Gender Ch.7

48. Most children can identify their own sex by _______ of age. a. 6 to 12 months b. 6 to 18 months c. 1 to 2 years d. 2 to 3 years e. 3 to 4 years Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, pp. 196‒197

2 to 3 years

22. The appreciation that a person's sex is fixed is termed _______ and appears by about the age of _______ years. a. sex identification; 2-3 b. sex identification; 3-4 c. gender constancy; 3-4 d. gender constancy; 2-3 e. sexual orientation; 5-7 General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, p. 196

gender constancy; 3-4

7. The idea that the actions of males and females come to be perceived categorically is an important component of a. postmodernism. b. gender schema theory. c. behaviorism (when applied to gender). d. evolutionary psychology. e. sexual script theory . General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Life Experiences Influence Gender, p. 207

gender schema theory

50. By _______ of age, boys show greater throwing accuracy than girls. a. 6 to 12 months b. 12 to 18 months c. 18 to 24 months d. 1 to 2 years e. 2 to 3 years Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, pp. 196‒197

2 to 3 years

46. By _______ months of age, most children distinguish between male and female voices and faces. a. 3 b. 6 c. 9 d. 12 e. 24 Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, pp. 196‒197

3

47. Gender constancy is evident in children between _______ of age. a. 6 and 12 months b. 12 and 24 months c. 1 to 2 years d. 2 to 3 years e. 3 to 4 years Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, pp. 196‒197

3 to 4 years

49. By _______ of age, children show sex differences in terms of their toy preference. a. 12 months b. 18 months c. 2 years d. 3 years e. 4 years Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, pp. 196‒197

4 years

4. Socialization research has shown that the gender identity of a child can be influenced by a. parents. b. older siblings. c. media. d. other children. e. All of the above General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Life Experiences Influence Gender, pp. 202-205

All of the above

1. Which of the following statements about gender is false? a. It is based on traits that differ between men and women. b. It is what psychologists say about the two sexes. c. It is based on a biological criterion such as female or male genitalia. d. It is the subjective sense of maleness or femaleness. e. All of the above statements about gender are true. General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Gender Is a Central Aspect of Personhood, p. 191

All of the above statements about gender are true

21. Researcher Janet Hyde believes that sex differences in cognition, personality, and sexuality a. are barely evident, if at all. b. are large and well replicated in research. c. should be considered in education and public policy decisions. d. Both b and c e. None of the above General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, pp. 195-196A

Are barely evident, if at all

19. When cheated on by their partners, women are more likely than men to experience a. emotional jealousy. b. revenge motivation. c. sexual jealousy. d. sexual dysfunction. e. indirect aggression. General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, p. 195

Emtional jealousy

20. A sex difference is evident between men and women in reported total number of sex partners. Potential explanations for this sex difference include all of the following except a. dishonest reporting. b. female underreporting of sexual partners. c. female overreporting of sexual partners. d. men and women use different definitions of the term "sex partners." e. sampling problems. General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, p. 195

Female underreporting of sexual partners

35. Women typically outperform men on tests of a. navigation. b. fine manipulation of objects. c. mental rotation. d. aggression. e. sexual jealousy. Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, pp. 193‒194

Fine manipulation of objects

26. A person's sense of femaleness or maleness is called a. iconic sex. b. gender role. c. sexual orientation. d. gender identity. e. gender constancy. Textbook Reference: Gender Is a Central Aspect of Personhood, pp. 191‒192

Gender identity

31. The book The Female Eunuch was written by a. Mary Wollstonecraft. b. Germaine Greer. c. Sandra Bem. d. Margaret Mead. e. Camille Paglia. Textbook Reference: Gender Research Has Emerged from a History of Sexism, pp. 192‒193

Germaine Greer

32. Sex differences in moral reasoning are smaller in magnitude than cultural differences in moral reasoning. Which of the following scholars would argue that this is proof for socialization? a. Germaine Greer b. Lawrence Summers c. Sandra Bem d. Julianne Imperato-McGinley e. David Reimer Textbook Reference: Gender Research Has Emerged from a History of Sexism, pp. 192‒193

Germaine Greer

30. The book Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies was written by the anthropologist a. Mary Wollstonecraft. b. Germaine Greer. c. Sandra Bem. d. Margaret Mead. e. Camille Paglia . Textbook Reference: Gender Research Has Emerged from a History of Sexism, pp. 192‒193

Margaret Mead

15. _______ wrote Vindication of the Rights of Woman. a. Margaret Mead b. Germaine Greer c. Lawrence Summers d. Carol Gilligan e. Mary Wollstonecraft General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Gender Research Has Emerged from a History of Sexism, p. 192

Mary Wollstonecraft

29. _______ published the book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792. a. Mary Shelley b. Mary Wollstonecraft c. Margaret Mead d. Germaine Greer e. Marie Antoinette Textbook Reference: Gender Research Has Emerged from a History of Sexism, pp. 192‒193

Mary Wollstonecraft

5. Which of the following ideas illustrates "human exceptionalism"? a. Maternal nurturance of offspring is generated by different mechanisms in humans from those that operate in other animals. b. Men and women have evolved based on different adaptive pressures. c. Humans are part of the evolutionary continuum. d. Evolution has favored the reproduction of humans with unusual qualities such as high intelligence. e. None of the above General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Life Experiences Influence Gender, p. 205

Maternal nurturance of offspring is generated by different mechanisms in humans from those that operate in other animals.

