General Psych Exam 2.0
Nature is to nurture as _____ is to _____.
-"genetics" is to "enviromnent" -genes; experience
On average, baby's begin to walk at ______.
-12 months -15 months(independently) -8 months for crawling
Formal Operational Stage Key Milestones (Piaget)
-Abstract logic -Potential for mature moral reasoning
Concrete Operational Stage Key Milestones (Piaget)
-Conservation -Mathematical transformations
Sensorimotor Stage Stage Key Milestones (Piaget)
-Object permanence -Stranger anxiety
Preoperational Stage Key Milestones (Piaget)
-Pretend play -Egocentrism
Authoritative parenting
-confrontative, warm, responsive, demanding
Permissive parenting
-few limits, responsive, unrestraining
Authoritartian Parenting
-strict, cold (dictators) (Expect obedience) (no games boy)
The average female enters puberty _____ year(s) sooner than the average male.
1
In a complete sexual response cycle
1. Desire 2. Excitement (plateau) 3. Orgasm 4. Resolution -the plateau phase immediately precedes orgasm
The first menstrual period in girls in the United States occurs usually within a year of age:
12
The median age at which young children begin walking in the United States is _____ months.
12 months
Approximately _____ percent of those who have been abused later abuse their own children, a proportion _____ times the national average.
30; 2
Gender-role stereotypes are MOST apparent around the age of _____ years.
5-6
Categorizing baby clothing as either masculine-looking or feminine-looking best illustrates the functioning of
A gender schema
Cameron suffers from a sexually transmitted infection, which has weakened his immune system and made him vulnerable to infections. Cameron most clearly suffers from
AIDS
After Nadia learned that evergreen trees don't usually change colors in the Autumn, she had to modify her existing concept of trees. This best illustrates the process of
Accommodation
Relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
Alpha Waves
A speech impairment is known as
Aphasia
Asperger syndrome is now called _____ disorder.
Autism Spectrum disorder
Kelly is 11 months of age and just began crawling. This is likely a result of Kelly sleeping on her:
Back
Abigail has been prescribed a drug to help her sleep. This drug depresses activity in her nervous system. She was likely prescribed a(n)
Barbiturate
Drugs that reduce central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety, but impairing memory and judgment
Barbiturates
At 15 months of age, Justin already strongly senses that he can rely on his father to comfort and protect him. According to Erikson, this most clearly contributes to
Basic Trust
A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it is known as
Blindsight
A pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle.
Circadian rhythm
After 1960, psychology regained an interest in consciousness as psychologists of all persuasions began affirming the importance of
Cognition
Cameron counted a total of eight blocks stacked in a single pile of blocks. When the pile was knocked over and the blocks scattered in front of him, he knew that there were still eight blocks. This indicates that Cameron has reached the ________ stage of development.
Concrete operational
A drug that leads people to behave impulsively and to lack normal restraint or self-control is said to act as a(n)
Disinhibitor
One biological basis for addiction involves brain activity in the ________ reward system.
Dopamine
_____ processing is the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.
Dual
Principle that info is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
Dual processing
Liz's sister and her husband want their four-year-old daughter to learn a new language and would like to start immediately. What advice would Liz give?
Early childhood is the best time to learn a new language.
Adolescents begin to use abstract reasoning skills when they achieve the intellectual summit that Piaget called
Formal Operations
Erik Erikson suggested that a major task of adulthood was to develop a sense of contributing to the world by being productive. According to Erikson, those who do this effectively demonstrate
Generativity
A minute or two after falling asleep, Luke felt like he was being tossed up and down as if on a boat in rough seas. His experience best illustrates
Hypnagogic sensations
Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
Inattentional blindness
Physical exercise does all of the following EXCEPT
Increase fo heart disease
Alcohol consumption is likely to ________ attention to an arousing provocation and ________ attention to normal inhibitions.
Increase; decrease
According to Erikson, Lucinda's sense of who she is and where she's going increases her chances of moving on to the next stage of
Intimacy
Which statement BEST captures historical trends in the opinion of medical professionals regarding sex reassignment surgery for intersex children?
