GACE English Study Guide
Gothic Period
TIme: 1785 - 1820 (Britain, though it lasted longer in America)"Frankenstein" (1818) by Mary Shelley, British writer
Indirect Object
Tell for who and what an action was done ex. Joan served us the meal
Direct Object
Tell to who or what an action was committed ex. Joan served the meal
Meditated scaffolding
Temporary support or guidance provided to students in the form of steps, task, materials, and personal support during initial learning
Phonological Awareness
The ability of the reader to recognize the sound of a spoken language.
Phonological awareness
The ability of the reader to recognize the sound of the spoken language. It does not involve print
Phonemic awareness
The ability to break down in here separate and or different sounds and to distinguish among the sounds 1 heres
mood
The atmosphere or attitude the writer convey through descriptive language
couplet
pair of successive rhyming lines, usually of the same length
caesura
pause in a line of poetry usually signaled by punctuation
affective connotations
personal feelings a word arouses
refrain
phrase or line repeated at intervals within a poem, especially at the end of a stanza
epigram
pithy, often witty, poem
hymn
poem praising God or the divine, often sung
ballad
popular narrative song passed down orally; rhymed (abcb) quatrains alternating four-stress and three-stress lines
Gwendolyn Brooks
poverty and racism; self-respect; heritage; community; family; black unity; basic humanness in everyone; black solidarity; pride
Anaphora
repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent.
sprung rhythm
rhythm designed to imitate normal speaking
Emily Dickinson
sanity/insanity; doubt; death; individuality; defiance; feminism
Cumulative
Sentence which begins with the main idea and then expands on that idea with a series of details or other particulars
Myth
Shared in a culture to explain its history and traditions
Transcendentalism
self-reliance, non-conformism, self-perfection, transcend above ordinary
recognition vocabulary
set of words they can assign meanings to when spoken or read
productive vocabulary
set of words they know the meanings of when spoken or read
epitaph
short poem intended for (or imagined as) an inscription on a tombstone and often serving as a brief elegy
contractions
shortened forms or two words in which a letter or letters have been deleted
sestina
six stanzas of six lines each and a three-line envoy
sestet
six-line stanza
Fact
something that is true and can be proved
base words
stand-alone linguistic unit which cannot be deconstructed or broken down into smaller words
Inductive Reasoning
Specific to general.
Red Badge of Courage
Stephan Crane novel best known for its literal realism depicting actual accounts of the American Civil War using the allegory of heroism/cowardice & the repeated use of color/irony
Ballad
Story told or sung, usually in verse and accompanied by music
Schemata
Structures that represent generic concepts stored in the memory
Question answering
Students answer questions regarding a text, either out loud in small groups, or individually on paper
Summarization
Students go over the main point of the text, along with strategically chosen details highlight the main point
Sectional endings
Suffixes that important you mean to the base or root word. It changes the gender, number, tense, or form of the base or root words
What are 3 critical thinking tools?
Summarization, question generation, and textual marking
Backing
Support or evidence for a claim in an argument
terza rima
tercets with interwoven rhymes ABA BCB DED EFE...
Willa Carter
the American Dream; prejudice; coming of age; nostalgia
Volta
the Italian term for the turn in a sonnet, occurring between the octave and the sestet in the 9th line.
Diction
the author's choice of words that creates tone, attitude, and style, as well as meaning
acrostic
the first letter of each line spells out a word, name, or phrase when read vertically
Denotation
the literal or dictionary meaning of a word
Antithesis
the presentation of two contrasting images. The ideas are balanced by phrase, clause, or paragraphs. "To be or not to be . . ." "It was the best of times; it was the worst of times . . ." "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country . . ."
Inverted Pyramid
A style of writing most commonly applied to news stories in which the most important facts appear early in the story and less important facts later in the story
Denouement
The final resolution of the plot
Argument
A single assertion or a series of assertions presented and defended by the writer
Paradox
A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.
Anecdote
A story or brief episode told by the writer or a character to illustrate a point.
Text structure
the use of headings, sandbars, etc., that give important clues to the reader about what to look for in the story
Dialect
the recreation of regional spoken language, such as a Southern one. Hurston uses this in Their Eyes Were Watching God.
Attitude
the relationship an author has toward his or her subject, and/or his or her audience
Colloquial
the use of slang in writing, often to create local color and to provide an informal tone. Huckleberry Finn in written in a __ style.
Syntax
The grammatical structure of prose and poetry.
Simple Sentence
One independent clause.
Character
The person such as a hero or villain, represented in a story
Setting
The place or location where a story occurs
Prose
One of the major divisions of genre, ___ refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms, because they are written in ordinary language and most closely resemble everyday speech.
Discussion
The process by which students are encouraged to see the range of possibilities in a text I sharing their thoughts about it in a group
Deduction
The process of moving from a general rule to a specific example.
Word analysis
The process readers use to figure out unfamiliar words based on written patterns
Exposition
The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion.
Argumentation
The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader.
Description
The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses.
Narration
The purpose of this type of rhetorical mode is to tell the story or narrate an event or series of events.
Alliteration
The repetition of initial consonant sounds, such as "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."
Falling action
The result of the contacts
Stream-of-consciousness
This is a narrative technique that places the reader in the mind and thought process of the narrator, no matter how random and spontaneous that may be.
