General Psychology Moodle Quizes

Friedman and Rosenman referred to competitive, hard-driving, impatient, and easily angered individuals as ________ personalities.

Type A

The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum proportion for their difference to be perceived is known as

Weber's law

Joel's sexually violent behavior is influenced by his unrealistic sexual scripts, crowded housing conditions, and abuse of alcohol. A comprehensive understanding of Joel's behavior is most clearly provided by

a biopsychosocial approach

A generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by

a continuous state of tension, apprehension, and autonomic nervous system arousal.

Antisocial personality disorder is most likely to be characterized by

a lack of guilt feelings

The experience of multiple personalities is most likely to be characterized by

a massive dissociation of self from ordinary consciousness

When asked to describe personal episodes that made them feel particularly bad about themselves, about four times in five, people describe

a relationship difficulty

Among schizophrenia patients, the fluid-filled areas adjacent to cerebral tissue are

abnormally large and the thalamus is abnormally small

The minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time is called the

absolute threshold

Psychologists define learning as the process of

acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the

adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions

One of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia is

an expressionless face

Emma believes that she will succeed in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time. Her belief most clearly illustrates

an internal locus of control.

An experiment was designed to study the potential impact of alcohol consumption on emotional stability. A specification of the procedures used to measure emotional stability illustrates

an operational definition

A psychologist who emphasizes cognitive processes would be likely to suggest that classical conditioning depends on

an organism's expectation that a US fill follow a CS

Which of the following would be most consistent with a GRIT strategy?

announcing that defense expenditures will be cut by 5 percent and inviting the enemy to do likewise

Although identical twins have been shown to have some amazing psychological similarities, one should be cautious about attributing these similarities to genetic factors because

any two strangers are likely to share a string of coincidental similarities

The feel-good, do-good phenomenon refers to the fact that when people feel happy they

are more willing to help others

The personalities of adopted children

are not very similar to the personalities of their adoptive parents

A general sense of happiness or life satisfaction is most unrelated to whether people

are young or old

Which theory would be most helpful for explaining why people are motivated to watch horror movies?

arousal theory

Which theory would be most likely to predict that rats are motivated to explore precisely those areas of an experimental maze where they receive mild electric shocks?

arousal theory

Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas is called

assimilation

The process of transforming air pressure waves into neural messages that the brain interprets as meaningful sound is known as

audition

Clinicians diagnose the presence of a personality disorder using ________ of the DSM-IV-TR.

axis II

The earliest stage of speech development is called the ________ stage.

babbling

Which drugs are most likely to be prescribed as tranquilizers?

barbiturates

In one study, both hypnotized and unhypnotized subjects were told to throw acid in a researcher's face. In this experiment, hypnotized people

behaved in the same fashion as unhypnotized individuals

A subliminal message is one that is presented

below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness

Linkage analysis is of greatest interest to those who attempt to explain mood disorders from a ________ perspective.

biological

Dr. Wolski does research on the potential relationship between neurotransmitter deficiencies and mood states. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Wolski's research best represent?

biological psychologist

Treating our mind and body as independent entities seems especially inappropriate to those who take a ________ approach to therapy.

biopsychosocial

Understanding hypnosis in terms of focused attention, distinctive brain activity, and the presence of an authoritative presence in a legitimate context, requires an integrated ________ approach.

biopsychosocial

Which of the following is most clearly supported by research on social attraction?

birds of a feather flock together

The neuroscience perspective in psychology would be most likely to emphasize that behavior is influenced by

blood chemistry

Compared with central route persuasion, peripheral route persuasion tends to

cccur more rapidly

Rabbits fail to learn a conditioned eyeblink response when the function of different pathways in their ________ is surgically disrupted.

cerebellum

One of the major pillars of the positive psychology movement involves the study of

character strengths

According to some scholars, Freud thought that stories of childhood sexual abuse reported by his adult female patients reflected their

childhood sexual wishes

The benefits of brain plasticity are most clearly demonstrated in

children who have had a cerebral hemisphere surgically removed

A learned association between two stimuli is central to

classical conditioning

Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?

classical conditioning

Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate

classical conditioning

As a rock musician who has experienced prolonged exposure to high-amplitude sounds, Rodney is beginning to lose his hearing. It is most likely that this hearing loss involves problems in the Select one:

cochlea

According to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are ________ and ________.

cognitive label; physical arousal

Training people to actively dispute their own self-defeating ideas best illustrates

cognitive therapy

Which therapeutic approach emphasizes that people are often disturbed because of their negative interpretations of events?

cognitive therapy

Compared with females, males use conversation to

communicate solutions

Casandra, who is attractive and likable, has just telephoned Mike and asked him for a date. According to the two-factor theory of emotion, Mike is likely to experience the most intense romantic feelings for Casandra during their phone conversation if he has just

completed a series of aerobic exercises

Compared with deaf children exposed to sign language from birth, those who first learn sign language as teens are less likely to

comprehend grammatical subtleties of sign language.

