Gen Psych Unit 4
chronic schizophrenia
(also called process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten., social withdrawal is a common negative symptom
acute schizophrenia
(also called reactive schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods, recovery much more likely, have more positive symptoms that respond to drug therapy
abnormal brain anatomy in schizophrenics
-enlarged fluid filled areas and shrinkage/thinning of cerebral tissue -cortex, hippocampus, and corpus callosum are smaller than normal -thalamus is smaller than normal so has difficulty filtering sensory input and focusing -loss of neural connections across brain -brain development may be impaired by midpregnancy viral infection -some genes influence production of dopamine, other influence production of myelin that coats nerves and speeds up impulses -activity of neurotransmitter glutamate is low in people with schizophrenia
Neurotransmitters in schizophrenia
-excess number of dopamine receptors -hyper responsive to dopamine, leads to positive symptoms -drugs that block dopamine receptors decrease these positive symptoms -drugs like amphetamines and cocaine increase dopamine levels and symptoms
Fast Stress Response System
-fight or flight -hypothalamus -spinal cord nerves -inner part of adrenal glands -release epinephrine & norepinephrine -heart rate, breathing, blood to muscles all increase
Brain distinctions of PTSD
-high activity in amygdala when view traumatic images
Slow Stress Response System
-hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland that releases messenger to blood, goes to outer part of adrenal glands where cortisol s released -cortisol converts protein to glucose for energy and speed release of stored fat for sustained effort
qualifications for major depressive disorder
-last 2 or more weeks -5 or more symptoms, at least one being depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure -other symptoms: challenges regulating appetite/weight, sleep, lethargy/agitation, worthless/guilt for no reason, problems concentrating and making decisions, repetitive thinking about death/suicide
people with schizophrenia have low brain activity in ________ and increased activity in _______.
-low activity in frontal lobes (responsible for reason, planning, problem solving) -high activity in thalamus (filters incoming sensory signals and transmits them to cortex) during hallucinations -high activity in amygdala in people with paranoia
qualifications for persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
-mildly depressed mood for at least 2 years -at least 2 symptoms: difficulty making decisions/concentrating, feel hopeless, low esteem, low energy, probs regulating sleep/appetite
positive effects of stress
-mobilizes immune system to fend off infections -arouses and motivates us to beat problems -energizes -gives purpose and increases self esteem when overcome -builds resilience
Dual Action Drugs
-older antidepressants work by blocking reabsorption or breakdown of BOTH norepinephrine and serotonin, called "dual-action drugs", which are effective but have more side effects; administration thru patch decreases side effects
brain differences of antisocial personality disorder
-smaller amygdala (controls emotions) -less active frontal lobes (control impulses) -brain responds less to facial displays of others' distress (low emotional intelligence) -larger and hyper-reactive dopamine reward system (impulsive)
Brain distinctions of anxiety disorder
-trauma leaves fear circuits in amygdala -(antidepressants decrease activity in fear circuits) -over-arousal of areas involved in impulse control and habitual behaviors -hyperactive danger-detection system (anxiety when no danger present)
3 main types of stressors
1) Catastrophes: unpredictable, large-scale disasters 2) Significant life changes: divorce/death/moving 3) Daily hassles: irritations
Four Types of Cells active in Immune System Repsonse
1. B lymphocytes -release antibodies that fight bacterial infection 2. T lymphocytes -attack cancer cells, viruses, foreign substances 3. macrophage cells -identify and ingest invaders and worn-out cells 4. natural killer cells -attack diseased cells (infected by virus/cancer)
3 alternate neurostimulation therapies for depression:
1. mild cranial electrical stimulation 2. magnetic stimulation 3. deep-brain stimulation
pillars of positive psychology
1. positive well-being 2. positive character 3. positive groups, communities, and cultures
Benefits of "mindfulness meditation"?
1. strengthens connections among brain regions (regions for focusing attn, processing what we see and hear, and being reflective) 2. activates brain regions associated with reflective awareness when labeling emotions (less activation in amygdala-fear- and more in prefrontal cortex- emotion regulation) 3. calms brain activation in emotional situations
If sibling or parent has schizophrenia, you have a _/10 chance of having it, but if your identical twin has it, you have a _/10 chance.
1/10 6/10 if twins but separate placentas, 1/10 chance
this fraction of all people will experience at least one traumatic event in our lifetime
1/2
If one identical twin is diagnosed with major depressive disorder, there is a ____ chance that the other will also have depression. What about for bipolar disorder?
1/2 for depression 7/10 for bipolar Even if raised apart!
This fraction of college students report an apparent mental health problem
1/3
This fraction of Americans currently have a disorder
1/5
alcohol abuse disorder increases the risk of suicide by ____ times
100 times !
Pessimists are more than ____ times likely as optimists to get heart disease
2
poverty increases incidence of disorder by this much
2.5 times as much
This fraction of people with generalized anxiety disorder are women
2/3
this fraction of identical twins share a placenta
2/3
generalized anxiety and antisocial personality disorder have a clinical agreement of ___%
20
only ___ percent of americans exercise
25%
In North America, young adults are _____ times as likely as their grandparents to have depression
3
Some people are more vulnerable to _____ because they have a sensitive ________, which floods the body with stress hormones. 1. PTSD; motor cortex 2. OCD; cerebellum 3. PTSD; limbic system 4. OCD; frontal lobe
3
Socially isolated people have a _____% higher death rate, which is the same as the death risk due to _________.