The alphabetic principle
Understanding that written words are composed of patterns or letters that represent the sound of the spoken word
compound words
two or more base words that are connected to form a new word
scansion
two-part analysis of a poetic line; syllables and feet
Imagism
uses images as the things themselves, willingness to play with forms
metaphysical poetry
verse characterization by ingenious wit, unparalleled imagery, and clever conceits
concrete
verse that emphasizes nonlinguistic elements in its meaning, such as a typeface that creates a visual image of the topic
denotation
what the word literally means
Catharsis
purging of the emotions
Synecdoche
. a figure of speech that utilizes a part as representative of the whole. "All hands on deck" is an example.
Romance
A highly imaginative tale
Persuasion
A piece of writing his purpose is to change the minds of the audience members or to get them to do something
Authority
Arguments that draw on recognized experts or persons with highly relevant experience.
Essay
Limited length prose work that focuses on a topic and propound a definite point of view
Preposition
Links a noun and pronoun to the other parts of the sentence
Iambic
One unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable
Contractions
Shortened form of two words and which one or more letters have been deleted
Tone
Similar to mood, __ describes the author's attitude toward his or her material, the audience, or both.
Logical order
So a reader can follow the information easily and quickly
Opinion
Something that a person believes, Thinks or feels
Inferential comprehension
The ability to create or infer a hypothesis for a given statement based on collected facts and information
Evaluative comprehension
The ability to understand and sort facts, opinions, assumptions, persuasive elements, and the validity of a passage
Explication
The act of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text. __ usually involves close reading and special attention to figurative language.
Personification
The assigning of human qualities to inanimate objects or concepts. An example: Wordsworth's "the sea that bares her bosom to the moon."
Imagery
The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, __ uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory. For example, a rose may present visual __ while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks.
Hamartia
Tragic flaw, leads to a Hero's fall
Scansion
Two part analysis of a poetic line.
Poem
a work in which the only requirement is rhythm
Naturalism
dark themes: crime, poverty; attempts to understand psychological reasons for behavior
Aphorism
short, witty statement of truth
Antecedent
the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers.
Character
those who carry out the action of the plot in literature. Major, minor, static, and dynamic are the types.
haiku
three unrhyming lines in five, seven, and five syllables
iambic pentameter
two elements in a set five-foot line of poetry; unaccented and accented
Either-or reasoning
When the writer reduces an argument or issue to two polar opposites and ignores any alternatives.
comparison - contrast
When a paragraph describe the differences or similarities of two or more ideas, actions, events, or things
Ethical Appeal
When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her based on a presentation of image of self through the text.
Ethical Appeal
When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her based on a presentation of image of self through the text. Reputation is sometimes a factor in this type of appeal, but in all cases the aim is to gain the audience's confidence. (Ethos)
Equivocation
When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument.
Exposition
When characters and their situations are introduced
Strategic integration
When information is carefully combined with what the learner already knows and understands to produce a more generalizable, higher order skill
250 BC - AD 150 Period
CHARACTERISTICS: Dominated by Roman Empire writers. MAJOR WRITERS/WORKS: Famous authors from this period: Virgil, Horace, and Ovid (poets of Latin literature) Virgil ("The Aeneid" -mythical founding of Rome) was known for three of his major works, "The Eclogues," "The Georgics," and "The Aeneid." Horace ("carpe diem" -an anaphorism) was considered the best Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus. A satirist, who wrote "The Satires." Ovid ("Metamorpheses") also was known for his collection of erotic poetry which included "Heroides" and "Amores." Ovid's poems deals with the whole spectrum of sexual desire, ranging from deeply emotional declarations of eternal devotion to flippant arguments for promiscuity. In the "Amores", Ovid addresses himself in a series of elegies to Corinna, his beautiful, elusive mistress. The intimate and vulnerable nature of the poet revealed in these early poems vanishes in the notorious Art of Love, in which he provides a knowing and witty guide to sexual conquest - a work whose alleged obscenity led to Ovid's banishment from Rome in AD 8. This volume also includes the "Cures for Love", with instructions on how to terminate a love affair, and "On Facial Treatment for Ladies", an incomplete poem on the art of cosmetics.