39. The reason that heterosexual men report having more sex partners than do heterosexual women is probably that a. women exaggerate their number of partners. b. men frequently use the services of prostitutes. c. men exaggerate their number of partners. d. men and women report the same number of partners on average. e. None of the above Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, pp. 194‒195

Men exaggerate their number of partners

17. One cross-cultural study found robust gender differences in six personality traits. On which of the following traits did women not score higher? a. Agreeableness b. Openness to ideas c. Warmth d. Openness to feelings e. Neuroticism General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, p. 194

Openness to ideas

40. In regard to sex, men express far more _______ attitudes than women do. a. permissive b. regulatory c. conservative d. punitive e. restrictive Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, pp. 194‒196

Permissive

41. Men, more than women, are concerned with the _______ of their partners. a. status b. wealth c. sexual history d. education level e. physical attractiveness Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, pp. 194‒196

Physical attractiveness

23. Female children enjoy an advantage on tests of a. visuospatial ability. b. rapid calculation. c. throwing to a target. d. mental rotation. e. None of the above General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, pp. 196-197

Rapid calculation

44. Men's sexual jealousy serves to reduce the likelihood of their a. not having a mate. b. rearing another man's child. c. not having a child until middle age. d. being murdered by a rival male. e. being pursued by another male. Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, pp. 194‒196

Rearing another mans child

38. Which of the following scenarios would cause the greatest jealousy in women? a. Seeing their husband give money to another man b. Hearing their husband refer to another woman as a best friend c. Seeing their husband kiss another woman d. Hearing their husband say he doesn't like kissing e. Hearing their husband say he doesn't want money Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, pp. 194‒

Seeing their husband kiss another woman

37. Which of the following scenarios would cause the greatest jealousy in men? a. Seeing their wife give money to another man b. Hearing their wife refer to another man as a close friend c. Seeing their wife kiss another man d. Hearing their wife say that she doesn't like kissing e. Hearing their wife say that she doesn't want money Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, pp. 194‒195

Seeing their wife kiss another man

27. _______ is defined as the direction of an individual's sexual attraction. a. Homosexuality b. Heterosexuality c. Bisexuality d. Asexuality e. Sexual orientation Textbook Reference: Gender Is a Central Aspect of Personhood, pp. 191‒192

Sexual orientation

42. Women, more than men, are concerned with the _______ of their partners. a. status b. religiosity c. physical attractiveness d. sexual history e. education level Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, pp. 194‒196

Status

28. False or overgeneralized beliefs about groups of people are called a. stereotypes. b. gender realities. c. gender schemas. d. sexual scripts. e. gender constancies. Textbook Reference: Gender Research Has Emerged from a History of Sexism, pp. 192‒193

Steteotypes

12. Research by Alexander and Hines found that when male and female monkeys were given children's toys to play with, a. males used the toys as weapons and the females "mothered" the toys. b. monkey testosterone levels increased when they played with a "boy" toy and decreased when they played with a "girl" toy. c. the monkeys ignored the toys. d. the monkeys used the toys to imitate objects in their own environment such as leaves and branches. e. the monkeys showed similar sex-specific toy preferences to that of boys and girls. General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Biological Factors Influence Gender, p. 199

The monkeys showed similar sex-specific toy preferences to that of boys and girls.

9. Which of the following about people with autogynephilia is false? a. They are attracted to the idea of themselves as women. b. They are aroused by being in women's clothing. c. They often seek sex-reassignment surgery later in life. d. They are also known as "trans men." e. They often go through a period of being heterosexual transvestites. General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Transgender People Cross Society's Deepest Divide, pp. 209-210

They often seek sex-reassignment surgery later in life.