30%, same as smoking -social support calms us and decreases stress hormones, strengthens immune functioning
_____ % of differences among people's happiness is heritable
36 (even identical twins raised apart are similarly happy)
In the last half century, the average US citizen's buying power increased my a factor of ___, and happiness increased by a factor of ___.
3; happiness did not increase at all
In psychiatry and psychology, diagnostic classification aims to do all of the following EXCEPT: 1.predict the disorder's future course. 2.suggest appropriate treatment. 3.prompt research into its causes. 4.identify those who are deemed treatable.
4
James is in prison for a violent offense and has a history of violence, availability of weapons, and substance use. He has also been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. What was the most likely trigger for his violence? 1.having a psychological disorder 2.experiencing childhood abuse 3.agitated by others 4.substance abuse
4
The police brought Elaine to the emergency room after she was seen running down the street in her underwear yelling that she "has the power!" Elaine was also spending large amounts of money across town and had been rude and reckless over the last five days. In the ER, Elaine would not be quiet long enough for the nurse to ask her questions. Elaine is most likely suffering from: 1.a dissociative disorder. 2.an antisocial personality disorder. 3.major depressive disorder. 4.bipolar disorder.
4
age group most at risk of suicide
45-64 year olds
suicide rates are highest in this month
April/May!
problem-focused coping
Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.
After a near-fatal car accident, Rico developed such an intense fear of driving on the freeway that he takes lengthy alternative routes to work each day. Which psychological therapy might best help Rico overcome his phobia, and why?
Behavior therapies are often the best choice for treating phobias. Viewing Rico's fear of the freeway as a learned response, a behavior therapist might help Rico learn to replace his anxious response to freeway driving with a relaxation response.
conditioning and phobias
Even a single painful event may trigger a full-blown phobia due to classical conditioning's stimulus generalization and operant conditioning's reinforcement
When depressed people are randomly assigned to antidepressants, aerobic exercise, or placebo...
Exercise decreased depression just as much as antidepressants and with longer-lasting results
T/F: Men are more likely to develop PTSD
FALSE, women are twice as likely
T/F: new DSM-5 classifications have increased the number of children diagnosed with bipolar disorder
FALSE, decreased because kids with outbursts now labeled with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder"
T/F: catharsis purges our emotions
FALSE, expressing anger makes us angrier but can be temporarily calming
T/F: 1/4 of the time, people with depression also have another disorder such as an anxiety disorder or substance abuse disorder
FALSE, half of the time
T/F: inward rumination decreases bloodflow to amygdala
FALSE, increases bloodflow
T/F: controllable threats trigger the strongest stress responses
FALSE, uncontrollable threats do
T/F: major depressive disorder afflicts men and women equally
FALSE, women are twice as likely to dev major depressive disorder, a gap that appears in adolescence and diminishes in old age
T/F: more young americans have an internal locus of control than their parents' generation
FALSE: more people have an EXTERNAL locus of control today, resulting in increased levels of depression in young people
David Rosenhan Study
Faked a mental illness (said he heard voices) once labeled, every behavior within hospital was interpreted as a sign of schizophrenia. -shows that labels are "self-fulfilling"
T/F: a permanent social paradise is possible
False: after initial surge of pleasure, that becomes our new normal and we require something even better to give us a boost of happiness (so could never create a perfect social paradise)
Solomon Asch
Field: social psychology; Contributions: studied conformity, found that individuals would conform even if they knew it was wrong, 1/3 of the time; Conducted famous conformity experiment that required subjects to match lines.
linkage analysis
Genetic research strategy in which occurrence of a disorder in an extended family is compared with that of a genetic marker for a physical characteristic or biological process that is known to be located on a particular chromosome. -used to find out which genes put people at risk for different disorders
hallucination vs delusion
Hallucination: things that person sees, feels, hears that others can't Delusion: false beliefs
In extreme cases of _____, an MRI-guided precision surgery may be done to cut the brain circuits.
OCD
______________ explains why you find a comedian funnier in a crowded room
Social facilitation (because crowding triggers arousal)
How does stress affect the immune system?
Stressors decrease the ability of white blood cells and natural killer cells to fight off infection The immune systems of those who tend to be particularly anxious tend to be especially vulnerable -it takes energy to track down invaders, so when distressed body saves energy by decreasing activity -fight or flight response takes energy from disease fighting, diverts it to muscles and brain
T/F: most people recover from major depressive episodes without help
TRUE, but therapy speeds the process -recover after a few weeks or months only 20% of depressed people will have chronic depression
flat affect
The display of little or no emotion—a common negative symptom of schizophrenia.
depletion effect
The idea that self control takes energy, and therefore when exerting a lot of self control in one area, you have less energy to exert it in other areas (ex. time of day; morning has more energy hence more self control). People who believe this doesn't exist, however, are not as affected by it.