Medical professionals once recommended sex reassignment surgery to create an unambiguous sexual identity for intersex children, but they no longer do so.
The smallest speech units that carry meaning are called
Morphemes
Alex is a young adolescent who hopes to achieve the muscular development and gain the height that will enable him to be an outstanding high school basketball player. The hormone production that will help facilitate his goal is most closely associated with
N3
Dr. Towne believes that genetics is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. West believes that experiences are primarily responsible for personality traits. The two psychologists are on different sides of the _____ debate.
Nature vs Nurture
Which statement is MOST relevant to evaluating the stability and change developmental issue?
One's temperament is more predictable than one's social attitudes.
Alfred, who has a history of illegal drug use, is currently using methadone to help him quit. His brain no longer produces endorphins because of his drug use. He was using a(n)
Opiate
As you watch an airplane fly by, you notice the motion, the color, and shape of the plane.
Parallel processing
The smallest distinctive sound units of a language
Phonemes
Which statement provides evidence AGAINST the idea that human development is mostly continuous?
Piagets stages
Representing things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical reasoning (a stage of Jean Piaget's)
Preoperational (About 2 to 6-7 years) (2)
Anatoli and Andrei are 11-month-old identical twins. Anatoli took his first steps yesterday. How soon will Andrei take his first steps?
Probably within a day; identical twins generally begin walking on nearly the same day.
Five components of creativity were identified by ________ and his colleagues.
Robert Sternberg
Behaviors expected of those who occupy a particular social position define a
Role
A bank teller was so distracted by the sight of a bank robber's weapon that she failed to perceive important features of the criminal's physical appearance. This best illustrates the impact of
Selective Attention
Gerri ignores the sound of the television to focus on a telephone conversation. Gerri's experience BEST illustrates:
Selective attention
According to Vygotsky, parents who say "No, no!" when pulling a child's hand away from a cake are giving the child a tool for
Self-control
Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up bodily functions are called
Stimulants
Brenda has suffered from epilepsy all her life. She takes Trileptal to control her seizures. Recently, she found out she is pregnant with her first child. She read that her medication is a Category C medication meaning the benefits may outweigh the risks; however, no adequate studies have been performed on the medication for pregnant women. While she is excited to be pregnant, she is concerned about continuing to take the medication. She asks her doctor whether Trileptal is a:
Teratogen
If research suggested that a pregnant mother's use of an artificial sweetener caused harm to the fetus, the artificial sweetener would be considered a
Teratogen
Harmful agents or substances that can cause malformations or defects in an embryo or fetus.
Teratogens
Although Kendra is genetically male, she dresses in women's clothes in order to express her strong sense of identity as a female. Kendra could best be described as
Transgender
The unusual convergence of several space-time anomalies lands Wundt, James, Watson, and Skinner at the May 2018 conference of the Association for Psychological Science in San Francisco, CA. Noticing the current emphasis on consciousness in psychology, _____ would be _____.
Wundt; gratified
Cell division and differentiation begin during the ________ stage of prenatal development.
Zygotic
An understanding of human sexual behavior in terms of the interplay of cultural norms, sex hormones, and people's unique sexual values and motives is most clearly provided by
a biopsychosocial approach
A gender role refers to
a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or for females.
Gestures are especially likely to be associated with speech that has
a social context
Insight refers to:
a sudden realization of a problem's solution
After Nadia learned that penguins cannot fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This BEST illustrates the process of:
accommodation
Drugs that stimulates neural activity, causing speed-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.
amphetamines
Alcohol may cause fetal damage by leaving chemical marks on DNA that switch genes abnormally on or off. This best illustrates
an epigenetic effect
Grace and Sam have been happily married for 30 years. Which of the following is an indicator of their successful marriage?
at least a five-to-one ratio of positive to negative interactions
Cleve intently watches the live tennis match and does not realize that a bird has landed on the empty seat next to him. His inability to notice the bird can be explained by inattentional:
blindness
During commencement, a parent sat waiting for her child's name to be called. She failed to realize that the person initially reading off the graduates' names left and that a new person is now reading. This scenario illustrates:
change blindness
In grade school, Jessica thought boys had cooties and refused to be within inches of them. Now in high school, she flirts with boys and is anticipating dancing close with some of them at an upcoming dance. Her attitude toward boys represents the _____ side of the _____ developmental issue.
