Fundamentals of Instructing

What should an instructor do with a learner who assumes that correction of errors is unimportant? A. Divide complex flight maneuvers into elements. B. Try to reduce the learner's overconfidence to reduce the chance of an accident. C. Raise the standard of performance for each lesson, demanding greater effort.

C. Raise the standard of performance for each lesson, demanding greater effort.

During oral quizzing in a given lesson, effective questions should A. be brief and concise. B. provide answers that can be expressed in a variety of ways. C. divert the learner's thoughts to subjects covered in previous lessons.

A. be brief and concise.

When learners are unable to see the benefits or purpose of a lesson, they will A. be less motivated. B. not learn as quickly. C. be expected to increase efforts.

A. be less motivated.

In planning any instructional activity, the first consideration should be to A. determine the overall objectives and standards. B. establish common ground between the instructor and learner. C. identify the block of learning which make up the overall objective.

A. determine the overall objectives and standards.

During integrated flight instruction, the instructor must be sure the learner A. develops the habit of looking for other traffic. B. is able to control the aircraft for extended periods under IMC. C. can depend on the flight instruments when maneuvering by outside references.

A. develops the habit of looking for other traffic.

Acute Fatigue is characterized by A. errors in timing and neglect of secondary tasks. B. a combination of both physiological problems and psychological issues. C. a lack of physical robustness or mental acuity.

A. errors in timing and neglect of secondary tasks.

Providing opportunities for an individual to practice and then directing this process towards a goal is the basis of the principle of A. exercise. B. learning. C. readiness.

A. exercise.

Which statement is true regarding positive or negative approaches in aviation instructional techniques? A. A learner with normal abilities should not be affected by an instructor who emphasizes emergency procedures early in training. B. A positive approach, to be effective, will point out the pleasurable features of aviation before the unpleasant possibilities are discussed. C. The introduction of emergency procedures before the learner is acquainted with normal operations is likely to be neither discouraging nor affect learning.

B. A positive approach, to be effective, will point out the pleasurable features of aviation before the unpleasant possibilities are discussed.

Which stage of skill acquisition is characterized by a learner who is able to assess personal progress and adjust performance accordingly? A. Cognitive stage. B. Associative stage. C. Automatic response stage.

B. Associative stage.

Before an individual can concentrate on learning, which human needs must be satisfied? A. Aesthetic. B. Biological. C. Psychological.

B. Biological.

What type of practice includes repeating the same drill or task until the movement becomes automatic? A. Deliberate practice. B. Blocked practice. C. Random practice.

B. Blocked practice.

In a written test, which type of selection-type test items reduces the probability of guessing correct responses? A. Essay. B. Matching. C. Multiple-choice.

B. Matching.

A question directed to an entire group of stimulate thought and response from each group member is identified as A. Relay. B. Overhead. C. Rhetorical.

B. Overhead.

Responses that produce a pleasurable return are called A. reward. B. praise. C. positive feedback.

B. praise.

True performance as a professional is based on study and A. perseverance. B. research. C. attitude.

B. research.

A lesson plan, if constructed properly, will provide an outline for A. proceeding from the unknown to the known. B. the teaching procedure to be used in a single instructional period. C. establishing blocks of learning that become progressively larger in scope.

B. the teaching procedure to be used in a single instructional period.

Which is an example of a positive approach in the first flight lesson of a learner with no previous aviation experience? A. Conducting a thorough preflight. B. A normal flight to a nearby airport and return. C. Instruction in the care which must be taken when taxiing an airplane.

B. A normal flight to a nearby airport and return.

A learner demonstrates a specific flight maneuver correctly; however, the instructor believes the learner does not understand the fundamentals of the maneuver. What should the instructor do? A. Ask the learner to orally explain the maneuver. B. Ask the learner to demonstrate a different maneuver which uses the same fundamentals. C. Ask the learner to demonstrate the same maneuver again.

B. Ask the learner to demonstrate a different maneuver which uses the same fundamentals.

Which statement is true regarding assessment of individual learning? A. Assessment should be a formal process and results recorded so the learners are continually aware of their progress. B. Assessment of individual learning should be an integral part of each lesson. C. If deficiencies or faults not associated with the present lesson are revealed, they should be corrected immediately.

B. Assessment of individual learning should be an integral part of each lesson.

What type of assessment focuses on real-world skills? A. Collaborative. B. Authentic. C. Traditional.

B. Authentic.

Which statement is true about an instructor's critique of a learner's performance? A. Praise for praise's sake is of value. B. It should be constructive and objective. C. It should treat every aspect of the performance detail.

B. It should be constructive and objective.

Which statement is true about an instructor's critique of a learner's performance? A. Praise for praise's sake is of value. B. It should be constructive and objective. C. It should treat every aspect of the performance in detail.

B. It should be constructive and objective.

What are the six major levels of Bloom's Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain? A. Recall information, Understanding, Application, Analyze, Synthesize, Evaluate. B. Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, Evaluation. C. Define, Describe, Determine, Points Out, Create, Appraise.

B. Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, Evaluation.

In the demonstration/performance method of instruction, which two separate actions are performed concurrently? A. Instructor explanation and demonstration. B. Learner performance and instructor supervision. C. Instructor explanation and learner demonstration.

B. Learner performance and instructor supervision.

Which is true regarding learning plateaus? A. Learning plateaus result from poor instruction. B. Learning plateaus are a normal part of the learning process and are usually temporary. C. Learning plateaus result from lack of practice.

B. Learning plateaus are a normal part of the learning process and are usually temporary.

How is learning enhanced by electronic-based learning? A. Instructors can control what is learned and how fast individuals learn it. B. Less time can be spent on instruction compared to traditional classroom training. C. Peer interaction and personal feedback are limited resulting in a more efficient training program.

B. Less time can be spent on instruction compared to traditional classroom training.

A CFI can detect fatigue by noting these characteristics in the learner: A. Nervous laughter. B. Loss of accuracy and control, and irritability. C. Poor performance and macho attitude.

B. Loss of accuracy and control, and irritability.

Which statement is true concerning motivations? A. Motivations must be tangible to be effective. B. Motivations may be very subtle and difficult to identify. C. Negative motivations often are as effective as positive motivations.

B. Motivations may be very subtle and difficult to identify.

One possible indication of a learner's abnormal reaction to stress would be A. a hesitancy to act. B. extreme overcooperation. C. a noticeable lack of self-control.

B. extreme overcooperation.

When a learner engages in daydreaming, it is the defense mechanism of A. compensation. B. fantasy. C. denial.

B. fantasy.

The Practical Test Standards and Airman Certifications Standards is to be used A. for flight training only. B. for flight training and tests. C. for testing only.

B. for flight training and tests.

Insights, as applied to learning, involve a person's A. association of learning with change. B. grouping of associated perceptions into meaningful words. C. ability to recognize the reason for learning a procedure.

B. grouping of associated perceptions into meaningful words.

In planning instructional activity, the second step is to A. develop lesson plans for each period or unit of instruction. B. identify blocks of learning which constitute the necessary parts of the total objective. C. develop a training syllabus that will serve as a guide for conducting training at each level of learning.