What is social facilitation, and why is it more likely to occur with a well-learned task?
The improved performance in the presence of others is most likely to occur with a well-learned task because the added arousal caused by an audience tends to strengthen the most likely response. This also predicts poorer performance on a difficult task in others' presence.
Dr. Huang, a popular music professor, delivers fascinating lectures on music history but gets nervous and makes mistakes when describing exam statistics in front of the class. Why does his performance vary by task?
The presence of a large audience generates arousal and strengthens Dr. Huang's most likely response: enhanced performance on a task he has mastered (teaching music history) and impaired performance on a task he finds difficult (statistics).
immigrant paradox
The surprising fact that immigrants tend to hae better mental health than U.S. born residents of the same ethnicity
state-dependent memory
The theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind. If depressed, recall other times you were depressed
What might account for why, in college residence halls, students' attitudes become more similar to those living near them?
They may feel as though others in the residence hall are observing their behavior.
Which three countries have double the suicide rate of Britain, Italy, and Spain?
US, Australia, Canada (Austria and Finland have four times the risk!)
psycodynamic therapy
Unlike Freud's therapy, therapists search for unconcious conflicts and motivations, but don't stick directly to frued's conception of psycoanalysis (no id-ego-superego) -focus on childhood relationships -an insight therapy
Suicide rates are highest on this day of the week
Wednesday (25%)
Men or women have stronger immune systems?
Women, which makes them more susceptible to self-attacking diseases like lupus, M.S., arthritis
antianxiety drugs
Xanax and Ativan -depress central nervous system activity -can be addictive if take whenever nervous because creates learned response
Although no more effective in controlling schizophrenia symptoms, many of the newer-generation antipsychotics, such as Risperdal and _____, have fewer side effects.
Zyprexa
_____ are to T lymphocytes as _____ are to B lymphocytes. a. Viral infections; bacterial infections b. Healthy cells; bacterial infections c. Bacterial infections; viral infections d. Bacterial infections; cancer cells
a
counterconditioning
a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning
Marital quality predicts health to the same extent as ________ and _________ do.
a healthy diet and physical activity
client-centered therapy
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. -therapist is a "mirror" -"nondirective": therapist listens without interpreting or guiding -unconditional positive regard: nonjudgemental
dysthymic disorder
a mood disorder involving a pattern of comparatively mild depression that lasts for at least two years -aka persistent depressive diorder
moral treatment
a nineteenth-century approach to treating people with mental dysfunction that emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful treatments, started by Philippe Pinel
Individualist cultures more often attribute behavior to __________.
a person's disposition
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) -teaches OCD people to re-label obsessive thoughts and do something fun to distract self -effective at treating anxiety, depression, eating disorders -keep journal of positive/negative emotions throughout the day
lobotomy
a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain -dev by Egas Moniz to "disconnect" emotion from thought -calming drugs became available in the 1950s and psychosurgery was scorned
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.
oxytocin
a stress-moderating hormone associated with pair bonding in animals and released by cuddling, massage, and breast feeding in humans; why we seek out interaction when stressed (women's "tend-and-befriend" stress response)
Biofeedback
a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension (controlled by autonomic nervous system) to enable person to learn which techniques control or do not control a physiological response -not very useful, best for headaches -1960s
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
a three-stage physiological response that appears regardless of what kind of stressor is encountered; Hans Selye's concept of: alarm, resistance, exhaustion (more prone to illness/death in third stage b/c exhaustion)
aversive conditioning
a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) -works in the short run -but cognition influences conditioning (know you can drink without being poisoned once leave therapist's office), this is why aversive conditioning is often paired with other treatments
medial model
abnormal psychological experiences are conceptualized as illnesses that, like physical illnesses, have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures, treatment in hospital rather than sent to insane asylum
give example of how experience can sensitize us to certain emotions
abused kids more readily see anger in faces
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging; easy to hide because fall in normal or above normal weight range
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves even though they are significantly underweight, sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise
biosychosocial approach
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis -mind and body are inseparable -gives rise to biosychosocial approach
token economy
an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats -example of behavior modification
When gender-neutral face is angry/smiling, it is perceived as _____
angry- 75% ppl think it's male smiling- most say woman
Brain distinctions of OCD
anterior cingulate cortex in frontal area of brain (monitors actions and checks for errors) is hyperactive during compulsive behaviors -results in mental hiccup of repeating thoughts/actions
antidepressants work top-down/bottom-up and cognitive-behavior therapy works top-down/bottom-up.
antidepressants work bottom-up on emotion forming limbic system cognitive-behavior therapy works top-down to alter frontal lobe activity and change thought
people called "sociopaths" or "psychopaths" have this disorder
antisocial personality disorder
the disorder that is the earliest to show up is... middle... later...