Post Modern
CHARACTERISTICS: TIme: 1939 - (Britain) In British and American literature, this period refers to literature written after WWII.The period reflects anxieties concerning, and reactions to, life in the 20th century. Works in this period are often highly experimental and anti-conventional. MAJOR WRITERS/WORKS: "The Stranger" (1946) by Albert Camus, French writer "Animal Farm" (1945) by George Orwell, British writer "1984" (1949) by George Orwell "Lord of the Flies" (1954) by William Golding, British author "Midnight's Children" (1980) by Salman Rushdie, British author "The Satanic Verses" (1988) by Salman Rushdie, British author (America) "The Joy Luck Club" (1989) by Amy Tan, American writer DRAMA: Samuel Beckett Noel Coward Tom Stoppard Harold Pinter Caryl Churchill
Middle English
CHARACTERISTICS: Time: 1066-1500 (Britain) After the Norman invasion, there were linguistic, social, and cultural changes and also changes in the literature. In the 15th century, literature aimed at a popular audience grew. A range of genres emerged, including chivalric romances, secular and religious songs, folk ballads, drama, morality and miracle plays. MAJOR WRITERS/WORKS: Persian poet Rumi Petrarch, Italian writer, inventor of the sonnet "The Divine Comedy" (1308 - 1321) by Dante, Italian writer "The Decameron" (1351 or 1353) by Italian writer Boccacio 1450- Invention of the printing press "The Canterbury Tales" (1475) by Geoffrey Chaucer, British writer
Early Tudor age
CHARACTERISTICS: Time: 1500 - 1558 (Britain) The Early Tudor period is the first phase of the Renaissance period.This period is known for its poetry and nonfiction prose. English literature's first dramatic comedy, Ralph Roister Doister, was first performed in 1553. MAJOR WRITERS/WORKS: POETRY John Skelton Henrty Howard The Earl of Surrey Sir Thomas Wyatt PROSE "Utopia" (1516) by Sir Thomas More's Utopia, Sir Thomas Elyot. DRAMA John Heywood Nicholas Udall Ralph Roister Doister
Renaissance Period
CHARACTERISTICS: Time: 1500-1660 (Britain) "Rebirth" is used broadly to define this period, which refers to the flourishing of literature, painting, sculpture, architecture, and learning in general that began in Italy in the 14th century. It is usually divided into five subsections: Early Tudor, Elizabethan, Jacobean, Caroline, Commonwealth (or Puritan Interregnum). MAJOR WRITERS/WORKS: "The Life of Gargantua and of Pantagruel" (1534 -1564) by Francois Rabelais, French writer John Donne, British poet (1572-1631)
Elizabethan Age
CHARACTERISTICS: Time: 1558-1603 (Golden Age in English history) The second era of the Renaissance period in British literature, spanning the reign of Elizabeth I. This era was a period marked by developments in English commerce, nationalism, exploration, and maritime power. It is considered a great age in literary history, particularly for drama. MAJOR WRITERS/WORKS: "Tamburlaine the Great" (1587 or 1588) by Christopher Marlowe, British writer "Edward the Second" (1593 or 1594) by Christopher Marlowe, British writer "The Faerie Queen" (1589) by Edmund Spenser, British poet "Romeo & Juliet" (1597) by William Shakespeare, British poet and playwright "Every Man and His Humour" (1598) by Ben Johnson, British author "Hamlet" (1603) by William Shakespeare
Jacobean Age
CHARACTERISTICS: Time: 1603- 1625 **Renaissance The third era of the Renaissance period in British literature defined by the reign of James I. In this era, there were significant writings in prose, including the King James Bible. Drama and poetry also flourished. MAJOR WRITERS/WORKS: "Doctor Faustus" (1604) by Christopher Marlowe, British writer "Don Quixote" (1605-1615) by Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish writer
Caroline Age
CHARACTERISTICS: Time: 1625 - 1649 **Renaissance This marks the period of the English Civil War between the supporters of the King (called Cavaliers) and the supporters of Parliament (called the Roundheads). Literature of this period featured poetry, nonfiction prose, and the Cavalier Poets, who were associated with the court and wrote poems of gallantry and courtship. MAJOR WRITERS/WORKS: POETRY: John Milton George Herbert Cavalier Poets (Richard Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, Thomas Carew, and Robert Herrick). Andrew Marvel, British poet (1621-78) Henry Vaughan, British poet (1621-95)
Restoration Age
CHARACTERISTICS: Time: 1660-1700 **Neoclassical This era begins with the crowning of Charles II and the restoration of the Stuart line in 1660 and ends around 1700. After the Puritan ban on theatres was lifted, theatre came back into prominence.Drama of this period frequently focused upon the aristocracy and the life of the court and is characterized by its use of urbanity, wit, and licentious plot lines. MAJOR WRITERS/WORKS: POETRY: "Paradise Lost" John Milton John Dryden Samuel Butler. PROSE: "Pilgrim's Progress" by John Bunyan "Principles of Mathematics" by Isaac Newton NOVELS: "Oroonoko" by Aphra Behn "Tartuffe" (1664) by French writer Moliere DRAMA: "The Way of the World" (1700) by William Congreve
Neoclassical Period
CHARACTERISTICS: Time: 1660-1785 (Britain) Often divided into three sub-areas: the Restoration era, the Augustan age, and the Age of Sensibility. MAJOR WRITERS/WORKS: "Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men" (1754) by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, French writer and philosopher "A Dictionary of the English Language" (1755 -eventually became Oxford English Dictionary) by Samuel Johnson, English writer "On the Social Contract" (1762) by Jean-Jacques Rousseau "The Castle of Otranto" (1764) by Horace Walpole (first gothic novel) "Faust" (1772 - 1775; published 1808) by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German writer
Augustan Age