33. On average, women outperform men in tasks that involve a. navigation. b. aggression. c. verbal fluency. d. throwing accuracy. e. mental rotation. Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, pp. 193‒194

Verbal fluency

36. A certain medical job requires memory of where important nerves and blood vessels are located as well as the ability to make finely-controlled hand movements. Based on these requirements, who would be more likely to excel at this job? a. Men b. Women c. Either men or women d. Evolutionary biologists e. Feminists Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, pp. 193‒194

Women

45. Evolutionary biologists predict that gay men have more sex partners than straight men because a. gay men do not fear unplanned pregnancies. b. men express more permissive attitudes toward casual sex. c. women do not like sex as much as men do. d. men are not as jealous as women. e. None of the above Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, p. 195

Women do not like sex as much as men do

2. Girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia are exposed to abnormally high levels of _______, which causes some of their personality and cognitive traits to be shifted toward a _______ pattern. a. estrogen; masculine b. androgen; masculine c. progesterone; feminine d. glucocorticoid; feminine e. glucocorticoid; masculine General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Biological Factors Influence Gender, p. 200

androgen; masculine

24. Sex differences on throwing accuracy, favoring _______, and on fine motor skills, favoring _______, emerge by about _______ years of age. a. girls; boys; 2-3 b. boys; boys; 5-6 c. boys; girls; 5-6 d. boys; girls; 2-3 e. girls; boys; 5-6 General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, p. 197

boys; girls; 2-3

34. According to the psychologist Carol Gilligan, women's moral universe is based on _______, whereas men's is based on _______. a. justice; rules b. caring; justice c. dominance; caring d. caring; sympathy e. permission; dominance Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, pp. 193‒194

caring; justice

3.In 5α-reductase deficiency, males fail to convert testosterone into the potent steroid _______, resulting in _______. a. androstenedione; feminine genitalia until puberty b. androstenedione; permanently feminine genitalia c. dihydrotestosterone; feminine genitalia until puberty d. dihydrotestosterone; permanently feminine genitalia e. DHT; ambiguous male genitalia General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Biological Factors Influence Gender, p. 201

dihydrotestosterone; feminine genitalia until puberty

18. The sex differences seen in moral reasoning may be related to a. different styles of conflict resolution between men and women. b. differential understanding of shared community activities. c. feminist interpretations. d. errors in research interpretation. e. evolved differences emerging from early divisions of labor. General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and Personality Traits, p. 194; Biological Factors Influence Gender, p. 198

evolved differences emerging from early divisions of labor.

6. Case study research has shown that the accidental removal of the penis of an infant boy, followed by rearing as a girl, a. changes his gender identity from male to female immediately. b. changes his gender identity from male to female at puberty. c. increases his aggressiveness. d. generally does not modify the gender identity away from male. e. Both c and d General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Life Experiences Influence Gender, p. 206

generally does not modify the gender identity away from male.

10. A hijra is a a. female-to-male transexual. b. transvestite. c. person with the spirit of both a man and a woman. d. man who took a female role in Polynesian society and performed ritual dances. e. member of a class of male-to-female transexuals from northern India and Pakistan. General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Transgender People Cross Society's Deepest Divide, p. 210

member of a class of male-to-female transexuals from northern India and Pakistan.

14. Evolutionary psychologists believe that the cognitive differences seen among men and women have arisen because a. of a long-standing difference in the tasks ancestral men and women have performed. b. men and women evolved different brains and this reflects the cognitive differences. c. men and women are socialized to be better at different tasks. d. men have larger brains and therefore are better at some of the more difficult tasks. e. bodies are different between men and women, so their brains must also be different. General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Biological Factors Influence Gender, pp. 197-198

of a long-standing difference in the tasks ancestral men and women have performed.

25. A "genderqueer" is a a. person who cannot be defined as male or female because they are partway through the sex reassignment process. b. man who is aroused by dressing as a woman. c. person who has had-sex reassignment surgery reversed. d. person who is overt about their transgendered state and does not attempt to pass as a conventional woman or man. e. woman who is attracted to other women but has opted not to undergo sex reassignment surgery. General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Transgender People Cross Society's Deepest Divide, p. 215

person who is overt about their transgendered state and does not attempt to pass as a conventional woman or man.

11. The term "transitioning" refers to the a. period when a person realizes that they identify with the opposite gender role. b. process of changing anatomical sex and gender role to match a person's gender identity. c. process of growing up as a transgendered child. d. period of adjustment that a transgendered person's family may undergo. e. All of the above General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Transgender People Cross Society's Deepest Divide, pp. 212-213

process of changing anatomical sex and gender role to match a person's gender identity.

16. The speech given by former Harvard University president Lawrence Summers speculated that a. the low numbers of women found in engineering and physics might be due in part to innate differences between men and women. b. intrinsic differences between men and women might be due in part to socialization factors. c. intrinsic differences between men and women might be due to discrimination. d. there exist no differences between men and women that cannot be explained by cognitive theory. e. there exist no differences between men and women that cannot be explained by biological mechanisms. General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Gender Research Has Emerged from a History of Sexism, p. 193

the low numbers of women found in engineering and physics might be due in part to innate

13. According to evolutionary psychology accounts, the jealousy experienced by males is attributable to a. greater male aggression. b. testosterone levels in males. c. monogamy stress. d. uncertainty of paternity. e. personality factors such as self-esteem and assertiveness. General Feedback: Textbook Reference: Biological Factors Influence Gender, pp. 198-199

uncertainty of paternity