antisocial personality disorder, age 8 and phobias, age 10 by 20, alcohol, OCD, bipolar, schizophrenia disorders show symptoms by 25, major depressive disorder hits
virtual reality exposure therapy
anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears
3 categories of personality disorders
anxious/fearful, odd/eccentric, dramatic/impulsive
vulnerability-stress model
approaches that emphasize how individual vulnerabilities interact with environmental stressors to produce specific mental disorders, such as depression -supported by epigenesis
benefits of laughter
arouses us massages muscles leaves us relaxed may lessen stress, decrease pain, increase immune activity lower rates of heart disease
emotion-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction (ex: seeking support from friends)
persuaders try to influence our behavior by changing our __________, but __________ can override this connection
attitudes, but situational factors such as social pressures can override the attitude-behavior connection
_____ is characterized by symptoms of extensive amnesia, wandering or traveling, and confusion about one's personal identity. a. Dissociative identity disorder b. A fugue state c. Borderline personality disorder d. Schizophrenia
b
humans are good or bad at discerning truth
bad, only 54% accurate at determining truth from lies
exposure therapies
behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid
compulsive acts typically exaggerate these kinds of behaviors
behaviors that contributed to our species' survival (checking territorial boundaries and locked doors, compulsive washing)
Chronic stress triggers _______ leading to heart disease and depression
blood vessel inflammation (fights infection but persistent inflammation leads to clogged arteries)
disorganized thinking in schizophrenics may be due to ...
breakdown in selective attention (ability to filter out sensory stimuli and focus on one stimuli)
tyranny of choice
brings information overload and a greater likelihood that we will feel regret over some of the unchosen options
people with antisocial personality disorder can display symptoms by age __
by age 8 and show lack of conscience plainly by age 15
Sharon was admitted to the hospital with severe depression. She had nearly killed herself by slitting her wrists. The only reason she survived is because her husband came home from work early and found her in time. The only type of treatment that can bring her out of her depression quickly and potentially save her life is: a. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). b. a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). c. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). d. an electrocardiogram (EKG).
c
Jerry Maguire effect
can guess personality by hearing a stranger say hello (you had me at hello)
glucocorticoids
cerebral cortex orders (via hypothalamus and pituitary gland) the outer part of the adrenal glands to secrete glucocorticoid stress hormones like cortisol
O. H. Mowrer trained children to discontinue bed-wetting by arranging for an alarm to sound each time they wet their beds. This technique best illustrates a therapeutic application of
classical conditioning being used in behavior therapy
Why is depression less common in Japan?
close relationships
Of the perspectives on anxiety disorders discussed in the textbook, the _____ perspective is MOST likely to emphasize the fact that we may learn fear simply by observing others.
cognitive
When people act in a way that is not in keeping with their attitudes, and then change their attitudes to match those actions, ______________ ______________ theory attempts to explain why.
cognitive dissonance
Beck's Cognitive Therapy
cognitive technique; designed by Aaron Beck; designed to identify and change inappropriate negative and self-critical patterns of thought; primarily used to treat depression and anxiety -get people to stop "catastrophizing"- relentless self-blaming -offer "stress inocluation" training- teach to restructure thinking in stressful situations and say positive things to yourself
dialectical behavior therapy
cognitive-behavioral intervention aimed at teaching problem-solving skills, interpersonal skills, and skill at managing negative emotions, teach people to accept themselves, uses mindfulness meditation to decrease depression
Walter Cannon
confirms that stress response to extreme cold, lack of oxygen, etc triggers adrenal stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine
purpose of withdrawal response to stress
conserve energy
rumination on a problem is caused by _______
continuous firing of frontal lobe area (controls attention)
Bipolar people have decreased ________ matter and enlarged ___________
decreased white matter (myelinated axons) enlarged fluid-filled ventricles
Top Cause of Disability in the world today according to WHO
depression
survival benefits of sadness
depression slows us down to conserve energy and redirect it in more promising ways mild sadness helps us process and recall faces -attn to detail, critical thinking and decision making
Adam Kramer
did a naturalistic observation of emotion words on facebook, most positive days on weekend
Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman
discovered a connection between coronary risk and Type A Personality (stress diverts energy from liver which is supposed to remove cholesterol and fat from blood)
dissociative disorders
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings, resulting in a fugue state (sudden loss of memory/change in identity) in response to a stressful situation
As we age, we attribute our younger self's behavior mostly to____________.
disposition
Margaret gave birth to a premature baby boy. It was a difficult birth with obstetrical complications. In addition, she has always had very little money and, for 20 years, has cared for the boy at a level below the poverty line. Thus, Margaret's son has experienced BOTH biological and social risk factors. Results from a Danish study would predict that the boy has ________ of committing a crime, as compared to men with only biological risk factors or social risk factors.
double the risk
how has the global suicide rate changed in the last half century?
doubled
About _______ of all children whose lack of conscience becomes plain before age 15, lie, steal, cheat, and fight and become antisocial adults.
half
religious people are ___ as likely to die as nonreligious people, which is the same as the difference in rates between _________.
half, same as gender difference in mortality
Women holding their husbands' hands while receiving shock...
have less activity in threat-responsive brain areas -social support decreases stress
The more trauma we experience, the more your body generates inflammation, which is a problem because...