B. identify blocks of learning which constitute the necessary parts of the total objective.

Criterion-referenced tests A. include norm-based objectives. B. include performance-based objectives. C. are subjective.

B. include performance-based objectives.

The learner should be capable or handling problems that might occur, such as traffic pattern congestion, change in active runway, or unexpected crosswinds prior to A. the first solo cross-country flight. B. initial solo. C. being recommended for a Recreational or Private Pilot Certificate.

B. initial solo.

The major advantage of computer-based training (CBT) over other forms of instruction is that it is interactive - the computer responds in different ways, depending on the learner's A. background. B. input. C. training.

B. input.

The main advantage(s) with heterogeneous groups are that learners tend to A. think for themselves since they are in a group of dissimilar individuals. B. interact and achieve in ways and at levels that are rarely found with other instructional strategies. C. interact and achieve since they are in a group of similar individuals.

B. interact and achieve in ways and at levels that are rarely found with other instructional strategies.

When new events displace something that had been previously learned, it is called A. displacement. B. interference. C. repression.

B. interference.

In evaluating learner demonstrations of piloting ability, it is important for the flight instructor to A. remain silent and observe. B. keep the learner informed of progress. C. explain errors in performance immediately.

B. keep the learner informed of progress.

The distinguishing characteristic of an informal lecture is the A. use of visual aids. B. learner's participation. C. requirement for informal notes.

B. learner's participation.

When learners display the defense mechanism of denial they A. become visibility angry, upset, or childish. B. may attempt to minimize the situation. C. attempt to justify actions by asking numerous questions.

B. may attempt to minimize the situation.

The use of some type of association, such as rhymes or mnemonics is best suited to which memory system? A. association. B. mnemonics. C. transfer.

B. mnemonics.

Motivations that cause a learner to react with fear and anxiety are A. tangible. B. negative. C. difficult to identify.

B. negative.

Acute fatigue may be evident by a learner's apparent A. increase in attention to detail. B. neglect of secondary tasks. C. acceptance of unwarranted risks.

B. neglect of secondary tasks.

A learning plateau may be defined as the A. point in the learning curve at which skill proficiency retrogresses. B. normal leveling-off of an individual's learning rate. C. achievement of the highest possible level of competence for a particular individual.

B. normal leveling-off of an individual's learning rate.

Confusion, disinterest, and uneasiness on the part of the learner could happen as a result of not knowing the A. importance of each period of instruction. B. objective of each period of instruction. C. subject of each period of instruction.

B. objective of each period of instruction.

When learners display the defense mechanism called repression, they A. refuse to accept reality. B. place uncomfortable thoughts into inaccessible areas of the unconscious mind. C. attempt to justify actions by asking numerous questions.

B. place uncomfortable thoughts into inaccessible areas of the unconscious mind.

When teaching from the known to the unknown an instructor is using the learner's A. current knowledge of the subject. B. previous experiences and knowledge. C. previously held opinions, both valid and invalid.

B. previous experiences and knowledge.

A student pilot blames the failure of a Practical Exam on an unfair evaluation by the examiner. This demonstrates the defense mechanism known as A. rationalization. B. projection. C. denial.

B. projection.

A properly developed lesson plan should A. be an organized written outline that can be used for multiple instructional periods. B. promote uniformity of instruction regardless of the instructor using it. C. be a mental outline of a lesson for a single instructional period.

B. promote uniformity of instruction regardless of the instructor using it.

The best way to prepare a learner to perform a task is to A. explain the purpose of the task. B. provide a clear, step-by-step example. C. give the learner an outline of the task.

B. provide a clear, step-by-step example.

Aviation instructors should be constantly alert for ways to improve the services they provide to their learners, their effectiveness, and their A. appearance. B. qualifications. C. demeanor.

B. qualifications.

When a learner presents beliefs opposite to what they truly believe, it usually is an indication of the defense mechanism known as A. fantasy. B. reaction formation. C. displacement.

B. reaction formation.

Individuals make more progress learning if they have a clear objective. This is one feature of the principle of A. primary. B. readiness. C. willingness.

B. readiness.

Effective communication has taken place when and only when, the A. information is transmitted and received. B. receivers react with understanding and change their behavior accordingly. C. receivers have the ability to question and comprehend ideas that have been transmitted.

B. receivers react with understanding and change their behavior accordingly.

An individual who has a hidden fear of flying that inhibits learning during training is displaying the defense mechanism of A. flight. B. repression. C. resignation.

B. repression.

Some of the more advanced computer-based training (CBT) applications allow learners to progress through a series of interactive segments where the presentation varies as a result of their A. training. B. responses. C. needs.

B. responses.

The objective of the Practical Test Standards (PTS) and Airman Certification Standards (ACS) is to ensure the certification of pilots at a high level of performance and proficiency, consistent with A. the time available. B. safety. C. their abilities.

B. safety.

A written test is said to be comprehensive when it A. includes all levels of difficulty. B. samples liberally whatever is being measured. C. measures knowledge of the same topic in many different ways.

B. samples liberally whatever is being measured.

Learners who grow impatient when learning the basic elements of a task are those who A. are less easily discouraged than the unaggressive learners. B. should have the preliminary training presented one step at a time with clearly stated goals for each step. C. should be advanced to the next higher level of learning and not held back by insisting that the immediate goal be reached before they proceed to the next level.

B. should have the preliminary training presented one step at a time with clearly stated goals for each step.

The method of arranging lesson material from the simple to complex, past to present, and known to unknown, is one that A. creates learner thought pattern departures. B. shows the relationships of the main points of the lesson. C. required learners to actively participate in the lesson.

B. shows the relationships of the main points of the lesson.

The effectiveness of communication between instructor and learner is measured by the A. degree of dynamic, interrelated elements. B. similarity between the idea transmitted and the idea received. C. relationship between communicative and dynamic elements.

B. similarity between the idea transmitted and the idea received.

As a professional pilot, you know that A. the FAA practical test standards and airman certification standards should only be used for testing purposes. B. the FAA practical test standards and airman certification standards are objective-based and should be used for training and testing purposes. C. the FAA practical test standards and airman certification standards-based and should be used as a primary aid to instruction as well as for testing.

B. the FAA practical test standards and airman certification standards are objective-based and should be used for training and testing purposes.

In the communication process, the communicator will be more successful in gaining and retaining the receiver's attention by A. being friendly and informative. B. using a varied communicative approach. C. using a variety audiovisual aids in class.

B. using a varied communicative approach.

One of the main advantages of selection-type test items over supply-type test items is that the selection-type A. decreases discrimination between responses. B. would be graded objectively regardless of the learner or the grader. C. precludes comparison of learners under one instructor with those under another instructor.

B. would be graded objectively regardless of the learner or the grader.

Which type of assessment is desirable for evaluating a learner's ability to use critical thinking skills in performing real-world tasks? A. Authentic assessment. B. Traditional assessment. C. Practical assessment.

A. Authentic assessment.

After individuals are physically comfortable and have no fear for their safety, which human needs become the prime influence on their behavior? A. Belonging. B. Self-actualization. C. Esteem.

