gastroenteritis

red man syndrome

The concomitant use of opiates and vancomycin may increase the frequency of what syndrome?

cryptosporidium

This organism has a protective coating which can allow it to survive the normal clorination process used to control microbial growth in our drinking water

symptoms of gastroenteritis

Vary according to resistance Depend on type & quantity of microorganism ingested Often begin suddenly/often violently Loss of appetite Nausea/vomiting Abdominal rumbling/cramping/gas Diarrhea most common May be bloody or watery May have fever, aching muscles, extreme exhaustion

cytotoxin production

a mucosal destruction involved. ex. bloody stool relation to C.DIFF

what type of animal may carry gastroenteritis

a turtle may carry salmonella

colon

absorbs fluid and transports liquid fluid stool content to sigmoid colon.

how does an infectious agent causes diarrhea by adherence

adherence-when the infection adheres or attach and the absorption is affected/infection.

rotavirus

affects children causes terrible diarrhea we now have a vaccine so the rates has gone down significantly

what type of drugs may cause gastroenteritis

antiobiotics can cause this in susceptible people

what is the severe complication of gastroenteritis

dehydration

cryptosporidium

is very resistant to large concentrations of chlorine can be found in drinking contaminated water or recreational water such as the swimming pool

noravirus

it is extremely contagious, it can spread like wildfire think cruise ship outbreaks.

what does probiotics do for gastroenteritis

makes the duration shorter.

what do we give for C-diff

metronidazole or vancomycin

an example of exotic seafood that may cause gastroenteritis

raw oysters,shellfish

what do i need to watch for when infusing vancomycin and what to do if side effects occur

red man syndrome such as flushed cheeks and INCREASED HEART RATE run the vancomycin fairly slow

red man syndrome

red, flushed skin from histamine release, associated with rapid infusion of vancomycin (so slow down the infusion rate)

enterotoxin production causes diarrhea causes what

some bacteria such as E.coli some bacteria produces rice watery diarrhea ex. cholera.

how to diagnose gastroenteritis type of bacteria

stool test

small intestine is what

the prime absorbment surface

what type of acidic foods that may cause gastroenteritis

tomatoes citrus fruits such as orange

what can water be contaminted which causes gastroentetiris

water can be contaminated with arsenic lead mercury cadmium

mucosal invasion

when an infectious agent causes an infection in the mucosa

blood test for gastroenteritis

when the white blood cell is elevated

vancomycin side effect

*HYPOTENSION/ FLUSHING/ RASH IN FACE AND TRUnK (RED-MAN SYNDROME); OTOTOXICITY, NEPHROTOXICITY, WATCH VITAL SIGNS

etiology of gastroenteritis

179 million cases occur in US every year 80-85% DO NOT seek medical attention 1-2% require hospitalization

when does C.DIFF occur that causes gastroenteritis

C.diff occurs after treatments with antibiotics.

complications

Dehydration The very young, very old, & immunocompromised at most risk Hyponatremia Hypokalemia Shock Kidney failure

pathophysiology of gastroenteritis

Diarrhea is caused by infectious agents through: Adherence Mucosal invasion Enterotoxin production Cytotoxin production These mechanisms result in ↑↑ fluid secretion and/or ↓↓ absorption

parasites causing gastroenteritis

Giardia Invades the lining of the intestine Usually from contaminated water or person to person Cryptosporidium Drinking contaminated water (recreational water) Resistant to large concentrations of chlorine

diagnosis of gastroenteritis

History of contact with contaminated water or food or recent travel? Family member recently ill? Consumed raw seafood or had picnic food left out in the heat? Recent antibiotic use? May do stool tests for WBCs, bacteria, viruses, parasites

gastroenteritis

Infection or inflammation of the stomach and small and large Intestines Often called the "stomach flu" Highly contagious!

bacteria causing gastroenteritis

Less common than viral E coli & C-diff (produce enterotoxins) Many different subtypes of E coli C-diff occurs after treatment with antibiotics Salmonella and Campylobacter (most common bacterial causes) Undercooked poultry/unpasteurized milk Undercooked eggs or handling reptiles, birds, and amphibians

what type of viruses causes gastroenteritis

Most common cause in US Rotavirus (now a vaccine) Norovirus (think cruise ship outbreaks) Astrovirus Adenovirus

how is gastroenteritis transmitted

Person to person (wash your hands please!) Fecal-oral (Yuck!) Eating food or water contaminated with infected stool (double Yuck!) Eating uncooked or unpasteurized foods Ingesting contaminated water at a water park or in a pond Direct contact with animals that carry an organism

chemical toxins that may cause gastroenteritis

Poisonous mushrooms Exotic seafood Ingesting water contaminated with: Arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium Can be caused by large amounts of acidic foods Citrus fruits and tomatoes

clinical manifestation of gastroenteritis

Primary manifestation is diarrhea, but can be accompanied by N/V & abdominal pain Severity may vary from mild & inconvenient to severe & life-threatening

vancomycin

Pt with breast cancer that is receiving chemo via indwelling CVC. Temp of 102.5, BP 90/50. No erythema around catheter site. Lungs are clear to auscultation. Labs: WBC 3200. Urine rbc 2, wbc 2, bacteria occasional. In addition to ceftazidime, empiric antibiotic therapy should include?

treatment of gastroenteritis

Rest Fluids & rehydration solutions If severe, may require hospitalization for IV therapy Sometimes antibiotics For traveler's diarrhea (E coli) For C-diff (metronidazole or vancomycin) Possibly probiotics Anti-emetics (Zofran)

what is the most common bacteria that causes gastroenteritis and it is from what

Salmonella and Campylobacter Undercooked poultry/unpasteurized milk undercooked eggs or handling reptiles, birds, and amphibians