CHARACTERISTICS: Time: 1700-1745 **Neoclassical (Age of Pope) Many writers in this period identified themselves with writers in the age of the Roman Emperor Augustus. Augustan writers imitated the literary forms of Horace, Virgil, and Ovid and drew upon the perceived order, decorum, moderation, civility, and wit of these writers. POETRY: "The Rape of the Lock" (1712) by Alexander Pope, British poet NOVELS: "Pamela" by Samuel Richardson "Robinson Crusoe" (1719) and "Moll Flanders" (1722) by Daniel Defoe, English writer "Gulliver's Travels" (1726) by Jonathan Swift, English writer "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" (1741) by American Jonathan Edwards DRAMA: "The Beggar's Opera" (1728) by John Gay
Age of Sensibility
CHARACTERISTICS: Time: 1744 - 1785 (Britain) This age anticipates the Romantic period. In contrast to the Augustan era, it is focused upon instinct, feeling, imagination, and sometimes the sublime. New cultural attitudes and new theories of literature emerged at this time.The novel became an increasingly popular and prevalent form. MAJOR WRITERS/WORKS: POETRY: Thomas Gray, William Collins, Christopher Smart, William Cowper, Anne Finch, Mary Leapor. PROSE: Samuel Johnson's essays and Dictionary, Edmund Burke, James Boswell. NOVELS: Samuel Richardson, Tobias Smollet, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Frances Burney. DRAMA: Oliver Gold
Romantic Period
CHARACTERISTICS: Time: 1785-1830 (Britain) Many writers in this period emphasized feeling and imagination and looked toward nature for insight into the divine.The individual and his or her subjective experiences and expressions of those experiences were highly valued.Many scholars see the artistic and aesthetic freedoms in romanticism in contrast to the ideals of neoclassicism.In addition to a wealth of poetry, this period featured significant innovations in the novel form, including the Gothic novel. MAJOR WRITERS/WORKS: POETS: William Blake William Wordsworth Lord Byron Percy Bysshe Shelley John Keats Alfred, Lord Tennyson AUTHORS: "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English poet (1772-1834) "Sense and Sensibility" (1811) by Jane Austen, English author (1775-1817) "Pride and Prejudice" (1813) by Jane Austen "Emma" (1815) by Jane Austen "The Last of the Mohicans" (1826) by James Fenimore Cooper, American novelist
Victorian Period
CHARACTERISTICS: Time: 1832-1901 (Britain) Varied in form, style and content, this literature reflects a changing social, political, economic, and cultural climate. Industrialization, urbanization, technological advances, and economic and political changes are just a few of the forces reflected in this literature.Recurrent issues include poverty, class, gender, philosophy, and religious issues. POETS: Robert Browning, English poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning, English poet Lord Tennyson, English poet AUTHORS: "Oliver Twist" (1838) Charles Dickens, British author "A Christmas Carol" (1843) Charles Dickens "David Copperfield" (1850) Charles Dickens "A Tale of Two Cities" (1859) Charles Dickens "Great Expectations" (1860) Charles Dickens "Jane Eyre" (1847) by Charlotte Bronte, British writer (1816-55) "Vanity Fair" (1848) by William Makepeace Thackeray, English novelist "Wuthering Heights" (1848) by Emily Bronte, British writer "Madame Bovary" (1857) by Gustave Flaubert, French writer "Les Miserables" (1862) by Victor Hugo, French writer "A Doll's House" (1879) by Henrik Ibsen, Norwegian dramatist "Middlemarch" (1872) by George Eliot (a.k.a. Marian Evans), British writer
Aestheticism
CHARACTERISTICS: Time: 1880 - 1900 (Britain) A literary and visual art movement in late nineteenth-century Europe. Centered on a belief in "art for art's sake." Art was not meant to serve moral or didactic or purpose; art's value was in its beauty. MAJOR WRITERS/WORKS: Oscar Wilde
Decadence
CHARACTERISTICS: Time: 1880 - 1900 (Britain) Writers perceived in this ancient literature high refinement with an element of impending decay. They felt this to be an appropriate reflection of European society. It was concerned with unconventional artistic forms and ideas. Followers often led unconventional lives. MAJOR WRITERS/WORKS: Oscar Wilde
Asyndeton
Commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words. The parts are emphasized equally when the conjunction is omitted; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence. X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y, and Z.
Conceit
Comparison between seemingly disparate objects or concepts. Donne's "flea bite to act of love" "The Flea"
Simile
Comparisons between two objects that use the words like or as to identify the similarities. example: love is like a rose
Summary statement
Concise presentation of the essential data from that passage
Phonics
Connection between sounds and letters. You can use with your eyes open.
Edwardian Period
CHARACTERISTICS: Time: 1901-1914 (Britain) A period of British literature named by the reign of Edward VII and referring to literature published after the Victorian period and before WWI. This period is not characterized by a consistent style or theme or genre; the term generally refers to a historical period rather than a literary style. MAJOR WRITERS/WORKS: POETRY: William Butler Yeats Rudyard Kipling PROSE: Ford Maddox Ford NOVELS: "Heart of Darkness" (1902) by Joseph Conrad, Polish/British author Thomas Hardy H.G. Wells James Galsworthy (novelist, mostly known for his plays that center on class systems and social issues. Best known play "Strife" (1909), best known novel "The Forsyte Saga" (1922), a series of three novels published between 1906-1921, and members of an upper class British family. Although sympathetic to his characters, he highlights their insular, snobbish, and acquisitive attitudes and their suffocating moral codes. He is viewed as one of the first writers of the Edwardian era who challenged some of the ideals of society depicted in the preceding literature of Victorian England. The depiction of a woman in an unhappy marriage furnishes another recurring theme in his work. The character of Irene in The Forsyte Saga is drawn from Ada Pearson, though her previous marriage was not as miserable as that of the character. Won the Nobel Prize in 1932, but died from a brain tumour at his London home in 1933.