A. Belonging.

Which stage of skill acquisition is characterized by learner entering a steep turn with the proper power and pitch trim but unable to hold the correct control inputs? A. Cognitive stage. B. Associative stage. C. Automatic response stage.

A. Cognitive stage.

Which domain of learning requires remembering specific facts and concepts? A. Cognitive. B. Affective. C. Comprehensive.

A. Cognitive.

Which skill involves the cognitive domain of learning? A. Understanding how the flight controls should be positioned during a turn. B. A positive reception for learning new skills. C. Performing a short-field approach and landing to FAA Test Standards.

A. Understanding how the flight controls should be positioned during a turn.

What is one advantage of a lecture? A. Uses time economically. B. Excellent when additional research is required. C. Allows for maximum attainment of certain types of learning outcomes.

A. Uses time economically.

When has instruction taken place? A. When a procedure has been explained, and the desired learner response has occurred. B. When the learner hears what is presented. C. When all the required material has been presented.

A. When a procedure has been explained, and the desired learner response has occurred.

Chronic fatigue can be defined as A. a combination of both physiological problems and psychological issues. B. a result of continuous stress. C. a normal occurrence of everyday living.

A. a combination of both physiological problems and psychological issues.

In developing a lesson, the instructor should organize explanations and demonstrations to help the learner A. achieve the desired learning outcome. B. acquire a thorough understanding of the material presented. C. acquire new concepts, generally progressing from the known to the unknown.

A. achieve the desired learning outcome.

Instructional aids used in the teaching/learning process should not be used A. as a crutch by the instructor. B. for teaching more in less time. C. to visualize relationships between abstracts.

A. as a crutch by the instructor.

As perceptions increase in number, the student develops insight by A. assembling them into larger blocks of learning. B. unassociated perceptions. C. organizing demonstrations and explanations.

A. assembling them into larger blocks of learning.

The proper sequence for the subparts of an introduction is A. attention, motivation, and overview. B. attention, development, and overview. C. overview, motivation, and conclusion.

A. attention, motivation, and overview.

To be effective in oral quizzing during the conduct of a lesson, a question should A. be of suitable difficulty for that stage of training. B. include a combination of where, how, and why. C. divert the learner's thoughts to subjects covered in other lessons.

A. be of suitable difficulty for that stage of training.

Learner confidence tends to be destroyed if instructors A. bluff whenever in doubt about some point. B. continually identify learner errors and failures. C. direct and control the learner's actions and behavior.

A. bluff whenever in doubt about some point.

To answer a learner's question, it is most important that the instructor A. clearly understand the question. B. have complete knowledge of the subject. C. introduce more complicated information to partially answer the question, if necessary.

A. clearly understand the question.

The most significant characteristic of group learning is that it A. continually requires active participation of the learner. B. continually requires active participation of both the learner and the instructor. C. usually requires passive participation of the learner.

A. continually requires active participation of the learner.

The Practical Test Standards (PTS) and Airman Certification Standards (ACS) are an example of A. criterion referenced tests. B. formative assessments. C. summative assessments.

A. criterion referenced tests.

The principle that is based on the emotional reaction of learner is the principle of A. effect. B. primacy. C. intensity.

A. effect.

An instructor can help a learner cope with fear or anxiety by A. emphasizing the benefits and pleasurable experiences from flying. B. discontinuing the lesson or maneuver and moving them to another part of the curriculum. C. repeating the lesson or maneuver until the anxiety goes away.

A. emphasizing the benefits and pleasurable experiences from flying.

When a person has difficulty recalling facts after several years, this is known as A. fading. B. repression. C. poor retention.

A. fading.

The primary objective of integrated flight instruction is the A. formation of firm habit patterns for observing and relying on flight instruments. B. difference in the pilot's operation of the flight controls during both VMC and IMC. C. developing of the habit of occasionally monitoring their own and the aircraft's performance.

A. formation of firm habit patterns for observing and relying on flight instruments.

Perceptions result when a person A. gives meaning to sensations being experienced. B. is able to discern items of useful information. C. responds to visual cues first, then aural cues, and relates these cues to ones previously learned.

A. gives meaning to sensations being experienced.

An instructor may foster the development of insights by A. helping the learner acquire and maintain a favorable self-concept. B. pointing out the attractive features of the activity to be learned. C. keeping the rate of learning consistent so that it is predictable.

A. helping the learner acquire and maintain a favorable self-concept.

Faulty performance due to learner overconfidence should be corrected by A. increasing the standard of performance for each lesson. B. praising the learner only when the performance is perfect. C. providing strong, negative evaluation at the end of each lesson.

A. increasing the standard of performance for each lesson.

The most common means of assessment is A. indirect or direct oral questioning of the learner by the instructor. B. written testing. C. authentic.

A. indirect or direct oral questioning of the learner by the instructor.

When the instructor keeps the learner informed of lesson objectives and completion standards, it minimizes the learner's feelings of A. insecurity. B. resignation. C. aggressiveness.

A. insecurity.

The mental grouping of affiliated perceptions is called A. insights. B. association. C. conceptualization.

A. insights.

To enhance a learner's acceptance of further instruction, the instructor should A. keep the learner informed of the progress made. B. continually prod the learner to maintain motivational levels. C. establish performance standards a little above the learner's actual ability.

A. keep the learner informed of the progress made.

A change in behavior as a result of experience can be defined as A. learning. B. knowledge. C. understanding.

A. learning.

A basic need that affects all of a person's perceptions is the need to A. maintain and enhance the organized self. B. accomplish a higher level of satisfaction. C. avoid areas that pose a threat to success.

A. maintain and enhance the organized self.

An instructor can most effectively maintain a high level of student motivation by A. making each lesson a pleasurable experience. B. relaxing the standards of performance required during the early phase of training. C. continually challenging the learner to meet the highest objectives of training that can be established.

A. making each lesson a pleasurable experience.

In the learning process, fear or element of threat will A. narrow the individual's perceptual field. B. decrease the rate of associative reactions. C. cause the individual to focus on several areas of perception.

A. narrow the individual's perceptual field.

With regard to the characteristics of a well-planned lesson, each lesson should contain A. new material that is related to the lesson previously presented. B. one basic element of the principle, procedure, or skill appropriate to that lesson. C. every bit of information needed to reach the objective of the training syllabus.

A. new material that is related to the lesson previously presented.

Evaluating of learner performance and accomplishment during a lesson should be based on A. objectives and goals established in the lesson plan. B. performance of each learner compared to an objective standard. C. each learner's ability to make an objective evaluation of their own progress.

A. objectives and goals established in the lesson plan.

Chronic fatigue A. occurs when there is not enough time for a full recovery from repeated episodes of acute fatigue. B. is the tiredness felt after long periods of physical and mental strain and lack of sleep. C. impairs performance and ability but not judgement.

A. occurs when there is not enough time for a full recovery from repeated episodes of acute fatigue.

Motivations in the form of reproof and threats should be avoided with all but the learner who is A. overconfident and impulsive. B. avidly seeking group approval. C. experiencing a learning plataeu.