change; stability and change
What do developmental psychologists seek to understand?
changes over a lifetime
Jean Piaget proposed a stage theory of _____ development.
cognitive
Dr. Maida examines the brain activity that accompanies mathematical problem solving. Dr. Maida is BEST described as a(n):
cognitive neuroscience
Older people are NOT increasingly susceptible to
common cold viruses
During the _____ stage of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children begin to think logically about events, grasp analogies, and perform arithmetical operations.
concrete operational
Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations (a stage of Jean Piaget's)
concrete operational (7-11 years) (3)
Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is MOST directly relevant to the issue of:
continuity and stages
Deirdre is a fussy baby. She does not seem to eat or sleep on a fixed schedule. She is extremely active, and she gets upset easily. Deirdre likely has a(n) _____ temperament.
difficult
Boris was raised in a Russian orphanage where he was given minimal care. At age 6, he was adopted by a loving American family. As he matures, it is MOST likely that Boris will:
display anxiety
Expanding the number of possible solutions to a problem illustrates
divergent thinking.
Randi is in the fifth week of her pregnancy, which means that her baby is in the _____ period of prenatal development.
embryo
The MOST immediate and direct function of the rooting reflex is the facilitation of:
feeding
The second and third trimesters of pregnancy occur entirely within the _____ period of prenatal development.
fetal
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children that are the result of a pregnant woman's heavy drinking reflect a condition known as _____ syndrome.
fetal alcohol
Reasoning abstractly (a stage of Jean Piaget's)
formal operational (12 thru adulthood) (4)
During adolescence, maturation of the ________ lags behind maturation of the ________.
frontal lobes; limbic system
The term _____ refers to the socially influenced characteristics by which people define men and women.
gender
Candice tosses a newly purchased felt mouse across the floor; her cat chases it excitedly, clutches it in its paws, and rolls around with it. Several tosses later, her cat yawns pointedly and settles itself for a nap. The change in the cat's behavior BEST illustrates:
habituation
Carol is distressed because post-childbirth complications prevented her from being in close physical contact with her child during its first few hours of life. Carol should be told that
human infants do not have well-defined critical periods for the formation of a mother-infant attachment.
Gender _____ is to _____ as inner feeling is to social expectation.
identity; role
As Lee moves through the adolescent years, his frontal lobes will continue to develop. Which of the following CANNOT be attributed to this development?
improved visual-spatial skills
Karly intently watches the live tennis match and does not realize that a bird has landed on the adjacent empty seat next to her. Her inability to notice the bird can be explained by:
inattentional blindness
The term _____ refers to possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes.
intersex
A(n) _____ individual has ambiguous or inconsistent indicators of male or female in the sexual structures or organs.
intersexual
Notable achievements that are driven more by personal interest than by external pressures to perform best illustrate the impact of:
intrinsic motivation.
Without being aware of it, we often use highly adaptive heuristics. This best illustrates the value of:
intuition
Implicit knowledge of what we've learned but can't fully explain is most clearly reflected in our
intuitions
Alex and Shauna are brother and sister and are both college students. Research on gender differences would lead one to anticipate that Alex is ________ likely to detect faint odors and ________ likely to smile frequently than his sister Shauna.
less; less
At some point during the babbling stage, babies begin to
lose their ability to discriminate and produce sounds they never hear.
The orderly sequence of biological growth is called:
maturation
Highly addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, and speeds up body functions and associated energy and mood changes. Over time appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.
methamphetamine
Babies are born with several reflexes for getting food. One of these is to
open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek.
Most psychologists define consciousness as
our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment.