Modern Period
CHARACTERISTICS: Time: 1914-1939 (Britain) A period in British and American literature spanning the years between WWI and WWII. Works in this period reflect the changing social, political, and cultural climate and are diverse, experimental, and nontraditional. MAJOR WRITERS/WORKS: "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" (1915) by T.S. Eliot, American/British writer "The Waste Land" (1922) by T. S. Eliot, American/British writer "Mrs. Dalloway" (1925) by Virginia Woolf "To the Lighthouse" (1927) by Virginia Woolf
Commonwealth Period
CHARACTERISTICS: Time: 1649 - 1669 In this era, England was ruled by Parliament and, Oliver Cromwell, a puritan, and then briefly by his son, Richard. Theaters were closed on moral and religious grounds. While drama did not flourish, significant examples of nonfiction prose and poetry were written during this period. MAJOR WRITERS/WORKS: "Leviathan" (1651) by Thomas Hobbes "Paradise Lost" (1667) by John Milton, British author
Old English
CHARACTERISTICS: Time: 450-1066 Anglo-Saxon Period (Britain) It begins with the invasion of Celtic England by Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Frisians) c.450 and lasts until the conquest of England by the Norman-French William the Conqueror in 1066. Writing of this time was primarily religious verse or prose. MAJOR WRITERS/WORKS: "Beowulf" The rise of haiku poetry "Tale of Genji" by Japanese writer Murasaki Shibiku (written around the year 1000)
Encode
Changing a message into symbols. Language into writing
First Generation of Romantic Poets
William Blake William Wordsworth S. T. Coleridge
800 - 400 BC Period
CHARACTERISTICS: Dominated by Homer and other Greek tragedians. MAJOR WRITERS/WORKS: "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey" by Homer "Oedipus the King" by Sophocles "Medea" by Euripedes
Sprung Rhythm
a poetic rhythm that imitates the rhythm of speech
Limerick
a rhymed humorous or nonsense poem of five lines, with a set rhyme scheme of a-a-b-b-a
Balance
a situation in which all parts of the presentation are equal, whether in sentences or paragraphs or sections of a longer work.
English/Shakespearean Sonnet
a sonnet consisting three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg
Metonomy
a term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name" __ is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example: a news release that claims "The White House declared" rather than "The President declared"
Situational Irony
a type of irony in which events turn out the opposite of what was expected.
Transition
a word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph.
Conflict
a clash between opposing forces in a literary work, such as man vs. man; man vs. nature; man vs. God; man vs. self
Metaphor
a direct comparison between dissimilar things. "Your eyes are stars" is an example.
Onomatopoeia
a figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum.
Hyperbole
a figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement
Euphemism
a more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable. "He went to his final reward" is a common __ for "he died." They are also used to obscure the reality of the situation.
Oxymoron
From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," ___ is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness."
Syllogism
From the Greek for "reckoning together," a __ is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.
Laudatory
Full of or giving praise
Bildungsroman
German term signifying "novel of formation" or "novel of education" the coming of age novel
Base words
I stand alone linguistic unit that cannot be deconstructed or broke down into smaller words
Vocabulary
Demonstrate strong ties between oral and written language
Sequence of events
Details are presented in the order in which they have occurred
Narration
Discourse that is arranged chronologically
Exposition
Discourse whose only purpose is to inform
Description
Discourse whose purpose is to make an experience available through one of the five senses
Correlative Conjunction
EITHER/OR, NEITHER/NOR, BOTH/AND join pairs of ideas
Suffixes
Ending units of meaning that can be affixed or added on to the end of a root or base words
Summarizing
Engages the reader and pulling out the essential bits of information in a longer passage or excerpt of text and making them into a cohesive whole
Future tense
Expresses an action or a condition of future time
Past perfect tense
Expresses an action or condition that occurred as a presedant to some other action or condition
Present tense
Expresses an action that is currently happening or is always
Past tense
Expresses an action that occurred in a past time
Future perfect tense
Expresses an action that started in the past or the present and will conclude at some time in the future
Coordinating Conjunction
FOR, AND, BUT, OR, YET, and SO -- used to join ideas that are similar; remember to use a comma before a conjunction in a compound sentence: Ex: Craig gets in trouble, BUT he usually gets out of it.
Comprehension
Find meaning with the text. Strategies for teaching is questioning, paraphrasing, summarizing, graphic organizers and mental images
Maxine Hong Kingston
discovery; the American Dream; male/female roles; metamorphosis; enforced muteness; vocal expression; family
octave
eight-line stanza or poem
suffixes
ending units of meaning which can be affixed or added on to the ends of base or root words
Richard Wright
environment of the South is too small to nourish human beings; rejection of black militancy; violent, battered childhood and victorious adulthood; suffocation of instinct and stifling of potential; mature reminiscences of a battered childhood; black mother's protective nurture and trauma of absent or impotent father
Leslie Marmon Silko
evil; reciprocity; individual/community; Native American traditions and religion; mixed breeds; scapegoats, racism, prejudice
Hubris
excessive pride, a tragic flaw
ars poetica
explains the "art of poetry"
Annotation
explanatory notes added to a text to explain, cite sources, or give bibliographical data.
Harlem Renaissance
explosion of African American arts, dance, music, and literature
Present perfect tense
expresses an action or a condition that started in the past and is continued to or completed in the present
cinquain
five line stanza
tanka
five lines with 5, 7, 5, 7, and 7 syllables
villanelle
five three-line stanzas and a final quatrain, with the first and third lines of the first stanza repeating alternately in the following stanzas
limerick
fixed light-verse form of five generally anapestic lines rhyming AABBA; typically humorous and nonsensical
Regionalism
focus on local settings, customs, dialects
Colonial
focuses on hardship and misery; hard work and assimilation are important themes; society over individual
Medieval
focuses on heroic ideal; Christian values
Revolutionary
focuses on liberty; balanced and well-crafted
ode
formal, often ceremonious lyric poem that addresses and often celebrates a person, place, thing, or idea
quatrain
four-line rhyming stanza
Modernism
fragmented form, hopeless, frustrated, belief that all traditional structures were destroyed
Rhetoric
from the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principle governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.
Sarcasm
from the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," ___ involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device.
Symbol
generally, anything that represents, stands for, something else. Usually, a ___ is something concrete—such as an object, action, character, or scene—that represents something more abstract.
Graphic organizers
graphical representations of the content in a text
stanza
grouping of lines separated from others in a poem
Cacophony
harsh and discordant sounds in a line or passage in a literary word.
