Gen Psych Exam 5

Behavior that is deviate, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time.

Abnormal behavior

Unselfish interest in helping another person

Altruism

The tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups

Ethnocentrism

Ascribing personal meaning to completely random events

Referential thinking

The battle of ego with result of strong or weak ego

What is decision makers/development of ego?

Agreeableness

_____ is the personality trait most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors.

Psychological disorders in which the individual suffers from depression (an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life)

Depressive disorders

referential thinking

Tyra believes that her Math professor is actually a secret agent who is working undercover to assassinate the President of the U.S. In the context of schizophrenia, it can be inferred that Tyra is engaging in _____.

Theory suggesting that preexisting conditions (such as genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, or experiences) may put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder

Vulnerability-stress hypothesis or diathesis-stress model

Social behavior with the objective of harming someone, either physically or verbally

Aggression

Psychological disorder involving a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least 2 weeks

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

The influence others have on us because we want them to like us

Normative social influence

Behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority

Obedience

Not every individual exposed to the same event develops PTSD.

Which of the following statements is true of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? An individual experiences PTSD symptoms only several months or years after a trauma. Individuals with PTSD seek attention and are open to expressing their emotions. Not every individual exposed to the same event develops PTSD. Genetic inheritance does not play a role in the development of PTSD.

Dopamine receptors in the brain are associated with prosocial behavior.

Which of the following statements is true of the biological factors associated with prosocial behavior?

Depression increases as standards of living and employment circumstances worsen.

Which of the following statements is true of the sociocultural factors involved in depression?

The cognitive approach

Which psychological approach would attribute a person's depression to escalating negative and self-defeating thoughts?

Panic disorder

_____ is an anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.

-Battle between INFERIORITY and INDUSTRY -Ego strength is COMPETENCE -Core pathology is INERTIA (can't get life started)

6 to 12 years (school age)

-Battle between INTEGRITY and DESPAIR -Ego strength is WISDOM -Core pathology is DISTAIN

60 and On years (old age)

Low levels of conscientiousness

According to research on aggressive behavior, which of the following personality factors is mostly associated with aggression?

When the person has a vested interest in the issue

According to studies over the past half-century, which of the following is a condition under which a person's attitude will guide his or her actions?

a girl who has the same interests as him.

According to the concept of consensual validation in close relationships, a heterosexual young man is more likely to be attracted to:

Love that occurs when individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person

Affectionate or companionate love

The tenancy of an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone

Bystander effect

The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group

Deindividuation

False, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture

Delusions

Asking for big first and then go for the small if it doesn't work

Door-in-the-face

Ask for small then ask for big

Foot-in-the-door

Observers' overestimation of the importance of internal traits and underestimation of the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of an actor's behavior

Fundamental attribution error

Anxiety disorder marked by persistent anxiety for at least 6 months, and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety

Generalized anxiety disorder

All of these.

In the context of social behavior, which of the following best explains why the bystander effect occurs? People tend to look to the behavior of others for cues about what to do. When witnesses are present, there is a diffusion of responsibility. All of these. People wait for others to offer help.

serotonin and norepinephrine

Individuals with depressive disorder appear to have too few receptors for the neurotransmitters _____. glutamate and histamine serotonin and norepinephrine dopamine and glutamate GABA and acetylcholine

-Battle between TRUST and MISTRUST -Ego strength is HOPE -Core pathology is WITHDRAWAL

Infancy (1st year of life)

The influence other ppl have on us because we want to be right

Informational social influence

A model of long-term relationships that examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships

Investment model

Psychological state in which a person's perception and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality

Psychosis

The process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelinga, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others.

Social comparison

Imitative behavior involving the spread of actions, emotions, and ideas

Social contagion

The view of social relationships as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits

Social exchange theory

Improvement in an individual's performance because of the presence of others.

Social facilitation

The way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership

Social identity

Tafel's theory that social identity is a crucial part of self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about oneself

Social identity theory

Each person's tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort.