heart problems
Clusters of genes associated with ______ increase likelihood of bipolar disorder
high creativity
This country has the highest rate or psychological disorders, and this country had the lowest. What are these rates?
highest: US 27% lowest: Nigeria 6%
humanistic psychology
historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth
Other OCD related disorders
hoarding body dysmorphia (preoccupation with body defects) trichotillomania (hair-pulling) excoriation disorder (skin-picking)
difference between humanistic therapies and psychodynamic therapy
humanistic therapies -take responsibility for feelings and actions to grow instead of blaming it on childhood -conscious thoughts are more important than unconscious ones -present and future are more important than past, explores feelings as they occur
Free Association (Freud)
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing -analyst notes mental blocks called resistances and offers interpretation -"transferring" of feelings you experienced in other relationships onto analyst
physiological changes we undergo when angry
increased heart rate, sweat, increased testosterone levels
_______________ cultures encourage people to vent their rage, while _______________ cultures instead emphasize group harmony
individualist; collectivist
tardive dyskinesia
involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors
Caroll Izard's 10 basic emotions
isolated 10 basic emotions: joy, interest-excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt, in infants; says other emotions are a combination of these emotions
skeptics of dissociative identity disorder, DID point out....
it's short and localized history think fantasy-prone people are created by therapists to have the disorder
psychodynamic perspective on dissociative identity disorder, DID
it's their way of coping with suppressed, unacceptable impulses, second identity allows them to act out forbidden impulses
When does schizophrenia typically develop?
late adolescence or early adulthood men are struck earlier, more severely, and more often
positive emotions cause the ________ to become more active
left frontal lobe and adjacent reward center -less active in depressed ppl
_____ was designed to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients.
lobotomy
Feigned smiles are initiated more abruptly and last for a _____ time than genuine smiles.
longer!! (last 4-5 seconds)
These two disorders occur worldwide
major depressive disorder, schizophrenia -other disorders are associated with specific cultures (ex: bulimia in food-abundant West)
Heritability of Major Depressive Disorder, Anorexia, Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder
major depressive disorder- 40% anorexia- 60% schizophrenia- 80% bipolar disorder- 85% generalized anxiety- 30% extent to which individual differences can be attributed to genes
drugs that combat mania work by... drugs that combat depression work by...
mania- decreasing amount of available norepinephrine depression- increase available norepinephrine and serotonin by blocking reuptake or breakdown
social loafing is especially common among _____________________.
men in individualist cultures
We can become more empathetic to others emotions by
mimicking their expression; natural mimicry explains why emotions are contagious
how does exercise prevent heart disease?
muscles use up fats, which would have clogged up arteries if not used
neurotransmitters released in exercise
norepinephrine, serotonin, endorphins
normative social influence vs informational social influence
normative social influence: influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, conform out of a need to belong informational social influence: influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality (ex: reading online movie reviews)
peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness, to trigger emotion-based snap judgements
central route persuasion
offers evidence and arguments to trigger thoughtful responses, works well for naturally analytical people and people already involved in an issue; more durable than peripheral route persuasion
positive herding
on websites, positive ratings generate more positive ratings -happens with human's emotions; happy if spend time with happy people
adaptation-level phenomenon
our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
One genetic marker of optimism is the gene that enhances the social-bonding hormone __________
oxytocin
Studies of Tibetan Buddhists deep in meditation and Franciscan nuns deep in centering prayer report that the subjects experience a diminished sense of self, space, and time and an intense state of relaxation. Brain scans reveal that the:
parietal lobe is less active and the left frontal lobe is more active.
telomeres and stress
people with severe childhood stress have shortened telomeres (stress ages people)
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
2 forms of persuasion
peripheral route persuasion and central route persuasion
Factors that impact happiness
personal history (emotions balanced a level defined by our experience), culture (groups vary in the traits they value)
posttraumatic growth
positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises -Friedrich Nietzsche "what doesn't kill you makes you stronger"
biomedical therapy
prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's physiology, including drugs, shock therapy, magnetic stimulation, and even lifestyle changes!- exercise, nutrition (OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS), close relationships, relaxation, religion
First major psychological therapy
psychoanalysis by Freud -it was therapist's job to interpret free associations, dreams, and resistances of patient by looking for repressed feelings -to release energy previously devoted to id-ego-superego conflicts
personality disorders
psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
The field of ______________ studies mind-body interactions, including the effects of psychological, neural, and endocrine functioning on the immune system and overall health.
psychoneuroimmunology
One of the biggest benefits of lithium is:
reducing suicide risk
Benefits of forgiveness
releases anger and calms body by increasing bloodflow to regions for understanding your own emotions and making socially appropriate decisions
why does exercise help depression?
releases serotonin which affects mood and arousal
faith factor
religiously active people tend to live longer than those who are not religiously active because.. 1. healthier behaviors 2. social support, promotes marriage (BIGGEST REASON) 3. positive emotions (sense of hope and acceptance)--healthier immune functioning and less stress hormones
social facilitation
stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others; later study shows that presence of others strengthens our most likely response (ex: expert pool players play better in front of people, bad players do worse when being watched)
psychosurgery
surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
the __________ nervous system arouses us
sympathetic; prepares us for fight or flight response (parasympathetic clams us)
To help Stan reduce his fear of dogs, a therapist encourages him to physically relax and imagine that he is walking toward a friendly and harmless little dog. The therapist's technique best illustrates:
systematic desensitization
depression can cause _____ to become less active
the brain's reward centers
group polarization
the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group (with like-minded people) -internet provides accessible medium for group polarization (follow ppl who think same things as you- "like-minded separation"-isolating self from other views)
critics of behavior modification using operant conditioning such as a token economy argue that...
the good behavior will stop as soon as reinforcers are taken away is it right to control another person's behavior?