Italian/Petrarchan Sonnet
Iambic pentameter (most often). Octave of 8 lines (ABBA ABBA) & Sestet of 6 Lines (varied rhyme "cde cde"; or "ced ced"; or "cd cd cd")
Archetype
Idealized model of a person, object, or concept from which similar instances are derived, copied, patterned, or emulated.
Ad Hominem
In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man."
Point of View
In literature, the perspective from which a story is told.
Wit
In modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. Usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement.
Fable
A terse tale offering up a moral. Animals act like humans
Legend
A traditional narrative or collection of related narrative
Spenserian Sonnet
A variant that the poet Edmund Spenser developed from the Shakespearean sonnet that he used in The Faerie Queen. It has the rhyme scheme ABAB BCBC CDCD EE.
Malapropism
A verbal blunder in which one word is replaced by another similar in sound but different in meaning.
Infinitive
A verbal form compromised of the word to followed by the root form of the verb ex to hold
Root words
A word from with another word is developed
Pronoun
A word that represents a specific noun in a generic way ex. I she he it
Parody
A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.
Allegory
A work that functions on a symbolic level
Satire
A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and convention for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform humans or their society, ___ is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. The effect of __, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.
Dramatic Irony
In this type of irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or a piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work
Verbal Irony
In this type of irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's true meaning
Topic sentence
Indicate what the passage is about
Ellipsis
Indicated by a series of three periods, the __ indicates that some material has been omitted from a given text.
Rising action
Is the point at which conflict starts to occur
Walt Whitman
imagination vs scientific process; individualism
Romanticism
importance of individual, elements of supernatural, appreciation of nature, personal introspection
octava rima
Italian stanza of eight 11-syllable lines, with a rhyme scheme of ABABABCC
Bathos
insincere or overly sentimental quality of writing/speech intended to evoke pity
Prefixes
Beginning units and meaning that can be added to a base word or root word
prefixes
beginning units or meaning which can be added to a base or root word
Renaissance/Reformation
bold, intricate plots; poetry was odes and sonnets; focuses on function of religion, form and structure of government, and love
Phonemic awareness
Acknowledgement of sounds and words. It can be taught with eyes closed
Prior knowledge
All of an individual's prior experiences, education, and development that precede his or her entrance into a specific learning situation or his or her attempts to comprehend a specific text
Allegory
Allegory can have a symbolic or literal meaning
Voice
can refer to two different areas of writing. One refers to the relationship between a sentence's subject and verb (active and passive). The second refers to the total "sound" of the writer's style.
heroic couplet
couplet written in iambic pentameter; popular in 17th and 18th century
Pedantic
An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.
Inferencing
An evaluative process that involves the reader and making a reasonable judgement based on the information given and engages children and literally constructing meaning
informative connotations
definitions agreed upon be the society in which the learner operates
Metaphor
Anytime one thing is used in place of something else in a text, signifying some sort of resemblance
Supporting details
Are sentences that give more information about the topic and the main idea
Prepositional Phrase
A combination of a preposition and a noun/pronoun ex. across the bridge
Kenning
A device employed in Anglo-Saxon poetry in which the name of a thing is replaced by one of its functions or qualities, as in "ring-giver" for king and "whale-road" for ocean
Figure of Speech
A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Examples are apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonomy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement.
Ottava rima
A form of poetry with eight lines, rhyming ABABAB CC
Age of Reason
(America) Time: 1750-1800 Jefferson, Henry, Paine: Revolutionary writers "Poems on Various Subjects" (1773) by Phyllis Wheatley, Black-American poet "Give me Liberty, or Give me Death" (1775 -speech) by Patrick Henry, American author "Common Sense" (1776) by Thomas Paine "Declaration of Independence" (1776) by Thomas Jefferson
epistle
letter in verse, usually addressed to a person close to the writer
epic
long narrative poem in which a heroic protagonist engages in an action of great mythic or historical significance
canto
long subsection of an epic or long narrative poem
Herman Melville
man in conflict with natural world; religion and God's role in the universe; good and evil; cause and effect; duty; conscience
Neoclassical
man is limited in hierarchal society; meaning in the order of things; society before individual; human reason over natural passions
elegy
melancholy poem that laments its subject's death but ends in consolation
free verse
nonmetrical, nonrhyming lines that closely follow the natural rhythms of speech
Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry
Mildred Taylor. The Logan family lives in Mississippi in the 1930's. Times are tough, especially for a black family in the segregated South. Despite all odds, the Logans instill in their children determination and strong values. Cassie and her siblings are taught to stand up for what they believe despite the dangers. It provides a realistic view of racism in the 1930's and 1940's.
Compound words
Occur when two or more base words are connected to form a new word
Begging the Question
Often called circular reasoning, __ occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim.
difference between phonemic and phonological awareness
Phonemic is for the most part oral phonics. It deals with printed words and learning of sounds - spelling correlations
Idiom
Phrases or words used only in specific location or cultures. example: break a leg
Drama
Plays - comedy, modern, or tragedy
Allusion
A reference contained in a work
Abstract Language
Language describing ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or places.
Figurative language
Language that uses creative or poetic message to convey a point
Fluency
Read with smoothness; much more likely to comprehend reading
Consonance
Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.
Assonance
Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity
Anaphora
Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines.
Logos
an appeal based on logic or reason
Ethos
an appeal based on the character of the speaker. An __-driven document relies on the reputation of the author.
Invective
an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.
Style
an evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices.
dramatic monologue
an imagined speaker addresses a silent listener, usually not the reader
Complex Sentence
an independent clause plus one or more dependent clauses.
