General BIO CH. 3

Polymers that contain sugars ...

(a), (b), and (c).

Which of the following functional groups is capable of regulating gene expression?

-CH3

Which of the following is a carboxyl group?

-COOH

Which of the following is an amino group?

-NH2

Which of these functional groups is found in all amino acids?

-NH2

Which three statements are supported by the data in the graph?

-Non-heart attack patient would have nearly 3g of trans fats in 200 g of adipose tissue, on average. -Heart attack patients have higher levels of trans fats in their adipose tissue than non-heart attack patients. -1.77% of the total fat in heart attack patients is trans fats.

If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand?

3'-TAAACG-5'

If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?

75

Which of the following statements about the functional groups of organic compounds is false?

All functional groups include a carbon atom.

Some athletes use anabolic steroids to build their body mass. Why is this considered a problematic practice, especially in adolescents?

Anabolic steroids can prevent bone growth.

Which of the following statements about dehydration reactions is false?

Animal digestive systems utilize this process to break down food.

Which of the following statements regarding carbon is false?

Carbon has the ability to bond with up to six other atoms.

_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.

Cellulose

_________ Provides directions for its own replication. It also directs cell activities by providing instructions for building proteins.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

What is the correct flow of information in gene expression?

DNA>RNA>protein

The structure of DNA is a _______, held together by the complementary base-pairing of cytosine with guanine, and adenine with thymine.

Double helix

Which of the following statements about hydrocarbons is false?

Hydrocarbons are inorganic compounds.

What does the term amino acid signify about the structure of the molecule?

It consists of an amino group and a carboxyl group

What happens to the shape and function of a protein if one of the amino acids is replaced with a different type of amino acid?

It depends on the role of the amino acid that is altered. One amino acid might be replaced with no measurable effect on the protein's function; replacing another might cause a total loss of function.

Which of the following statements regarding lactose tolerance is true?

Lactose tolerance has evolved independently in multiple different human populations.

The monomers of nucleic acids consist of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a ___________.

Nitrogenous base.

Nucleic acids are polymers of ______.

Nucleotides

Which of the following statements regarding nucleotides is false?

Nucleotides contain lipids.

___________ are a major component of cell membranes. They form a bilayer with their hydrophobic tails mingling together and their hydrophilic heads facing the watery environment on both sides of the membrane.

Phospholipids

RNA usually consists of a single ________ strand.

Polynucleotide

Which of these is NOT a lipid?

RNA

A gene provides the directions to build a molecule of _________; the genetic instructions it carries are then translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein.

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

__________ are lipids with a structure consisting of four fused rings. Many sex hormones are made from this type of lipid.

Steroids

A polynucleotide has a repeating ___________ backbone.

Sugar-phosphate

How does the level of trans fats in non-heart attack patients compare to the level of trans fats in heart attack patients?

The trans fats level in non-heart attack patients is 84% of the level in heart attack patients.

Consider the figure shown below. What one characteristic is shared by sucrose and maltose?

They are all disaccharides.

Which of the following statements about enzymes is false?

They are monomers used to build proteins.

Which of the following statements about anabolic steroids is false?

They promote bone growth.

__________________have one or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains and are usually found in vegetable oils.

Unsaturated fatty acids

Below is a molecule of caffeine. Which of the following features are not present in a molecule of caffeine?

a carboxyl group

Glycogen is _____.

a polysaccharide found in animals

An oil may be converted into a substance that is solid at room temperature by

adding hydrogens, decreasing the number of double bonds in the molecules.

Organic compounds

always contain carbon.

Protein polymers are made up of _____________ monomers.

amino acid

Which of the following contains a carboxyl and an amino group?

amino acid

Proteins are polymers of _____.

amino acids

The primary structure of a protein is like the arrangement of beads on a string. In this analogy, the beads are _____.

amino acids

Which of the following is an example of secondary structure in a protein?

an alpha helix

Which of the following would be correctly classified as a protein?

an enzyme

A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role _____.

as a component of animal cell membranes

Which element is closely associated with the field of organic chemistry?

carbon

A fatty acid consists of a _______________ and a long hydrocarbon chain.

carboxyl group

Which of these is a polysaccharide?

cellulose

Which of the following lists contains only polysaccharides?

cellulose, starch, and glycogen

A hydroxyl group is

characteristic of alcohols.

DNA differs from RNA because DNA

contains thymine in place of uracil.

What is another name for a condensation reaction?

dehydration

Lactose intolerance is the inability to

digest lactose.

Large proteins, like DNA polymerase and hemoglobin, are often composed of several polypeptides that are linked together. The _____ level of protein structure describes how the polypeptides are joined to create a larger complex.

fourth

A fat molecule is composed of two types of smaller molecules: __________ and fatty acids.

glycerol

The storage form of carbohydrates is ________ in animals and ________ in plants.

glycogen; starch

The secondary structure of a protein results from _____.

hydrogen bonds

The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.

hydrogen bonds

What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?

hydrolysis

The results of dehydration reactions can be reversed by

hydrolysis reactions.

Lipids are diverse compounds that are grouped together because they are___________.

hydrophobic

Defensive proteins are manufactured by the _____ system.

immune

Peptide bonds

link amino acids.

glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.

maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis

Which of these is a source of lactose?

milk

Shown here is a nutrition facts label for 1 cup of whole cow's milk. Which of the following is most abundant by weight in 1 cup of whole milk? (1,000 mg = 1 g)

monosaccharides

Cellulose differs from starch in that

most animals cannot break down cellulose, whereas starch is easily digested.

Nucleic acid polymers are made up of _______ monomers.

nucleotide

Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats?

olive oil

Following are the structures of three fatty acids: palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid. What combination of these fatty acids could you use to make a fat that is liquid at room temperature?

one palmitic acid, one stearic acid, and one oleic acid

Which of these does NOT contain a structural protein?

ovalbumin

What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?

peptide

Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on _____.

peptide bonds

A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____.

phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar

The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are _____.

phospholipids

A major type of lipid found in cell membranes is

phospholipids.

A molecule with the formula C55H110O55 is probably a(n)

polysaccharide.

Which of the following foods would contain the most starch?

potatoes

Arrow D is indicating a _____ protein.

receptor

This figure is an example of a(n) _____.

saturated fat

The development of heart disease can result from a diet high in

saturated fats.

The hydrocarbon chains of ______________ are not kinked, and thus pack closely together, making animal fats solid at room temperature.

saturated fatty acids

Your body contains thousands of different types of proteins, each with a specific function. A protein's function is largely determined by its _____.

shape

Carbohydrate polymers are made up of ______________ monomers.

simple sugar

Arrow A is indicating a(n) _____ protein.

structural

Which of the following would be affected when a protein is denatured?

tertiary structure

The primary structure of a protein is

the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain.

Amino acids can be distinguished from one another by

the chemical properties of their R groups.

Which of the following characteristics of a protein will remain intact if the protein is denatured?

the number of amino acids in the protein

The tertiary structure of a polypeptide refers to

the overall three-dimensional structure.

Proteins differ from one another because

the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein.

Cows can derive nutrients from cellulose because

their intestinal tract contains cellulose-hydrolyzing microorganisms.

A protein's alpha helices and beta sheets fold together to create an overall shape at the _____ level of protein structure.

third

Which type of fat was found to contribute the most relative risk of developing heart disease?

trans fat

This animation illustrates the functioning of a _____ protein.

transport

A disaccharide forms when

two monosaccharides join by dehydration reactions.

Fatty acids with double bonds between some of their carbons are said to be

unsaturated.