Social loafing

engage in competitive tasks

According to Gordon Allport, intergroup contact is NOT likely to reduce prejudice when group members _____.

believe friendships can emerge from interaction.

According to Gordon Allport, intergroup contact is likely to reduce prejudice when group members:

more likely to engage in delinquent acts.

According to research done on aggressive behavior, when compared with adolescents who do not play violent video games, adolescents who play such games are:

A common psychological disorder in which the individual exhibits one or more of the following: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

The view that ppl are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior

Attribution Theory

State of immobility and unresponsiveness lasting for long periods of time

Catatonia

An individual's psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts.

Cognitive dissonance

A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

Conformity

The fifth edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders; the major classification of psychological disorders int he US

DSM-5

The sociocultural approach

Derek has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (APSD). Derek's counselor, Mary, believes that Derek's poor relationship with his alcoholic stepfather is a factor that contributed to Derek's psychological disorder. Which of the following theoretical approaches to psychological disorders conforms to Mary's beliefs in this scenario?

An unjustified negative or harmful aciton toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group

Discrimination

Dissociative disorder characterized by extreme memory loss that is coursed by psychological stress

Dissociative amnesia

Psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the dissociation (separation) of the individual's conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts

Dissociative disorders

Ppl's overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way they themselves do

False consensus effect

Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli

Hallucinations

He lacks empathy for others, is egocentric, and is willing to use others for his own personal gain.

Harry has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. Which of the following statements is applicable to him?

Message

Jeremy is struggling with whether the presentation he makes should consist of strong logical arguments, or should be short with elements of surprise in it. In the context of the elements of persuasion, which element is Jeremy struggling with?

false consensus

Joey and Phillip are high school students, in the same class. Joey imitates Phillip's stammer in front of his friends and laughs. When none of his friends comment on his imitation, Joey assumes that they find Phillip's stammer funny as well. This scenario best exemplifies the _____ effect.

more politically liberal.

Katie, who is moderately liberal, attends a very liberal college. According to the group polarization effect, after four years at this college, Katie is likely to become:

The view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin.

Medical model

Psychological disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go ways and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent for produce some future situation

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

The tendency to see oneself primarily as an object in the eyes of others

Self-objectification

Bem's theory on how behaviors influence attitudes, stating that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior.

Self-perception theory

The tendency to take credit for one's successes and to deny responsibility for one's failures

Self-serving bias

The study of how ppl think about, influence, and relate to other ppl

Social Psychology

anxiety disorder in which the individual has an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations

Social anxiety disorder or social phobia

Anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation

Specific phobia

The unusual, sometimes bizarre thought processes that are characteristic positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Thought disorder

Referential thinking

What kind of thinking involves ascribing personal meaning to completely random events?

Averageness is an essential component

What makes a face attractive?

Native Americans

Which of the following groups has the highest suicide rate among all the other demographic groups in the United States?

Behavior can change and influence the attitude of a person.

Which of the following is proposed by the self-perception theory?

-Battle between IDENTITY and IDENTITY CONFUSION -Ego strength is FIDELITY -Core pathology is ROLE REPUDIATION (no belief in future)

13 to 18 years (adolescence)

-Battle between INTIMACY and ISOLATION -Ego strngth is ABILITY TO LOVE -Core pathology is EXCLUSIVITY (can't love)

18 to 30 years (young adult)

Psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of other, irresponsibility, and deceit.

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)

Disabling (uncontrollable and disruptive) psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts.

Anxiety disorders

An individual's opinions and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas (how the person feels about the world)

Attitudes

The solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction

Group polarization effect

The impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important that maintaining group harmony

Groupthink

empathy

In the context of social behavior, _____ is the key to altruism.

The unusual mannerisms, body movements, and facial expressions that are characteristic positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Movement disorders

Psychological disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event, a severely oppressive situation, cruel abuse, or a natural or an unnatural disaster.