Both psychoanalysis and client-centered therapy stress:
the importance of insight and increased self-understanding
Deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity (ex: anonymity of cyberbullying, mob violence, KKK hoods)
Groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives, since no one speaks strongly against an idea, everyone assumes agreement is unanimous -fed by overconfidence, conformity -ex: JFK Bay of Pigs Invasion failure -prevented when leader welcomes varying opinions, invites critique
autonomic nervous system
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
relative deprivation principle
the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
internal locus of control
the perception that you control your own fate, happier and more successful, less stress hormones because in control
positive psychology
the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive, led by Seligman; includes studies of "subject well-being" (ratio of happy to sad feelings)
mood contagion
the spreading of an emotion from one person to another, just from hearing someone talk in sad voice
acculturative stress
the stress that results from the pressure of adapting to a new culture (like when move to new country)
Psychoneuroimmunology
the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request -"doing becomes believing": forced to write how much you hate capitalism and eventually will adjust beliefs to be consistent with behaviors
behavior feedback effect
the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions (ex: skipping makes you happier than walking with head down)
facial feedback effect
the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness (ex: biting on pen makes you happier because activates smiling muscles)
Psychanalytic Theory
the theory proposed by Freud that suggests that repressed memories in the unconscious leak out in disorder symptoms -not supported today
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. For example, when our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes -this is why Stanford prison guards turned into abusers
attribution theory
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation (situational attribution) or the person's disposition (dispositional attribution)
behavior modification
the use of operant-conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirable ones (use rewards for good behavior, punishment for bad ones) -step by step, reward closer and closer approximations of desired behavior -example: toke economy
humanistic therapies
therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive; an insight therapy -give insight to client to decrease inner conflicts that prevent growth -increase self awareness and acceptance -promotes growth instead of a cure for the illness
behavior therapy
therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors -assume that bad behaviors are the problem, not the root cause -can apply learning principles to replace bad behaviors with constructive ones
cognitive therapy
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions -how to stop negative thinking
Tasha wants to help a family member who suffers from depression and has not found relief with therapy or medication. Tasha would probably recommend _____ as the safest option, because there are very few dangerous side effects.
transcranial magnetic stimulation
Psychotherapy
treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
T/F: Emotions increase in early morning/midday then decrease
true
T/F: Overall judgements of our lives show lingering effects of good and bad events, but daily moods usually rebound
true
T/F: anger outburst that temporarily calm us may become reinforcing, forming a habit of outbursts that is maladaptive
true
T/F: bipolar disorder is a potent predictor of suicide
true
T/F: chronic hostility is linked to heart disease.
true
T/F: happier 20 year olds are more likely to marry and not divorce, to earn more money, do good deeds
true
T/F: life expectancy for people with anorexia and bulimia is shorter, and the suicide rate is higher
true
T/F: most people with schizophrenia smoke
true
T/F: suicide rate is much higher among rich
true
T/F: we usually bounce back from a bad day with even better than normal mood the next day
true
T/F Money buys happiness
true up to a point, especially if in midlife working years; once have enough for comfort/security, more money matters less
T/F: rates of depression in adolescents have recently leveled of
true!
T/F: electroconvulsive therapy is very effective in treating severe depression
true! 70% of people improve markedly, but may not last long -maybe works because stimulates neurogenesis
T/F: Optimism runs in families
true! One genetic marker of optimism is the gene that enhances the social-bonding hormone oxytocin
T/F: Darwin agreed that facial language is universal
true, and applied to survival (surprise widens eyes to take in more info, disgust wrinkles nose to stop odors from entering)
T/F: even isolated peoples exhibit same facial expressions
true, and even people who were born blind
T/F: smokers are more likely to have panic disorder
true, double the risk because nicotine is a stimulant
T/F: people who perceive a loss of control die sooner
true, learned helplessness theory -lack of control results in increased stress hormones that increase blood pressure and decrease immune system functioning -prisoners allowed to move furniture around have better health
T/F: the genes that put people at risk for antisocial personality disorder also put people at risk for substance abuse disorders
true, they often appear together
T/F: anger can be adaptive
true- communicates strength, motivates us to achieve goals, talk to aggressor to decrease their actions
T/F: people seldom commit suicide when in the depths of depression
true. lack initiative when depressed, however risk increases when they begin to rebound
chameleon effect
unconsciously mimicking others expressions, postures, and voice tones to help us feel what they are feeling -behavior is contagious -yawn if see someone yawn
How long does it take people with depression to improve after starting to take antidepressants?