A. overconfident and impulsive.

A method for correcting learner impatience is for the instructor to A. present the necessary preliminary training one step at a time, with clearly stated goals for each step. B. key the instruction to use the interests and enthusiasm learners bring with them. C. avoid assuming impossible or unreasonable goals for the learner to accomplish.

A. present the necessary preliminary training one step at a time, with clearly stated goals for each step.

An instructor can inspire active learner participation during informal lectures through the use of A. questions. B. visual aids. C. encouragement.

A. questions.

One desirable result of proper oral quizzing by the instructor is to A. reveal the effectiveness of the instructor's training procedures. B. fulfill the requirements set forth in the overall objectives of the course. C. reveal the essential information from which the learner can determine progress.

A. reveal the effectiveness of the instructor's training procedures.

In the teaching lecture, A. simple rather than complex words should be used whenever possible. B. slang and colloquialisms should be avoided. C. use substandard English to add variety and vividness.

A. simple rather than complex words should be used whenever possible.

In a guided discussion, learning is achieved through the A. skillful use of questions. B. use of questions, each of which contains several ideas. C. use of reverse questions directed to the class as a whole.

A. skillful use of questions.

If a pilot wants to mitigate risk during a cross-country flight in marginal VFR conditions, the pilot could A. take a pilot who is IFR-rated. B. continue the flight as planned. C. stay out of controlled airspace.

A. take a pilot who is IFR-rated.

The instructor can counteract anxiety in a learner by A. teaching learners to cope with their fears. B. avoiding anxiety-causing lessons. C. explaining how these maneuvers are necessary for safe flight.

A. teaching learners to cope with their fears.

An aviation instructor should write performance-based objectives that A. to fit the desired outcome of the lesson. B. that match the practical test standards or airman certification standards. C. that also work with decision-based objectives.

A. to fit the desired outcome of the lesson.

Short-term memory (STM) is time limited, and has a capability A. to usually seven bits of chunks of information. B. to usually nine bits or chunks of information. C. by the rate at which chunks are recored to individual experiences.

A. to usually seven bits of chunks of information.

To ensure proper habits and correct techniques during training, an instructor should A. use the building block technique of instruction. B. repeat subject matter the individual has already learned. C. introduce challenging material to continually motivate the learner.

A. use the building block technique of instruction.

Assignment of goals the learner considers difficult A. usually provides a challenge and promotes learning. B. may discourage the individual and retard learning. C. is usually appropriate for only highly motivated learners.

A. usually provides a challenge and promotes learning.

Fantasy is a defense mechanism learners use when they A. want to escape from frustrating situations. B. cannot accept the real reasons for their behavior. C. lose interest during the advanced stages of training.

A. want to escape from frustrating situations.

In a guided discussion, leadoff questions should usually begin with A. why. B. what. C. when.

A. why.

A written test that has reliability A. yields consistent results. B. measures small differences in the achievement of learners. C. actually measures what it is supposed to measure and nothing else.

A. yields consistent results.

Performance-based objectives consist of which elements? A. Flight training scenarios, judgement assessment, and maneuver assessment. B. Cognitive skills, affective skills, and psychomotor skills. C. Description of the skill or behavior, conditions, and criteria.

C. Description of the skill or behavior, conditions, and criteria.

(Refer to Figure 1.) Section D is titled: A. Instructor's Actions. B. Content. C. Equipment.

C. Equipment.

What are the essential steps in demonstration/performance method of teaching? A. Demonstration, practice, and evaluation. B. Demonstration, learner performance, and evaluation. C. Explanation, demonstration, learner performance, instructor supervision, and evaluation.

C. Explanation, demonstration, learner performance, instructor supervision, and evaluation.

Which transfer of learning occurs when the performance of a maneuver interferes with the learning of another maneuver? A. Adverse. B. Positive. C. Negative.

C. Negative.

When asking an individual to explain how gross weight affects maneuvering speed, what level of learning is being tested? A. Application. B. Correlation. C. Understanding.

C. Understanding.

Which statement about the guided discussion method of teaching is true? A. The lesson objective becomes apparent at the application level of learning. B. Learners without a background in the subject can also be included in the discussion. C. Unless the learners have some knowledge to exchange with each other, they cannot reach the desired learning outcomes.

C. Unless the learners have some knowledge to exchange with each other, they cannot reach the desired learning outcomes.

Computer-assisted learning (CAL) A. eliminates the need for instructor-led training. B. encourages rote learning. C. couples the personal computer with multimedia software to create a training device.

C. couples the personal computer with multimedia software to create a training device.

A pretest constructed to measure knowledge and skills necessary to begin a course is referred to as a A. virtual-reality test. B. norm-referenced test. C. criterion-referenced test.

C. criterion-referenced test.

Practical tests for pilot certification are A. evaluation-referenced. B. norm-referenced. C. criterion-referened.

C. criterion-referenced.

The characteristic of a written test, which measures small differences in achievement between learners, is its A. validity. B. reliability. C. discrimination.

C. discrimination.

A written test having the characteristics of discrimination will A. be easy to give and easily graded. B. include a representative and comprehensive sampling of the course objectives. C. distinguish between learners both low and high in achievement.

C. distinguish between learners both low and high in achievement.

Learning can be classified by different types, such as verbal, conceptual, and A. cognitive. B. experiential. C. emotional.

C. emotional.

The first step of preparing a lecture is to A. research the subject. B. develop the main ideas or key points. C. establish the objective and desired outcome.

C. establish the objective and desired outcome.

Evaluation of demonstrated ability during flight instruction must be based upon A. the instructor's background and experience relating to learners at this stage of training. B. the progress of the learner, considering the time and experience attained since beginning training. C. established standards of performance, suitably modified to apply to the learner's experience.

C. established standards of performance, suitably modified to apply to the learner's experience.

Evaluation of demonstrated ability during flight instruction must be based upon A. the progress of the learner. B. the instructor's opinion concerning the maneuver(s). C. established standards of performance.

C. established standards of performance.

Drill and practice method of training delivery is based on the learning principle of A. intensity. B. recency. C. exercise.

C. exercise.

Integrated flight instruction has many benefits but, the main objective is to A. develop the learner's ability to fly the aircraft during inadvertent IMC. B. ensure the learner is not overly dependent on instruments during VFR flight. C. help the learner develop habit patterns for observance of and reference to flight instruments.

C. help the learner develop habit patterns for observance of and reference to flight instruments.

While learning the material being taught individuals may be learning other things as well. This additional learning is called A. residual. B. conceptual. C. incidental.

C. incidental.

The basic demonstration/performance method of instruction consists of several steps in proper order. They are A. instructor tells-learner does; learner tells-learner-does; learner does-instructor evaluates. B. instructor tells-instructor does; leaner tells-instructor-does; learner does-instructor evaluates. C. instructor tells-instructor does; learner tells-instructor does; learner tells-learner does; learner does-instructor evaluates.

C. instructor tells-instructor does; learner tells-instructor does; learner tells-learner does; learner does-instructor evaluates.

Commercially-developed test preparation material is A. FAA approved for knowledge tests only. B. designed to be used as a stand-alone method of study. C. intended to be used as a supplement to instructor-led training and materials.