Children raised in the same family are not especially likely to have similar personalities. This most clearly implies that we should be cautious about attributing personality to
parental influences
Aggression is defined in psychology as
physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from a mother to her developing fetus through the:
placenta
Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ________ morality.
post conventional
Baby Hannah automatically turns her head in the direction of a touch on the cheek. This is the _____ reflex; it helps an infant to _____.
rooting; obtain food
How much variation in sexual orientation is due to genetic influences?
roughly 33%
The brain uses parallel processing for _____, while sequential processing is used for _____.
routine business; solving new problems
Three-year-old Ross happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room while his mother is in the room. However, if she briefly leaves and then returns, he will return periodically to her side for brief moments. Ross MOST clearly displays signs of _____ attachment.
secure
Change blindness, inattentional blindness, and cocktail party effect all illustrate _____ attention.
selective
Great apes, dolphins, and elephants have demonstrated
self-awareness
Experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping) (a stage of Jean Piaget's)
sensorimotor stage (Birth to nearly 2 years) (1)
A problem that consistently interferes with one's ability to complete the sexual response cycle is called a(n)
sexual dysfunction
An enduring sexual attraction toward members of one's own sex, the other sex, or both sexes is called our
sexual orientation
Irene's psychology instructor remarks that gender roles may be acquired by imitating others. Irene is immediately reminded of _____ theory.
social learning
After Miguel's recent automobile accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebral cortex in Broca's area. It is likely that Miguel will have difficulty
speaking fluently
Developmental psychologists have found that one's general level of emotionality, called _____, remains fairly constant from childhood into adulthood.
temperament
Bonnie quits smoking cigarettes during the seventh week of her pregnancy. There is a chance that the chemicals in the cigarettes acted as _____, harming the development of Bonnie's baby during the period of the _____.
teratogen; embryo
Those who emphasize change over stability would MOST likely cite as an example the fact that:
the first 3 years of life provide a poor basis for predicting a person's eventual traits.
Research on older people has shown that
they become increasingly prone to car accidents.
Kelsi has always believed that she is a woman trapped in a man's body. She is undergoing hormone treatment and is considering sex reassignment surgery. Kelsi is BEST described as:
transsexual
Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with the ________ stage of language development.
two-word
Mary believes that cognitive development is a matter of gradual and almost imperceptible changes over time. Her viewpoint is most directly relevant to the issue of
Continuity vs stages
A _________ period is an optimal period during which exposure to certain experiences is needed for normal development.
Critical
A drug that produces euphoria and social intimacy that can harm serotonin producing neurons, mood, and cognition.
Ecstacy (MDMA)
Newborns have been observed to show the greatest visual interest in a
Face-like image
As people progress into late adulthood, their positive feelings tend to decrease and negative feelings tend to increase.
False
Rapid eye movement; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep because muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active
REM
Brain regions that are active as people learn to perform a visual-discrimination task are especially likely to be active again later as they experience
REM Sleep
_____ processing occurs when just one aspect of a stimulus is processed at a time.
Sequential
David is playing a new video game with his older brother. Because this is his first time playing the game, it will involve
Sequential processing
Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness- as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia or hibernation
Sleep
Annibel, who has been asleep for several hours, suddenly gets up out of bed, goes to the kitchen, and takes a coke out of the refrigerator. Fortunately, her Mom is awake and guides her back to bed. Annibel is exhibiting which sleep disorder?
Sleep walking
_____ is one of the major issues addressed by developmental psychologists.
continuity and stages
Brenda is preparing to take the SAT test for college admission. This test requires
convergent thinking
Narrowing available problem solutions to the single best solution illustrates:
convergent thinking.
Intrinsic motivation is thought to be an important component of
creativity
Large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
delta waves
A disruption of our 24-hour biological clock as a result of either overexposure or underexposure to light is referred to as
desynchronization.
Dr. Grove studies how obesity rates change from childhood through old age. Dr. Grove is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.
developmental
Dr. Murphy studies a group of schoolchildren and follows their progress through college. Dr. Murphy is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.
developmental
While reading a friend's status update on a social networking site, Cory ignores the scrolling newsfeed and the changing advertisements on the right-hand side of the screen. Cory is demonstrating:
selective attention
Juan Carlos' son was just arrested for setting the school's outdoor shed on fire. Juan Carlos and his wife admitted to the police that their son has always had an aggressive streak. This example represents the _____ side of the _____ developmental issue.
stability; stability and change
When Mrs. Perez touched her newborn's lips, he produced an automatic response called the _____ reflex.
sucking