PTSD

Chronic, maladaptive cognitive behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual's personality

Personality disorders

Favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality

Positive illusions

Medium

Professor Green has to make an important presentation to his company's board members. He is struggling to choose between a PowerPoint presentation and a short video to get his point across. Which element of persuasion is the professor struggling with?

The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members.

Risky shift

group decision making

Risky shift and group polarization are aspects of _____.

Severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes; individuals suffering from schizophrenia may be referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality.

Schizophrenia

An individual's fast acting, self fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group

Stereotype threat

cerebellum

The etiology of social anxiety disorder includes neural circuitry that involves all of the following except the _____.

attribution

The process by which individuals come to understand the causes of others' behavior and form an impression of them as individuals is called _____.

the group polarization effect.

The solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction is known as:

-Battle between AUTONOMY and DOUBT -Ego strength is WILL -Core pathology is COMPULSION (action w/out thought)

2 to 3 years

-Battle between INECITIVE and GUILT -Ego strength is PURPOSE -Core pathology is INHIBITION (can't follow social norms)

3 to 5 years (play age)

-Battle between GENERATIVELY and STAGNATION -Ego strength is CARE -Core pathology is REJECTIVITY

30 to 60 years (adulthood)

reaction of the individual being diagnosed with the disorder

A classification system for categorizing abnormal behaviors cannot help clinicians predict the _____.

sociocultural

A professional who believes in the _____ approach to psychological disorders is most likely to consider a person's ethnicity when diagnosing a disorder.

motor tension, apprehensive expectations, and thoughts

An individual diagnosed with an anxiety disorder is most likely to experience _____.

self-fulfilling prophecy

Billy is a third-grade student with a reputation for bullying his classmates. Billy is punished by his teacher even when he unknowingly hurts someone or unintentionally makes a mistake. When Billy tries to explain his innocence to his teacher, she refuses to believe him because he has always been a "troublemaker." In this scenario, Billy's teacher is encouraging Billy's indiscipline through the _____.

Psychological disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state

Bipolar disorder

Psychological disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and resent in a variety of contexts.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD)

Dissociative disorder in which the individual has two or more distinct personalities or selves, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships; formerly called multiple personality disorder

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Giving to another person to ensure reciprocity; to gain self esteem; to present oneself as powerful, competent, or caring; or to avoid censure from oneself and others for failing to live up to society's expectations

Egoism

Theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route.

Elaboration likelihood model

The display of little or no emotion- a common negative symptom of schizophrenia

Flat affect

cognitive dissonance

Hugh buys a new calculator for $125 from the PaperMills stationery store. A week later, he sees an ad from another stationery store, StationMax, selling the same calculator for $65. Hugh feels guilty about having wasted so much money on the calculator but justifies his action by saying that StationMax items are always of poor quality. In the context of attitudes, Hugh's statement reflects an attempt to reduce his:

the self-serving bias.

If Cathy blames her history teacher for her poor performance on a history test she is engaging in:

serotonin

If a person is demonstrating aggressive behavior, it is likely that he or she has low levels of _____ in the brain

ethnocentrism

In the context of social identity, thinking that cultural out-groups are not only different but are worse than one's own group is called:

The phenomenon that the more individuals encounter someone or something, the more probable it is that they will start liking the person of thing even if they do not realize they have seen it before

Mere exposure effect

the self-fulfilling prophecy.

Mr. and Mrs. Lee warn their new babysitter that their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous and must be strictly disciplined. As a result, Alison is over-strict with Dennis and does not let him out of her sight. This facilitates Dennis' aggressive and mischievous behavior. This scenario best illustrates:

Anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.

Panic disorder

An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a group

Prejudice

Love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation, often dominate in the early part of a love relationship

Romantic or passionate love

A generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from oneindiviual to another

Stereotype

Behavior that is statistically atypical in nature

Which of the following is NOT one of the three criteria that is used to distinguish normal from abnormal behavior?