C. intended to be used as a supplement to instructor-led training and materials.

When the learning of similar things overshadows other learning experiences, it is called A. suppression. B. correlation. C. interference.

C. interference.

Although defense mechanisms can serve a useful purpose, they can also A. provide feelings of adequacy. B. alleviate the cause of problems. C. involve some degree of self-deception and distortion of reality.

C. involve some degree of self-deception and distortion of reality.

The educational objective levels for the cognitive domain are A. receiving, responding, valuing, organization, and characterization. B. perception, set, guided response, mechanism, complex overt response, adaptation, and origination. C. knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.

C. knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.

The main concern in developing a lesson plan is the A. format. B. content. C. learner.

C. learner.

A disadvantage of using commercially produced study material is that A. learners may learn to pass a given test. B. learners use rote learning to remember key knowledge. C. learners often exhibit a lack of knowledge during oral questioning.

C. learners often exhibit a lack of knowledge during oral questioning.

An example of a skill involving the cognitive domain would be A. programming a global positioning satellite (GPS) receiver. B. making a logbook entry. C. learning to fly a precision approach procedure.

C. learning to fly a precision approach procedure.

A primary consideration in planning for learner performance is the A. learner's motivation level. B. learner's intellectual level. C. length of the practice session.

C. length of the practice session.

If a lesson objective is not clearly stated, the learner will become A. apathetic. B. motivated to see the big picture. C. less motivated.

C. less motivated.

A communicator's words cannot communicate the desired meaning to another person unless the A. words having meaningful referents. B. words give the meaning that is in the mind of the receiver. C. listener or reader has had some experience with the objects or concepts to which these words refer.

C. listener or reader has had some experience with the objects or concepts to which these words refer.

A written test has validity when it A. yields consistent results. B. samples liberally whatever is being measured. C. measures what it is supposed to measure.

C. measures what it is supposed to measure.

The factor which contributes most to a learner's failure to remain receptive to new experiences and which creates a tendency to reject additional training is A. basic needs. B. element of threat. C. negative self-concept.

C. negative self-concept.

By using abstractions in the communication process, the communicator will A. bring forth specific items of experience in the minds of the receivers. B. be using words which refer to objects or ideas that human beings can experience directly. C. not evoke in the listener's or reader's mind the specific items of experience the communicator intends.

C. not evoke in the listener's or reader's mind the specific items of experience the communicator intends.

Each lesson of a training syllabus includes A. attention. motivation, and overview. B. introduction, development, and conclusion. C. objective, content, and completion standards.

C. objective, content, and completion standards.

Commercially-developed test preparation material A. replaces instructor-led training. B. teaches higher-order thinking skills. C. places emphasis on rote learning over the more advanced learning levels.

C. places emphasis on rote learning over the more advanced learning levels.

Every lesson, when adequately developed, falls logically into the four steps of the teaching process - A. preparation, introduction, presentation, and review and evaluation. B. preparation, introduction, presentation, and review and application. C. preparation, presentation, application, and review and evaluation.

C. preparation, presentation, application, and review and evaluation.

The learning process may include some elements such as verbal, conceptual, and A. habitual. B. experiential. C. problem solving.

C. problem solving.

An example of a skill involving the psychomotor domain would be A. learning to correctly evaluate a flight maneuver. B. determining the temperature at a specific altitude using standard lapse rate. C. programming a global positioning satellite (GPS) receiver.

C. programming a global positioning satellite (GPS) receiver.

An instructor's critique of a learner's performance should A. treat every aspect of the performance in detail. B. be private so that the learner is not embarrassed. C. provide direction and guidance to improve performance.

C. provide direction and guidance to improve performance.

When a learner uses excuses to justify inadequate performance, it is an indication of the defense mechanism known as A. fantasy. B. displacement. C. rationalization.

C. rationalization.

Learners quickly become apathetic when they A. realize material is being withheld by the instructor. B. understand the objectives toward which they are working. C. recognize that the instructor is not adequately prepared.

C. recognize that the instructor is not adequately prepared.

According to one theory, some forgetting is due to the practice of submerging an unpleasant experience into the subconscious. This is called A. blanking. B. immersion. C. repression.

C. repression.

To communicate effectively, instructors must A. recognize the level of comprehension. B. provide an atmosphere which encourages questioning. C. reveal a positive attitude while delivering their message.

C. reveal a positive attitude while delivering their message.

The accurate perception and understanding of all the factors and conditions within the four fundamental risk elements that affect safety is called A. aeronautical decision making. B. Single Pilot Resource Management. C. situational awareness.

C. situational awareness.

For a motivation to be effective, learners must believe their efforts will be rewarded in a definite manner. This type of motivation is A. subtle. B. negative. C. tangible.

C. tangible.

For the integrated method of flight instruction to be fully effective, the use of instrument reference should begin A. after the learner has mastered the elements of using visual references. B. only after collision avoidance scanning techniques have been developed. C. the first time each new maneuver is introduced.

C. the first time each new maneuver is introduced.

To be more likely to communicate effectively, an instructor should speak or write from a background of A. technical expertise. B. knowing the ideas presented. C. up-to-date, stimulating material.

C. up-to-date, stimulating material.

The danger in using abstract words is that they A. sum up vast areas of experience. B. call forth different mental images in the minds of the receivers. C. will not evoke the specific items of experience in the listener's mind that the communicator intends.

C. will not evoke the specific items of experience in the listener's mind that the communicator intends.

What is the basis of all learning? A. Perception. B. Motivation. C. Positive self-concept.

A. Perception.

What level of knowledge is being tested if asked, "What is the maneuvering speed of the aircraft listed in the owner's manual?" A. Rote. B. Application. C. Understanding.

A. Rote.

Which domain of learning deals with knowledge? A. Affective. B. Cognitive. C. Psychomotor.

B. Cognitive.

(Refer to Figure 1.) Section G is titled: A. Summary. B. Completion Standards. C. Evaluation.

B. Completion Standards.

During the flight portion of a practical test, the examiner simulates complete loss of engine power by closing the throttle and announcing, "simulated engine failure." What level of learning is being tested? A. Application. B. Correlation. C. Understanding.

B. Correlation.

Which method of presentation is desirable for teaching a skill such as ground school lesson on the flight computer? A. Presentation/practice. B. Demonstration/performance. C. Lecture/applicaiton.

B. Demonstration/performance.

Which question would be best as a leadoff question for a guided discussion on the subject of torque? A. Does torque affect an airplane? B. How does torque affect an airplane? C. What effect does torque have on an airplane in a turn?

B. How does torque affect an airplane?

Regarding oral quizzes, what kind of question would be answered based on memory or recall? A. A fact question. B. A provocative question. C. A thought question.

A. A fact question.

What systematic approach to the mental process does the pilot consistently apply to take the best course of action in a given situation? A. Aeronautical decision making. B. Pilot judgement chain. C. Crew resource management.

A. Aeronautical decision making.

Which is one of the ways in which anxiety will affect learners? A. Anxiety may limit the learner's ability to learn from perceptions. B. Anxiety will speed up the learning process for the learner if properly controlled and directed by the instructor. C. Anxiety causes dispersal of the learner's attention over such a wide range of matters as to interfere with normal reactions.

