GENERAL BIOLOGY - WEEK 10

Pinocytosis (literally,?)

"cell drinking"

Phagocytosis (literally, ?)

"cell eating"

Primary active transport, which is directly dependent on ?, moves ions across a membrane and creates a difference in charge across that membrane.

ATP

To move substances against a concentration or electrochemical gradient, the cell must utilize energy in the form of ? during active transport.

ATP

? mechanisms require the use of the cell's energy, usually in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Active transport

? mechanisms require the use of the cell's energy, usually in the form of?

Active transport, adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

? provide a dramatic example of bulk transport, and the majority of cells in your body don't engulf whole microorganisms.

Macrophages

? refers to the movement of particles (solute) across or through a membranous barrier.

Membrane transport

? is a special case of diffusion.

Osmosis

? is the movement of water across a membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

Osmosis

? is the simplest method of transport and is dependent upon the concentration gradient, and the size and charge of the solute.

Passive transport

? allows cells to take up large amounts of molecules that are relatively rare (present in low concentrations) in the extracellular fluid.

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

? transport brings sodium ions into the cell, and as sodium ion concentrations build outside the plasma membrane, an electrochemical gradient is created.

Secondary active

?, which is directly related to the osmolarity of a solution, affects osmosis by determining the direction of water flow.

Tonicity

Both ? and ? are used in secondary active transport.

antiporters and symporters

Cells need ? transport mechanisms, in which large particles (or large quantities of smaller particles) are moved across the cell membrane.

bulk

These mechanisms allow cells to obtain nutrients from the environment, selectively "grab" certain particles out of the extracellular fluid, or release signaling molecules to communicate with neighbors

bulk transport

These mechanisms involve enclosing the substances to be transported in their own small globes of membrane, which can then bud from or fuse with the membrane to move the substance across

bulk transport

kinds of transport proteins?

carrier and channel protein

This protein binds a substance and, in doing so, triggers a change of its own shape, moving the bound molecule from the outside of the cell to its interior

carrier proteins

coated pits- This name comes from a layer of proteins, called ?, that are found on the ?

coat proteins, cytoplasmic side of the pit.

The receptors, which are transmembrane proteins, cluster in regions of the plasma membrane known as ?

coated pits.

A ? exists that would allow these materials to diffuse into the cell without expending cellular energy.

concentration gradient

Is a process of passive transport in which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.

diffusion

Secondary active transport brings sodium ions into the cell, and as sodium ion concentrations build outside the plasma membrane, an ? is created.

electrochemical gradient

To move substances against a concentration or ?, the cell must utilize energy in the form of ATP during active transport.

electrochemical gradient

types of bulk trasnport

endocytosis, exocytosis

A single substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is ? across a space.

equal

In passive transport, small uncharged solute particles diffuse across the membrane until both sides of the membrane have reached an ? that is similar in concentration.

equilibrium

Cells also need to release other molecules, such as signaling proteins and waste products, to the outside environment.

exocytosis

Proteins can change shape when their ? bonds are affected, but this may not fully explain this mechanism.

hydrogen

Because the cell has a relatively higher concentration of water, water will leave the cell, and the cell will shrink.

hypertonic

As for a ? solution, the prefix ?- refers to the extracellular fluid having a higher osmolarity than the cell's cytoplasm

hypertonic, hyper

types of tonicity?

hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic solution

?- means that the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes, or a lower osmolarity, than the cell cytoplasm.

hypo,

In a ? situation, the extracellular fluid has lower osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell, and water enters the cell.

hypotonic solution

The ? involved in facilitated transport are collectively referred to as transport proteins

integral proteins

Channel proteins have hydrophilic domains exposed to the ? and ?; they additionally have a ? through their core that provides a hydrated opening through the membrane layers.

intracellular and extracellular fluids, hydrophilic channel

In an ? solution, the extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity as the cell.

isotonic

no net movement

isotonic

types of passive transport?

osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion

In ?, small uncharged solute particles diffuse across the membrane until both sides of the membrane have reached an equilibrium that is similar in concentration.

passive transport

form of endocytosis in which large particles, such as cells or cellular debris, are transported into the cell.

phagocytosis

types of endocytosis

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytocis

Form of endocytosis in which a cell takes in small amounts of extracellular fluid.

pinocytosis

The ? that functions with the active transport of sodium and potassium allows secondary active transport to occur.

primary active transport

types of active trasnport?

primary active transport, secondary active transport, bulk trasnport

Form of endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule.

receptor-mediated endocytosis

In ?, a molecule is moved down its electrochemical gradient as another is moved up its concentration gradient.

secondary active transport

While ? consumes ATP to generate the gradient down which a molecule is moved, the energy is not directly used to move the molecule across the membrane.

secondary active transport

A method of transport in which the electrochemical potential difference created by pumping ions out of the cell is used to transport molecules across a membrane.

secondary active trasnport

The primary active transport that functions with the active transport of ? allows secondary active transport to occur.

sodium and potassium,

The receptors, which are?, cluster in regions of the plasma membrane known as coated pits.

transmembrane proteins

in both cases, transport proteins are ?

transmembrane proteins.

The integral proteins involved in facilitated transport are collectively referred to as ?

transport proteins

facilitated transport is aka?

Also called facilitated diffusion.

? are channel proteins that allow water to pass through the membrane at a very high rate.

Aquaporins

? are specific for the substance that is being transported.

Channels

? (? = internal, ? = transport mechanism) is a general term for the various types of active transport that move particles into a cell by enclosing them in a vesicle made out of plasma membrane.

Endocytosis, endo, cytosis

? (exo = ?, cytosis = ?) is a form of bulk transport in which materials are transported from the inside to the outside of the cell in membrane-bound vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.

Exocytosis , external, transport mechanism

? diffusion is a process by which molecules are transported across the plasma membrane with the help of membrane proteins

Facilitated