usually about a month, but may not be much quicker than natural recovery and placebo effect
learned helplessness theory
view that exposure to uncontrollable negative events leads to a belief in one's inability to control important outcomes and a subsequent loss of motivation, indecisiveness, and failure of action -Martin Seligman
Transcranial electrical stimulation (tDCS)
weak current to treat depression -no memory loss/serious side effects other than headaches, unlike ECT
actor-observor difference
when we explain our own behavior, we put more emphasis on the impact of the situation than on our own disposition
How does Role Playing affect attitudes?
when you adapt a role, you strive to follow the social prescriptions of that role -"fake it till you make it" -Stanford Prison experiment by Philip Zimbardo
racial differences in suicide rates
whites and native americans have double the risk of blacks, hispanics, and asians
anger is amplified when an act is ___, ___, and ___.
willful, avoidable, unjustified
first impressions occur how fast?
within 1/10 of a second
these people are more likely to describe self as empathetic
women and fiction readers
gender differences in suicide rates
women are much more likely to attempt, but men are twice to four times as likely to actually kill themselves because use more lethal methods
Women have more disorders involving ________ states, because... Men have more disorders involving _________ states.
women- internalized states (anxiety, depression, inhibited sexual desires), b/c experience more situations that increase risk of depression like less pay, juggling roles, caring for kids/elderly men- external states (alcohol, antisocial disorder, lack of impulse control)
community psychologist
work to create social and physical environments that are healthy for all, empower people and their well-being
Who is the most stressed age group?
young adults because most big events occur (graduate, marry, etc) and even happy events are stressful
Stanley Milgram Experiment
• a study that involved the role of a "teacher" who shocked a "learner" • every single person administered some shock to the learner, and about two-thirds of the participants, of all ages and from all walks of life, obeyed to the fullest extent • gender, age, and ethnicity had no effect on the likelihood of obeying -those who resisted did so early , b/c after first acts of compliance, attitudes begin to follow and justify behavior
Cortisol
stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex; level increases by 40% after give public speech
In about _____ percent of the cases, people experiencing depression also exhibit signs of another disorder, such as anxiety or substance use.
50
Social facilitation explains why home teams win __% of games.
60
genuine smilers live ____ more years than non-smilers
7! b/c smilers are more social and have extensive social networks
_____ % of Americans think they would be happier with more money
73
Placebos produce improvement in depression that is comparable to __% of the effect of antidepressants
75%
Of teens with symptoms of depression, ____% of parents deny that their kid has depression because they don't know
90
antisocial personality disorder
A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. -show low arousal to threats, fearlessness -low anxiety/low stress hormone levels
systematic desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. -progressive relaxation
Driving to school one snowy day, Marco narrowly misses a car that slides through a red light. "Slow down! What a terrible driver," he thinks to himself. Moments later, Marco himself slips through an intersection and yelps, "Wow! These roads are awful. The city plows need to get out here." What social psychology principle has Marco just demonstrated? Explain.
By attributing the other person's behavior to the person ("he's a terrible driver"), and his own to the situation ("these roads are awful"), Marco has exhibited the fundamental attribution error.
cyclothymic disorder
Chronic (at least 2 years) mood disorder characterized by alternating mood elevation and depression levels that are not as severe as manic or major depressive episodes.
Paul Ekman
Contributions: found that facial expressions are universal by studying new guineans
mood stabilizing medications
Depakote: Controlling manic episodes Lithium: Levels emotional highs and lows of bipolar disorder, also decreases suicide risk
impaired theory of mind
Difficulty reading other peoples' facial emotions and states of mind-- symptom of schizophrenia that results in inability to sympathize and show compassion
Benefits of exercise
Improves cardiovascular health (1/2 as many heart attacks) Enhances immune system Decreases stress/increases overall feeling of well-being (exercise is a natural antidepressant- increase in arousal counteracts low arousal state of depression) -mood boosting chemicals (norepinephrine, serotonin, endorphins) lower risk of cancer better cognitive functioning (less risk of Alzheimer's) toned muscle fibers filter out depression-causing toxins fosters neurogenesis (production of new stress-resistant neurons)
Jeremy's New Year's resolution is to lose weight and stop smoking. Based on the research on self-control, which approach is likely to be MOST successful?
Jeremy should try to lose weight first and then stop smoking.
Scans of bipolar brains
MRIs show diminished brain activity during slowed down depressive states and more activity during manic states PET scans show rapid energy (glucose) consumption in manic states (opposite for depression)
Which disorders are men/women more likely to get?