A. Anxiety may limit the learner's ability to learn from perceptions.

Which statement is true regarding true professionalism as an instructor? A. Anything less than sincere performance destroys the effectiveness of the professional instructor. B. To achieve professionalism, actions and decisions must be limited to standard patterns and practices. C. A single definition of professionalism would encompass all of the qualifications and considerations which must be present.

A. Anything less than sincere performance destroys the effectiveness of the professional instructor.

At which level of learning do most instructors stop teaching? A. Application. B. Correlation. C. Understanding.

A. Application.

Which is the main disadvantage of supply-type test items? A. They cannot be graded with uniformity. B. They are readily answered by guessing. C. They are easily adapted to statistical analysis.

A. They cannot be graded with uniformity.

Studies suggest a learner achieves better results if distractions are avoided during what type of practice? A. Deliberate practice. B. Blocked practice. C. Random practice.

A. Deliberate practice.

What is the primary consideration in determining the length and frequency of flight instruction periods? A. Fatigue. B. Mental acuity. C. Instructor preparation.

A. Fatigue.

Which skill is an example of psychomotor domain of learning? A. Flying the airplane. B. Asking a question after the instructor tunes the GPS. C. Signing an endorsement in a logbook.

A. Flying an airplane.

What is the best way to teach learners how to multitask while flying? A. Help learners develop both types of multitasking abilities, including attention switching and simultaneous performance. B. Help learners develop attention switching skills. C. Offer distractions while the individual is learning a skill so they understand how to sequence the task.

A. Help learners develop both types of multitasking abilities, including attention switching and simultaneous performance.

What are the desirable results of oral quizzing? A. Identifies points that need more emphasis. B. Provides medium to test a combination of ideas in one question. C. A solid yes/no response to ensure the knowledge is complete.

A. Identifies points that need more emphasis.

How does a learner who is responding abnormally react to stress? A. Inadequate or completely absent response. B. By responding rapidly and exactly often automatically within the limits of their experience. C. Slow learning.

A. Inadequate or completely absent response.

Which is a true statement concerning the use of instructional aids? A. Instructional aids should be designed to cover the key points in a lesson. B. Instructional aids ensure getting and holding the learner's attention. C. Instructional aids should not be used simply to cover a subject in less time.

A. Instructional aids should be designed to cover the key points in a lesson.

(Refer to Figure 1.) Section E is titled: A. Instructor's Actions. B. Discussion. C. Content.

A. Instructor's Actions.

Which type of test item creates the greatest probability of guessing? A. True-False. B. Supply-type. C. Multiple choice.

A. True-False.

Which is true regarding long term memory? A. It allows the ability to instinctively perform certain maneuvers or tasks, allowing more time to concentrate on other duties such as navigation, communications, and visual scanning for other aircraft. B. It is part of the memory system that receives initial stimuli from the environment and processes them according to the individual's preconceived concept of what is important. C. It has three basic operations: iconic memory, acoustic memory, and working memory.

A. It allows the ability to instinctively perform certain maneuvers or tasks, allowing more time to concentrate on other duties such as navigation, communications, and visual scanning for other aircraft.

(Refer to Figure 1.) Section F is titled: A. Learner's Actions. B. Understanding. C. Application.

A. Learner's Actions.

In the lecturing process, which method of presentation is suitable for presenting new material, for summarizing ideas, and for showing relationships between theory and practice? A. Lecture method. B. Integrated instruction method. C. Demonstration/performance method.

A. Lecture method.

Which is true regarding overlearning knowledge? A. Overlearning can result in automatic responses that are undesirable. B. Overlearning is helpful to increase a learner's proficiency of a subject. C. Overlearning is part of acquiring higher-order thinking skills.

A. Overlearning can result in automatic responses that are undesirable.

When teaching new material, the teaching process can be divided into which steps? A. Preparation, presentation, application, and review and evaluation. B. Preparation, demonstration, practice, and review. C. Explanation, demonstrations, practice, and evaluation.

A. Preparation, presentation, application, and review and evaluation.

Which principle of learning often creates a strong almost unshakable impression? A. Principle of primacy. B. Principle of intensity. C. Principle of readiness.

A. Principle of primacy.

Which is valid reason for the use of proper oral quizzing during a lesson? A. Promotes active learner participation. B. Identifies points that need less emphasis. C. Helps the instructor determine the general intelligence level of the learners.

A. Promotes active learner participation.

Name one way an instructor can help develop student insights A. Provide a secure and nonthreatening environment in which to learn. B. Point out various items to avoid during the learning process. C. Keep learning blocks small so they are easier to understand.

A. Provide a secure and nonthreatening environment in which to learn.

Which is an example of the affective domain? A. Reacting to an instructor's question. B. Answering an instructor's question. C. Demonstrating a skill to the instructor.

A. Reacting to an instructor's question.

Which factor affecting perception has a great influence on the total perceptual process? A. Self-concept. B. Goals and values. C. Time and opportunity.

A. Self-concept.

The use of some type of association, such as rhymes or mnemonics is best suited to which memory system? A. Short-term. B. Sensory. C. Long-term.

A. Short-term.

Which memory system can be enhanced by practice and repetition? A. Short-term. B. Long-term. C. Sensory register.

A. Short-term.

Which of the following is a risk element of ADM? A. The aircraft. B. The amount of fuel on board. C. Any passengers.

A. The aircraft.

How can recoding be described? A. The relating of incoming information to concepts or knowledge already in memory. B. The initial storage of information in short-term memory. C. The selective process where the sensory register is set to recognize certain stimuli.

A. The relating of incoming information to concepts or knowledge already in memory.

Describe precoding. A. The selective process where the sensory register is set to recognize certain stimuli. B. The initial storage of information in short-term memory. C. The relaying of incoming information to concepts or knowledge already in memory.

A. The selective process where the sensory register is set to recognize certain stimuli.

During a teaching lecture, what would detract from an instructor's dignity and reflect upon the learner's intelligence? A. Use of figurative language. B. Errors in grammar and use of vulgarisms. C. Using picturesque slang and colloquialisms.

B. Errors in grammar and use of vulgarisms.

Which statement is true regarding learner evaluation? A. The learner's own evaluations can only be objective. B. Evaluation of the learner's learning should be an integral part of each lesson. C. If deficiencies or faults not associated with the present lesson are revealed, they should be corrected immediately.

B. Evaluation of the learner's learning should be an integral part of each lesson.

What is the last step in the demonstration/performance method? A. Summary. B. Evaluation. C. Learner performance.

B. Evaluation.

Proper oral quizzing by the instructor during a lesson can have which result? A. Alerts the instructor to the level of learner motivation. B. Identifies points which need more emphasis. C. Can serve as a lead-in to introduce new material.

B. Identifies points which need more emphasis.

Which obstacle to learning is a greater deterrent to learning pilot skills than is generally recognized? A. Anxiety. B. Impatience. C. Physical discomfort.

B. Impatience.

Which type of test is desirable for evaluating training that involves an operation, procedure, or process? A. Oral. B. Performance. C. Proficiency.

