Gender and sexuality
challenged the view that Americans were either exclusively heterosexual or homosexual.
In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Kinsey surveyed Americans to find out about their sexual behavior. His findings were important because they
Gendered division of household labor
Men and women perform different kinds of unpaid household labor
Gendered division of labor
Men and women work different kinds of jobs In the paid workforce
gender essentialism
The belief that gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed
Gender Constructionism
The belief that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a binary system is just one possibility among many -points to differences and overlap in gender categories and presentations over time and within and across societies
Sexism
The belief that one sex, usually male, is superior to the other
gender socialization
The lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through agents of socialization
Patriarchy
male-dominated society or literally rule of the father
Intersex
used to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female
Symbolic Interactionism for gender
We display and perform our gender in interactions p, and these interactions give gender meaning - appropriate gender performances allow men to subordinate women in their behaviors
Gender-conforming performances Gender-nonconforming performances
What are the two types of gender as a performance?
As a social group, men benefit from maintaining their dominant status
According to conflict theory, women's contributions to family life are devalued because
Body hair
An example of a secondary sex characteristic is
Sex
An individual's membership in one of two categories-male of female- based on biological factors
Method
If sexism is an ideology, then misogyny is the _______?
Toxic Masculinity
A masculine ideal that espouses extreme and harmful attitudes and behaviors and may lead to various negative effects for women and men
gender binary
A system of classification with only two distinct and opposite gender categories - you are either male or female from birth to death
Cisgenderism
Belief in the superiority of cisgender persons and identities
Primary sex characteristics
Biological factors that are present at birth and related to reproduction Ex: internal and external reproductive organs, chromosomes
secondary sex characteristics
Biological factors that develop over the life course and unrelated to reproduction Ex: facial and body hair, men's Adam's apple
Feminist theory for gender
Combines insights from conflict theory and symbolic interactionism We can identify and challenge those institutions that permits women's exploitation on both macroscopic and microscopic levels
Conflict theory for gender
Each form of capitalism takes is intended to maintain/reproduce exploitation Gender: men exploit women
Gender as a performance or gender performativity
Gender constructionists take seriously Judith Butler's notion of
Cisgender
Gender identity and/or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth
Transgender
Gender identity and/or expression is different from the sex assigned by birth
Turner's syndrome
One X chromosomes on 23rd pair
Victim blaming
Poor institutional response + the normalization of sexual violence =
Structural functionalism for gender
Reinforce gender essentialist notions that men and women are naturally better suited to perform sex/gender specific tasks and that these differences complement each other, leading to social cohesion
Expressive roles
The position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing
Instrumental roles
The position of the family member who provides material support, often an authority figure
Klinefelter syndrome
Two X chromosomes and a Y chromosome on 23rd pair
hegemonic masculinity
a masculine ideal that promotes characteristics such as independence, aggression, and toughness, and rejects any alternate qualities in men - does not equally benefit or reward all men
Rape culture
a set of beliefs, norms, and values that normalizes sexual violence against women
Gender expression
an individual's behavioral manifestations of gender
Gender identity
an individual's self-definition or sense of gender
Misogyny
an ingrained prejudice against women; dislike, contempt, or hatred of women -form of sexism
Heterosexism
belief in the superiority of heterosexuality and heterosexuals
Homophobia
fear of or discrimination toward gay, lesbian, and bisexual people
Transphobia
fear of or discrimination toward transgender or other gender-nonconforming people
Non-binary
individuals who don't identify as exclusively men or women or who identify as both, somewhere in between, or outside of such categories altogether
Heteronormativity
the belief that heterosexuality is and should be the norm
sexual orientation
the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender
Gender
the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members Reflects our notions of what is appropriately "masculine" or "feminine"
Socialization
the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group, by which we become functioning members of society
The second shift
the unpaid housework and child care often expected of women after they complete their day's paid labor