internal environment

the interests of our earliest ancestors most likely concerned

injuries and illnesses because healthy bodies demand little attention

examples of organ systems include

integumentary, skeletal, and digestive systems

before agriculture, infectious diseases did not spread easily because

isolated bands of people had little contact with eachother

the organs of the urinary system are

kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

the anatomy of the hand, which is

long, jointed bones with attached muscles allows it to grasp objects

the organs of the lymphatic system are

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen

organelles are made of

macromolecules

when atoms chemically bond together they form

macromolecules

four major uses of water by the body are

metabolic processes, medium for metabolic reactions, transporting substances, and regulating body temperature

examples of organelles are

mitochondria, golgi apparatus, and nuclei

the organs of the digestive system are

mouth, teeth, gallbladder, pancreas, small/large intestines, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and liver

circulation is

movement of substances from place to place in body fluids

examples of cells are

muscle cells and nerve cells

the organs of the respiratory system are

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

anatomists rely on

observation

primitive people certainly suffered from

occasional aches and pains, injuries, bleeding, broken bones, and diseases

wrinkles are produced because

of decreased amounts of collagen, elastin, and subcutaneous fats in skin

teeth can function to break solid foods because

of their shape

organisms are formed from

organ systems

cells are made of small structures called

organelles

organ systems are formed from

organs

the organs of the female reproductive system are

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva

one-fifth of air is

oxygen

the structure of the heart includes

powerful, muscular walls which allows it to propel blood into blood vessels

the application of force on an object is

pressure

respiration is

process of obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods

reproduction is

production of new organisms and cells

elderly people metabolize drugs at different rates than younger people because

proportions of fat to water in tissues changes as you age

scientific inquiry consists of

providing a descriptive amount of how and why

heat helps to regulate

rates of metabolic reactions

the three components of a homeostatic mechanism are

receptors, a control center, and effectors

excretion is

removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

effectors cause

responses that alter conditions in the internal environment

the organs of the male reproductive system are

scrotum, testes, epididymides, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland,

homeostatic mechanisms are

self-regulating mechanisms that maintain homeostasis

tissues are formed from

similar cells

examples of organs are

skin, femur, heart, and kidney

the organs of the integumentary system are

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands

examples of tissues are

squamos epithelium and loose connective tissue

at first healers had to rely on

superstitions and notions about magic

the heart valves ensure

that blood moves in the proper direction

digestion is

the breaking down of food substances through membranes and into body fluids

within humans, the basic unit of structure and function is

the cell

the internal environment of the body consists of

the fluid that surrounds our cells, extracellular fluid, and the cells themselves

atmospheric pressure is

the force action on the outside of a land organism due to weight of air above it

a recent physiological discovery is

the identification of a hormone, ghrelin that controls fat

the organs of the endocrine system are

the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adernal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus gland

anatomy is

the structure of body parts and relationships

metabolism is

the sum of the physical and chemical processes in an organism by which its material substance is produced, maintained, and destroyed, and by which energy is made available.

organs are formed from

tissues

the major functions of the urinary system are

to filter wastes away from blood, maintain fluid and electrolyte balance

the major functions of the muscular system are

to move body parts, maintain posture, and produce body heat

the major functions of the endocrine systems are

to produce hormones that regulate metabolism by stimulating target issues

the major functions of the reproductive system are

to produce, maintain, and transport sex cells and house developed offspring

the major functions of the integumentary system are

to protect underlying tissues, regulate body temp, house sensory receptors, and synthesize various substances

the major functions of the skeletal system are

to provide frame work, protect organs, provide attachments for muscles, to produce blood cells, and store inorganic salts

the major functions of the cardiovascular system are

to pump blood and carry blood to and from body parts

the shape of the mouth allows it

to receive food

the major functions of the digestive system are

to receive food, break down nutrients, eliminate materials that aren't absorbed

the major functions of the nervous system are

to receive impulses from sensory parts, interpret sensory impulses, and act on sensory impulses by activating muscles or glands

the major functions of the respiratory system are

to take in and release air, exchange gases between blood and air

the major functions of the lymphatic system are

to transport lymph from tissue spaces to blood stream and carry certain fatty substances away

the most abundant substance in the body is

water

examples of molecules are

water and glucose

the five requirements of life are

water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure

preserved bones from children can reflect malnutrition because

when a child starves or suffers from severe infection, the ends of the bones stop growing

in a negative feedback mechanism, a deviation from the set point is

corrected. and the correction reduces action of the effectors

growth is

an increase in body size

anatomy and physiology are difficult to separate because

anatomical structs make possible their functions

chemicals consist of tiny particles called

atoms

a type of hydrostatic pressure in the human is

blood pressure

homeostasis is

body's maintenance of a stable internal environment

the organs of the skeletal system are

bones, ligaments, and cartilage

the organs of the nervous system are

brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs

absorption is

changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms

assimilation is

changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms

all materials are made of

chemicals


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