B. Performance.

Before an individual can concentrate on learning, which human needs must be satisfied? A. Safety. B. Physiological. C. Security.

B. Physiological.

The performance of rectangular patterns helps a learner fly traffic patterns. What type transfer of learning is this? A. Lateral. B. Positive. C. Deliberate.

B. Positive.

Which principle of learning often determines the sequence of lectures within a course of instruction? A. Principle of primacy. B. Principle of recency. C. Principle of intensity.

B. Principle of recency.

Which is generally the most effective way for an instructor to properly motivate learners? A. Maintain pleasant personal relationships with learners. B. Provide positive motivations by the promise or achievement of rewards. C. Reinforce their self-confidence by requiring no tasks beyond their ability to perform.

B. Provide positive motivations by the promise or achievement of rewards.

The process of psychologically counterbalancing perceived weaknesses by emphasizing strength in other areas is A. projection. B. compensation. C. rationalization.

B. compensation.

Which statement is true about multiple-choice test items that are intended to measure achievement at a higher level of learning? A. It is unethical to mislead learners into selecting an incorrect alternative. B. Some or all of the alternatives should be acceptable but only one should be clearly better than the others. C. The use of common errors as distracting alternatives to divert the learner from the correct response is ineffective and invalid.

B. Some or all of the alternatives should be acceptable but only one should be clearly better than the others.

Which teaching method is most economical in terms of the time required to present a given amount of material? A. Briefing. B. Teaching lecture. C. Demonstration/performance.

B. Teaching lecture.

Which would more likely result in learners becoming frustrated? A. Giving the learners meaningless praise. B. Telling learners their work is unsatisfactory with no explanation. C. An instructor freely admitting mistakes causing lack of trust.

B. Telling learners their work is unsatisfactory with no explanation.

A pilot's experience in direct crosswinds greater than 10 knots is an example of which of the fundamental risk elements? A. The aircraft. B. The pilot-in-command. C. The external pressures.

B. The pilot-in-command.

Which statement is true concerning extraneous blocks of instruction during a course of training? A. They are usually necessary parts of the total objective. B. They detract from the completion of the final objective. C. They assist in the attainment of the lesson's objective.

B. They detract from the completion of the final objective.

Which factor affecting perceptions is based on the effectiveness of the use of a properly planned training syllabus? A. Basic need. B. Time and opportunity. C. Goals and values.

B. Time and opportunity.

Which of the following is an example of a rote question. A. Multiple-choice. B. True-false. C. Supply-type.

B. True-false.

Instructional aids used in the teaching/learning process should be A. self-supporting and require no explanation. B. compatible with the learning outcomes to be achieved. C. selected prior to developing and organizing the lesson plan.

B. compatible with the learning outcomes to be achieved.

What type of training aids are interactive? A. Interactive video. B. Web-based instruction with email discussions and assignments. C. Multi-media presentations.

B. Web-based instruction with email discussions and assignments.

Before endorsing a learner for solo flight, the instructor should require the learner to demonstrate consistent ability to perform A. all maneuvers specified in the Student Pilot Guide. B. all of the fundamental maneuvers. C. slow flight, stalls, emergency landings, takeoffs and landings, and go-arounds.

B. all of the fundamental maneuvers.

The FAA practical test standards and airman certification standards A. are criterion-based and should be used for testing purposes only. B. are objective-based and should be used for training and testing purposed. C. are standards-based and contain additional tasks that go beyond those required under 14 CFR Part 61.

B. are objective-based and should be used for training and testing purposed.

Fatigue is one of the most treacherous hazards to flight safety A. because it results in slow performance. B. as it may not be apparent to a pilot until serious errors are made. C. as it may be a function of physical robustness or mental acuity.

B. as it may not be apparent to a pilot until serious errors are made.

When under stress, normal individuals usually react A. by showing excellent morale followed by deep depression. B. by responding rapidly and exactly, often automatically, within the limits of their experience and training. C. inappropriately such as extreme overcooperation, painstaking self-control, and inappropriate laughing or singing.

B. by responding rapidly and exactly, often automatically, within the limits of their experience and training.

The main reason that individuals are put in cooperative learning groups is so they A. learn and help each other. B. can individually achieve greater success than if they were to study alone. C. learn that teamwork is essential if all members are to learn equally well.

B. can individually achieve greater success than if they were to study alone.

When learners subconsciously use the defense mechanism called rationalization, they A. use excuses to justify acceptable behavior. B. cannot accept the real reasons for their behavior. C. fake a belief opposite to their true belief because the true belief causes anxiety.

B. cannot accept the real reasons for their behavior.

Examples of all common endorsements can be found in the current issue of A. AC 61-67, Appendix 1. B. AC 91-67, Appendix 1. C. AC 61-65, Appendix 1.

C. AC 61-65, Appendix 1.

(Refer to Figure 1.) Section A is titled: A. Overview. B. Introduction. C. Application.

C. Application.

Which stage of skill acquisition is characterized by the ability to perform a procedure rapidly and smoothly while devoting little deliberate attention to performance and simultaneously performing other tasks? A. Cognitive stage. B. Associative stage. C. Automatic response stage.

C. Automatic response stage.

Which would most likely be an indication that a learner is reacting normally to stress? A. Slow learning. B. Inappropriate laughter or singing. C. Automatic response to a given situation.

C. Automatic response to a given situation.

Which statement is true about instructor's critiques? A. Instructors should rely on their personality to make a critique more acceptable. B. A comprehensive critique should emphasize positive aspects of learner performance. C. Before learners willingly accept their instructor's critique, they must first accept the instructor.

C. Before learners willingly accept their instructor's critique, they must first accept the instructor.

The use of instructional aids should be based on their ability to support a specific point in the lesson. What is the first step in determining if and where instruction aids are necessary? A. Organize subject material into an outline or a lesson plan. B. Determine what ideas should be supported with instructional aids. C. Clearly establish the lesson objective, being certain what must be communicated.

C. Clearly establish the lesson objective, being certain what must be communicated.

(Refer to Figure 1.) Section B is titled: A. Elements. B. Course of Training. C. Content.

C. Content.

Which statement is true regarding the achievement of an adequate standard of performance? A. A flight instructor should devote major effort and attention to the continuous evaluation of learner performance. B. Flight instructors can affect a genuine improvement in the learner/instructor relationship by not strictly enforcing standards. C. Flight instructors fail to provide competent instruction when they permit individuals to partially learn an important item of knowledge or skill.

C. Flight instructors fail to provide competent instruction when they permit individuals to partially learn an important item of knowledge or skill.

Which is an acceptable procedure when using the integrated method of flight instruction? A. Use alternate and distinct periods devoted entirely to instrument flight or to visual flight. B. Prior to the first flight, clearly explain the differences in the manipulation of flight controls for maintaining aircraft control when under simulated instrument conditions and when using references outside the aircraft. C. Include the learner's first instruction on the function of flight controls the instrument indication to be expected, as well as the outside references used in attitude control.

C. Include the learner's first instruction on the function of flight controls the instrument indication to be expected, as well as the outside references used in attitude control.