Example
an individual instance taken to be representative of a general pattern
Second Generation of Romantic Poets
Lord Byron (George Gordon) Percy Byshe Shelle Mary Shelley John Keats (lower born & educated)
Monitoring comprehension
Making sure the text is making sense to the reader
Morphology
The study of word structure. Children are developing an understanding of patterns they see in words
Narrative
The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.
Third Person Limited Omniscient
This type of point of view presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all remaining characters
Aristotle's Unities
Time, Place, Action
Bandwagon
Tries to persuade the reader to do, think, or buy something because it is popular or everyone is doing it
Compound Sentence
Two clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction.
Shakespearean sonnet
14 lines divided into one stanza of three quatrains and a concluding couplet, with a rhyme scheme of ABABCDCDEFEFGG
Petrarchan sonnet
14 lines divided into two sections: an eight-line stanza rhyming ABBAABBA, and a six-line stanza rhyming CDCDCD or CDEEDE
Italian sonnet
14 lines divided into two sections: an eight-line stanza rhyming ABBAABBA, and a six-line stanza rhyming CDDCEE
Spenserian sonnet
14-line poem that interlocks three quatrains rhyming ABAB BCBC CDCD and a couplet EE
sonnet
14-line poem with a variable rhyme scheme
Epistle
A letter that is not always originally intended for public distribution
Epic
A long poem, reflect the values inherent in the generative society
Dramatic Monologue
A lyric poem in which the speaker tells an audience about a dramatic moment in his/her life and, in doing so, reveals his/her character
Short story
A narrative with less developmental background and characters
Villanelle
A nineteen-line poem divided into five tercets and a final quatrain. The villanelle uses only two rhymes which are repeated as follows: aba, aba, aba, aba, aba, abaa. Line 1 is repeated entirely to form lines 6, 12, and 18, and line 3 is repeated entirely to form lines 9, 15, and 19; thus, eight of the nineteen lines are refrain. Dylan Thomas's poem "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night" is an example of a villanelle.
Gerund
A noun formed from a verb (such as the '-ing' form of an English verb when used as a noun)
Topic
A paragraph or story is what the paragraph or story is about
Refrain
A repeated stanza or line(s) in a poem or song
Periodic Sentence
A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. The independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect is to add emphasis and structural variety.
Chiasmus
Arrangement of repeated thoughts in the pattern of X Y Y X. It is often short and summarizes a main idea.
3 categories of metacognition
Awareness, planning, and self monitoring
Ballad
In Media Res story sung or told in verse and usually accompanied by music.
Causal Relationship
In __, a writer asserts that one thing results from another. To show how one thing produces or brings about another is often relevant in establishing a logical argument.
Third Person Omniscient
In ___, the narrator, with a godlike knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters.
Rational Appeal
Logical reasoning (logos)
Novel
Longest form of fictional prose. Many characters, settings
Monitoring
Mean self clarifying
Emotional Appeal
Pathos
Subordinating Conjunction
Related subordinate or dependent clauses to independent ones.
Introductory statement
Provides a bridge between any previous, relevant text and the content to follow, it provides information about the text and also sets the tone and parameters
Deductive Reasoning
Reasons general to specific.
Semantics
Refers to the meaning expressed in words are arranged in a specific way
Syntax
Refers to the rules or patterned relationship that correctly create phrases in sentences from words
Irony
The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true.
Background knowledge
The basic knowledge most children bring to their learning experiences
Semantics
The branch of linguistics that studies that meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.
Theme
The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually, __ is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the __ may be directly stated, especially in expository or argumentative writing.
Repetition
The duplication, either exact or approximate, or any element of language, such as sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.
Emergent literacy
The early reading and writing behaviors that precede and develop into a conventional literacy
Hyperbole
The literary version of exaggeration
Statement support
The main idea is stated and the rest of the paragraph explains or prove it
Rhetorical Modes
The flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing.
Climax
The highest point of conflict, often a turning point
Genre
The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.
Exposition
The kind of writing that is intended primarily to present information
Question generating
The opposite of question answering, where students learn to ask questions and think critically about texts
Main idea
The paragraph or story states the important ideas that the author wants the reader to know about a topic
Classification
The paragraph presents grouped information about a topic
Thesis
The sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition.
Themes
The underlying messages above and beyond all plot elements, that writers want to convey
Literal comprehension
The understanding of the basic facts of a given passage
Epigraph
The use of a quotation at the beginning of a work that hints at its theme. Hemingway begins The Sun Also Rises with two. One of them is "You are all a lost generation" by Gertrude Stein.
Antecedents
The word or word group that a pronoun stands for
Cause and effect
This pattern describes how two or more events are connected
Narrative Device
This term describes the tools of the storyteller, such as ordering events to that they build to climatic movement or withholding information until a crucial or appropriate moment when revealing in creates a desired effect.
Mood
This term has two distinct technical meanings in English writing. The first meaning is grammatical and deals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude. The second meaning is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work.
Homily
This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.
