Gender and sexuality

challenged the view that Americans were either exclusively heterosexual or homosexual.

In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Kinsey surveyed Americans to find out about their sexual behavior. His findings were important because they

Gendered division of household labor

Men and women perform different kinds of unpaid household labor

Gendered division of labor

Men and women work different kinds of jobs In the paid workforce

gender essentialism

The belief that gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed

Gender Constructionism

The belief that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a binary system is just one possibility among many -points to differences and overlap in gender categories and presentations over time and within and across societies

Sexism

The belief that one sex, usually male, is superior to the other

gender socialization

The lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through agents of socialization

Patriarchy

male-dominated society or literally rule of the father

Intersex

used to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female

Symbolic Interactionism for gender

We display and perform our gender in interactions p, and these interactions give gender meaning - appropriate gender performances allow men to subordinate women in their behaviors

Gender-conforming performances Gender-nonconforming performances

What are the two types of gender as a performance?

As a social group, men benefit from maintaining their dominant status

According to conflict theory, women's contributions to family life are devalued because

Body hair

An example of a secondary sex characteristic is

Sex

An individual's membership in one of two categories-male of female- based on biological factors

Method

If sexism is an ideology, then misogyny is the _______?

Toxic Masculinity

A masculine ideal that espouses extreme and harmful attitudes and behaviors and may lead to various negative effects for women and men

gender binary

A system of classification with only two distinct and opposite gender categories - you are either male or female from birth to death

Cisgenderism

Belief in the superiority of cisgender persons and identities

Primary sex characteristics

Biological factors that are present at birth and related to reproduction Ex: internal and external reproductive organs, chromosomes

secondary sex characteristics

Biological factors that develop over the life course and unrelated to reproduction Ex: facial and body hair, men's Adam's apple

Feminist theory for gender

Combines insights from conflict theory and symbolic interactionism We can identify and challenge those institutions that permits women's exploitation on both macroscopic and microscopic levels

Conflict theory for gender

Each form of capitalism takes is intended to maintain/reproduce exploitation Gender: men exploit women

Gender as a performance or gender performativity

Gender constructionists take seriously Judith Butler's notion of

Cisgender

Gender identity and/or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth

Transgender

Gender identity and/or expression is different from the sex assigned by birth

Turner's syndrome

One X chromosomes on 23rd pair

Victim blaming

Poor institutional response + the normalization of sexual violence =

Structural functionalism for gender

Reinforce gender essentialist notions that men and women are naturally better suited to perform sex/gender specific tasks and that these differences complement each other, leading to social cohesion

Expressive roles

The position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing

Instrumental roles

The position of the family member who provides material support, often an authority figure

Klinefelter syndrome

Two X chromosomes and a Y chromosome on 23rd pair

hegemonic masculinity

a masculine ideal that promotes characteristics such as independence, aggression, and toughness, and rejects any alternate qualities in men - does not equally benefit or reward all men

Rape culture

a set of beliefs, norms, and values that normalizes sexual violence against women

Gender expression

an individual's behavioral manifestations of gender

Gender identity

an individual's self-definition or sense of gender

Misogyny

an ingrained prejudice against women; dislike, contempt, or hatred of women -form of sexism

Heterosexism

belief in the superiority of heterosexuality and heterosexuals

Homophobia

fear of or discrimination toward gay, lesbian, and bisexual people

Transphobia

fear of or discrimination toward transgender or other gender-nonconforming people

Non-binary

individuals who don't identify as exclusively men or women or who identify as both, somewhere in between, or outside of such categories altogether

Heteronormativity

the belief that heterosexuality is and should be the norm

sexual orientation

the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender

Gender

the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members Reflects our notions of what is appropriately "masculine" or "feminine"

Socialization

the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group, by which we become functioning members of society

The second shift

the unpaid housework and child care often expected of women after they complete their day's paid labor