Which of the following is true concerning the use of instructional aids? A. Instructional aids often fail to evoke the image of the symbol in the minds of the receivers. B. Instructional aids can lead to confusion between the symbol and idea. C. Instructional aids can be used to show the physical relationship between material objects or concepts.

C. Instructional aids can be used to show the physical relationship between material objects or concepts.

Which is a true statement regarding the teaching lecture? A. Delivering the lecture in an extemporaneous manner is not recommended. B. Instructor receives direct feedback from learners which is easy to interpret. C. Instructor must develop a keen perception for subtle responses and be able to interpret the meaning of these reactions.

C. Instructor must develop a keen perception for subtle responses and be able to interpret the meaning of these reactions.

In organizing lesson material, which step sets the stage for everything to come? A. Overview. B. Conclusion. C. Introduction.

C. Introduction.

Which is one of the major difficulties encountered in the construction of multiple-choice test items? A. Adapting the items to statistical item analysis. B. Keeping all responses approximately equal in length. C. Inventing distractors which will be attractive to learners lacking knowledge or understanding.

C. Inventing distractors which will be attractive to learners lacking knowledge or understanding.

Which statement is true about an instructor's assessment of a learner's performance? A. Instructor comments and recommendations should be based on the performance as it should have been. B. The critique should always be conducted in private. C. It is a step in the learning process, not just in the grading process.

C. It is a step in the learning process, not just in the grading process.

Which statement is true relative to effective multiple-choice test items? A. Negative words or phrases need not be emphasized. B. Items should call for abstract background knowledge. C. Keep all alternatives of approximately equal length.

C. Keep all alternatives of approximately equal length.

Which statement is true regarding lesson plans? A. Lesson plans should not be directed toward the course objective; only to the lesson objective. B. A well-thought out mental outline of a lesson may be used any time as long as the instructor is well prepared. C. Lesson plans help instructors keep a constant check on their own activity as well as that of their learners.

C. Lesson plans help instructors keep a constant check on their own activity as well as that of their learners.

Where is information for future use stored? A. Short-term memory. B. Sensory register. C. Long-term memory.

C. Long-term memory.

How can instructors help individuals through a learning plateaus? A. Continue practicing until the progress is made. B. Assume the learner has reached his/her potential for that skill. C. Move to a different place in the curriculum.

C. Move to a different place in the curriculum.

Which statement is true concerning computer based training (CBT)? A. The instructor need not be actively involved with the learners when using instructional aids. B. CBT may be used by the instructor as stand-alone training. C. One of the major advantages of CBT is that learners can progress at a rate which is comfortable for them.

C. One of the major advantages of CBT is that learners can progress at a rate which is comfortable for them.

Which is true regarding the overlearning of knowledge? A. An advantage of overlearning is eventual replacement of basic knowledge or concepts with automated skills. B. Overlearning almost always makes the application of knowledge less streamlined and less efficient. C. Overlearning sometimes occurs when knowledge used frequently begins to take on the properties of a skill.

C. Overlearning sometimes occurs when knowledge used frequently begins to take on the properties of a skill.

Things most often repeated are best remembered because of which principle of learning? A. Principle of effect. B. Principle of recency. C. Principle of exercise.

C. Principle of exercise.

Which principle of learning implies that an individual will learn more from the real thing than from a substitute? A. Principle of effect. B. Principle of primacy. C. Principle of intensity.

C. Principle of intensity.

What type of practice mixes up the skills to be acquired throughout the practice session? A. Deliberate practice. B. Blocked practice. C. Random practice.

C. Random practice.

(Refer to Figure 1.) Section C is titled: A. Overview. B. Training Schedule. C. Schedule.

C. Schedule.

What type of test promotes guessing? A. Multiple choice. B. Supply type. C. Selection type.

C. Selection type.

Which of the learner's human needs offer the greatest challenge to an instructor? A. Physiological. B. Psychological. C. Self-actualization.

C. Self-actualization.

Which memory system processes input from the environment? A. Long-term. B. Working. C. Sensory register.

C. Sensory register.

A rote question is not represented by A. Multiple-choice questions. B. True-false questions. C. Supply-type questions.

C. Supply-type questions.

What is a characteristic of supply-type test items? A. They are easily adapted to testing of knowledge facts and details. B. Test results would be graded the same regardless of the learner or the grader. C. The same test graded by different instructors would probably be given different scores.

C. The same test graded by different instructors would probably be given different scores.

Which statement is true about lesson plans? A. Lesson plans should follow a prescribed format. B. Standard prepared lesson plans are effective for teaching all learners. C. The use of standard lesson plans may not be effective for learners requiring a different approach.

C. The use of standard lesson plans may not be effective for learners requiring a different approach.

Probably the greatest single barrier to effective communication in the teaching process is a lack of A. respect for the instructor. B. personality harmony between instructor and learner. C. a common experience level between instructor and learner.

C. a common experience level between instructor and learner.

Chronic fatigue may be evidenced by a learner's apparent A. increase in knowledge and skill retention. B. need for sleep. C. acceptance of unwarranted risks.

C. acceptance of unwarranted risks.

Fatigue can be either A. physiological or psychological. B. physical or mental. C. acute or chronic.

C. acute or chronic.

Development and assembly of blocks of learning in their proper relationship will provide a means for A. both the instructor and learner to easily correct faulty habit patterns. B. challenging the learner by progressively increasing the units of learning. C. allowing the learner to master the segments of the overall pilot performance requirements individually and combining these with other related segments.

C. allowing the learner to master the segments of the overall pilot performance requirements individually and combining these with other related segments.

When it appears learners have adequately discussed the ideas presented during a guided discussion, one of the most valuable tools an instructor can use is A. a session of verbal testing. B. a written test on the subject discussed. C. an interim summary of what the learners accomplished.

C. an interim summary of what the learners accomplished.

Learners who recognize that the instructor is inadequately prepared can become A. assertive. B. apprehensive. C. apathetic.

C. apathetic.

Affective domain relates to A. physical skills. B. knowledge. C. attitudes, beliefs, and values.

C. attitudes, beliefs, and values.

During oral quizzing in a given lesson, effective questions should A. start with why, how, what, where, when or a combination of these. B. should be related to the desired outcome of the lesson. C. be brief and concise.

C. be brief and concise.

To be effective, a critique should A. not contain negative remarks. B. treat every aspect of the performance in detail. C. be flexible enough to satisfy the requirements of the moment.

C. be flexible enough to satisfy the requirements of the moment.

When a learner attempts to disguise a weak or undesirable quality by emphasizing a more positive one, this is a defense mechanism in the form of A. rationalization. B. submission. C. compensation.

C. compensation.

When it is impossible to conduct a scheduled lesson, it is preferable for the instructor to A. review and possibly revise the training syllabus. B. proceed to the next scheduled lesson, or if this is not practical, cancel the lesson. C. conduct a lesson that is not predicated completely on skills to be developed during the lesson which was postponed.

C. conduct a lesson that is not predicated completely on skills to be developed during the lesson which was postponed.

An instructional strategy in which organizes individuals into small groups so that they can work together to maximize their own and each other's learning is called A. workshop learning. B. heterogeneous group learning. C. cooperative and group learning.

C. cooperative and group learning.