Italian Renaissaince
Time: 1330-1550 1314: Dante completes Inferno, which depicts an allegorical journey through Hell. Dante roamed from court to court in Italy, writing and occasionally lecturing, until his death from a sudden illness in 1321. 1341: Francesco Petrarch is Crowned Poet Laureate Many historians cite this date as the beginning of the Renaissance. 1353: Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375), publishes the Decameron. The book is structured as a frame story containing 100 tales told by a group of seven young women and three young men sheltering in a secluded villa just outside Florence to escape the Black Death, which was afflicting the city. 1453: Constantinople Falls The center of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Turks, provoking an exodus of Greek people and works of art and literature into the Italian city-states. 1454: Johann Gutenberg Prints the Gutenberg Bible Gutenberg is credited with the invention of the printing press in Europe, and ushers in the age of printed books, making literature more accessible to all Europeans. 1492: Rodrigo Borgia becomes Pope Alexander VI Alexander VI is widely known as a corrupt and manipulative pope, scheming for his family's benefit. Many claim that the Papacy reaches its greatest moral decline of the Renaissance during his pontificate. 1513: Niccolo Machiavelli Publishes The Prince Often considered the most influential political book of all time, The Prince outlines the argument that it is better for a ruler to be feared than loved.
Sturm und Drang Literary Movement
Time: 1760 - 1780 A proto-Romantic movement in German literature and music in which individual subjectivity and, in particular, extremes of emotion were given free expression in reaction to the perceived constraints of rationalism imposed by the Enlightenment and associated aesthetic movements. The period is named for Friedrich Maximilian Klinger's play by the same name, which was first performed by Abel Seyler's famed theatrical company in 1777.
Carpe Diem
Time: 250 BC - AD 150 The words that begin the last line of a Latin poem by Horace. "Odes Book 1, number 11." The phrase is popularly translated as "seize the day" and has become an aphorism. Carpe is the second-person singular present active imperative of the Latin verb carpō, which literally means "I pick, pluck, pluck off, cull, crop, gather, eat food, serve, want." Ovid used the word in the sense of, "enjoy, seize, use, make use of." It is related to the Greek verb (carpoomae), (I grab the fruit, profits, opportunity), (carpos) =fruit of tree, of effort, etc. Diem refers to "day." Thus, a more accurate translation of "Carpe diem" would be "enjoy the day" or "pluck the day [as it is ripe]."
Metamorphoses
Time: 250 BC - AD 150 Period A Latin narrative poem by the Roman poet Ovid, considered his magnum opus. Comprising fifteen books and over 250 myths, the poem chronicles the history of the world from its creation to the deification of Julius Caesar within a loose mythico-historical framework. Although meeting the criteria for an epic, the poem defies simple genre classification by its use of varying themes and tones. Ovid took inspiration from the genre of metamorphosis poetry, and some of the Metamorphoses derives from earlier treatment of the same myths; however, he diverged significantly from all of his models. One of the most influential works in Western culture, it has inspired such authors as Chaucer, Shakespeare, Dante and Boccaccio. Numerous episodes from the poem have been depicted in masterpieces of sculpture and painting by artists such as Titian.
The Georgics
Time: 250 BC - AD 150 Period Virgil's book contains ten pieces, each called not an idyll, but an eclogue ("draft" or "selection" or "reckoning"). This was populated by and large with herdsmen imagined conversing and performing amoebaean singing in largely rural settings, whether suffering or embracing revolutionary change or happy or unhappy love. Performed with great success on the Roman stage, they feature a mix of visionary politics and eroticism that made Virgil a celebrity, legendary in his own lifetime. It is a poem in four books, likely published in 29 BC. It is the second major work by the Latin poet Virgil, following his "Eclogues" and preceding "The Aeneid." It is a poem that draws on many prior sources and influenced many later authors from antiquity to the present. As the name suggests (from the Greek word "agricultural (things)"). The subject of the poem is agriculture; but far from being an example of peaceful rural poetry, it is a work characterized by tensions in both theme and purpose. It tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who travelled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans. It is composed of 9,896 lines in dactylic hexameter. The first six of the poem's twelve books tell the story of Aeneas' wanderings from Troy to Italy, and the poem's second half tells of the Trojans' ultimately victorious war upon the Latins, under whose name Aeneas and his Trojan followers are destined to be subsumed.
Decode
To change communication signals into messages
Infer
To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.
Metonymy
Use of an object or idea to related to another object or idea to represented the second. "Hit the books," "go study"
Subjective mood
Used for conditional clauses or wish statement that pros untrue conditions
Indicative mood
Used to make unconditional statement
Personification
Whenever an author gives human life to an inanimate item. Example: the wind is whistling
Textual marking
Where students interact with the text as they read to help him focus on the importance of the small things and provide a reference point for review
(Poetry is) "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings"
William Wordsworth
Transitions
Words that signal relationships between ideas that can help to improve the flow of a document
Figurative Language
Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.
Deconstruction
a critical approach that debunks single definitions of meaning based on the instability of language. It "is not a dismantling of a structure of a text, but a demonstration that it has already dismantled itself."
Analogy
a literary device employed to serve as a basis for comparison. It is assumed that what applies to the parallel situation also applies to the original circumstance. In other words, it is the comparison between two different items.
Pathos
an appeal based on emotion.
Didactic
writing whose purpose is to instruct or to teach. A ___ work is usually formal and focuses on moral or ethical concerns.
Parallelism
refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity.
Realism
rejects sentimentality, represents true life experience, avoids flowery diction, common ordinary people, man vs fate he could not control
Comic Relief
the inclusion of a humorous character or scene to contrast with the tragic elements of a work, thereby intensifying the next tragic event.
Connotation
the interpretive level or a word based on its associated images rather than its literal meaning.
blank verse
written in iambic pentameter but unrhymed
Understatement
the opposite of exaggeration. It is a technique for developing irony and/or humor where one writes or says less than intended.
Euphony
the pleasant, mellifluous presentation of sounds in a literary work.
root words
word from which another word is developed
context clues
words and sentences surrounding an unknown word that can help discover the definition