Men: substance abuse, antisocial personality -ADHD is twice as likely in boys Women: mood and anxiety disorders Equal likelihood: schizophrenia and dissociative disorders
deep brain stimulation (DBS)
Neurosurgery in which electrodes implanted in the brain stimulate a targeted area (neural hub that bridges frontal lobes to limbic system, overactive in depressed people) with a low-voltage electrical current -1/3 of patients responded very well
_____ conducted the Stanford Prison study of social roles.
Philip Zimbardo
SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil prolong time serotonin remains in brain's synapses by blocking reuptake, also used for anxiety and strokes; called "SSRIs- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors"- effects take up to a month to appear b/c increased serotonin production promotes new synpases and neurogenesis
antidepressant drugs
drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD -increase availability of norepinephrine and serotonin which increase arousal and mood -Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil prolong time serotonin remains in brain's synapses by blocking reuptake, also used for anxiety and strokes; called "SSRIs- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors"- effects take up to a month to appear b/c increased serotonin production promotes new synpases and neurogenesis -older antidepressants work by blocking reabsorption or breakdown of BOTH norepinephrine and serotonin, called "dual-action drugs", which are effective but have more side effects; administration thru patch decreases side effects -quicker acting antidepressants like ketamine block hyperactive receptors for glutamate and causes burst of new synapses; relief from depression within hours, but can cause hallucinations
antipsychotic drugs
drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder, called "psychoses" -first one called Thorazine -decreased responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli -molecules of this drug are similar to dopamine so can occupy receptors to block dopamine from acting -side effects: sluggish, tremors, twitches of Parkinson's disease due to low dopamine levels -long term use can result in tardive dyskinesia -new antipsychotic drugs are Risperdal and Zyprexa, which have less side effects but risk of obesity/diabetes
disorders usually strike by...
early adulthood 75% of ppl experience their disorder by age 24
when do women start to surpass men at reading emotional cues?
early development; even present in infants
it is easy/hard to condition and easy/hard to extinguish fears of "evolutionary relevant" stimuli such as snakes, thunder, heights, darkness
easy to condition hard to extinguish
A therapist who uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic methods is said to be using a(n) ______________ approach.
eclectic
After breaking up with her boyfriend, Laura alleviated her stress by avoiding contact with her ex-boyfriend and by planning recreational activities with her best girlfriend. Laura's behavior BEST illustrates _____-focused coping.
emotion
The two stress response systems
epinephrine (immediate) and cortisol (slower)
In collectivist countries, emotions are more expressed by the ____ than by the ____. This is opposite in the US.
eyes, mouth
T/F: like major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder afflicts as many men as women
false depressive disorder afflicts more women than men, but bipolar afflicts them equally
T/F: in last half century, inequality in the West has decreased
false, has increased (CEO to worker pay ratio skyrockets)
T/F: happiness is associated with age, gender, attractiveness, education level, being a parent
false, no correlation women more often depressed but more often joyful
T/F: physiological measures such as heart rate are much higher in women when they see others in distress
false, the gap is small
T/F: people with bipolar disorder bounce between extremes from one day to the next
false, week by week
Trauma leaves tracks in the brain, creating __________.
fear circuits within the amygdala, creating easier path for new fear experiences
Attitudes
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
happiness set point
genetic and personal disposition toward a particular level of happiness; happiness doesn't last long, fluctuates around this point
Repetitive Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
repeated pulses of magnetic energy to brain to stimulate or suppress activity -patient is awake, done over several weeks -no memory loss/serious side effects other than headaches, unlike ECT works for 30-40% of depressed people -not sure how works, maybe energizes left frontal lobe which is inactive in depression -repeated stimulation may cause nerve cells to form new circuits (Long term potentiation)
Expressing anger is most calming when it is ______, ________. and _______.
retaliated against the provoker, justified, the target is not intimidating
How does suicide risk increase with anxiety, what about with depression?
risk times 3 if have anxiety time 5 if have depression
William James
said that if you want to be cheerful, go through all the outward movements as if you were
proof of dissociative identity disorder, DID
scans show specific brain states associated with each identity and shrinkage in areas that aid memory and detect threats, heightened activity in areas associated with control and inhibition of traumatic memories
perspective of learning theorists on dissociative disorders
see dissociative disorder as behaviors reinforced by anxiety reduction
preventative mental health
seeks to prevent psychological casualties by identifying and alleviating the conditions that cause them -George Albee says we need to support programs that fight poverty, unemployment, racism, sexism, etc
depressed people have "plastic" self-esteem. what does this mean?
self esteem climbs with praise and plummets with threats
___________ is better than intelligence tests in predicting success
self-control
subjective well-being
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.
Some genes influence anxiety disorders by regulating levels of neurotransmitters such as ________, which influences sleep and mood, and _________, which heightens activity in brain's alarm centers.
serotonin; glutamate
mood linkage
sharing ups and downs with the type of people around them, ex: happens with people who work together
binge eating disorder
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa
Optimists respond to stress with ______ increases in blood pressure, recover more ________ from surgery, and live ________.
smaller, quickly, longer
Norman Triplett observed that adolescents wound a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone working simultaneously on the same task. This best illustrates
social facilitation
social psychologists vs personality psychologists
social psychologists: -explain why same person acts differently in different social situations personality psychologists: -explain why different people act differently given a situation
depressed people explain bad events in terms that are ___,____, and ____.
stable ("its gonna last forever"), global ("its gonna affect everything I do"), and internal ("its all my fault")
catatonia
state of immobility and unresponsiveness lasting for long periods of time, symptom of some forms of schizophrenia