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people is a(n)

concept

According to Piaget, a person first comprehends that division is the reverse of multiplication during the ________ stage.

concrete operational

In Pavlov's experiments, the sound of the tone triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the sound of a tone was a(n)

conditioned response

Luke suffers from acrophobia, a fear of high places. Luke's therapist suggests that his reaction to heights is a generalization of the fear triggered by a childhood playground accident in which he fell off a jungle gym. The therapist's suggestion highlights the influence of

conditioning

A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment is called a

confounding variable

Automatic processing most clearly occurs without

conscious rehearsal

One of the three major concerns of developmental psychology involves a focus on

continuity and stages

Which research method assesses how well one variable predicts another without demonstrating a cause-effect relationship between the variables?

correlational research

Dr. Vazquez helps people to make career choices by assisting them in identifying their strengths and interests. Dr. Vazquez is most likely a

counseling psychologist

Benny's mother tries to reduce his fear of sailing by giving the 3-year-old his favorite candy as soon as they board the boat. The mother's strategy best illustrates

counterconditioning

Systematic desensitization is a form of ________, which is a type of ________.

counterconditioning; behavior therapy

Convergent thinking is to academic aptitude as divergent thinking is to

creativity

Sensory restriction is much more likely to hinder visual development in early infancy than during other times of life. This suggests that there is a ________ for normal visual development.

critical period

Assessing whether conclusions are warranted by the existing evidence best illustrates

critical thinking

The preservation of historically creative and useful ideas and practices is a benefit most clearly associated with

culture

The body's natural production of endorphins is likely to be

decreased by heroin use and increased by vigorous exercise

Among employed women, the task of raising children is especially likely to be associated with ________ marital satisfaction. The departure of mature children from the home is typically associated with ________ marital satisfaction.

decreasing; increasing

Encoding a written word semantically rather than on the basis of the word's written appearance illustrates a distinction between

deep and shallow processing

Kelly loves to boast about her accomplishments and becomes very upset when anyone criticizes her. Kelly most clearly demonstrates

defensive self-esteem

At 1:00 A.M., Luis gets out of bed and begins to sleepwalk. An EEG of his brain activity is most likely to indicate the presence of

delta waves

Mr. Hunt believes that he is the president of the United States and that he will soon become the "King of the Universe." Mr. Hunt is most clearly suffering from

delusions

A refusal to believe direct and highly credible evidence that your spouse is suffering a terminal illness best illustrates

denial

The roles assigned to women and men

differ widely across cultures

Schizophrenia is most likely to be characterized by

disorganized and fragmented thinking

The claim that hypnotic phenomena occur outside our normal awareness is associated with the theory that hypnosis involves

dissociation

People who become blind usually ________ recover near-normal levels of day-to-day happiness. People who become paralyzed usually ________ recover near-normal levels of day-to-day happiness.

do; do

One biological basis for addiction involves brain activity in the ________ reward system.

dopamine

Tardive dyskinesia is often associated with long-term use of drugs that occupy certain ________ receptor sites.

dopamine

Freud believed that ________ are the "royal road to the unconscious."

dreams

Dr. Genscher believes that most psychological disorders result from chemical imbalances. In her work as a therapist, Dr. Genscher is most likely to make use of

drug therapies

Some antidepressants block the reuptake or breakdown of both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, norepinephrine. These antidepressants are called

dual-action drugs

Physical abilities such as muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output reach their peak during

early adulthood

The heart begins to beat during the ________ period of prenatal development.

embryonic

When Professor McGuire asks her students to answer questions in class, she can quickly tell from their facial expressions whether they are happy to participate. Professor McGuire's perceptual skill best illustrates

emotional intelligence

The inability to remember whose face appears on a five-dollar bill is most likely due to a failure in

encoding

We are unable to consciously attend to most of the sights and sounds that are continually bombarding us. This fact most clearly contributes to

encoding failure

Jason's intensely uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms following heroin use were probably due in part to a reduction in his body's normal production of

endorphins

One's sexual orientation refers to a(n) ________ members of either one's own sex, the other sex, or both sexes.

enduring sexual attraction toward

Basal metabolic rate is the body's resting rate of

energy expenditure

The testing effect refers to the ________ that accompanies repeated retrieval of learned information.

enhanced memory

Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us, is an aspect of our

environment

Lizette's attitude toward other racial groups had always been negative. In her first year of college, she was assigned a roommate from a different racial group. This experience cause her to rethink her prejudicial attitude. This best illustrates the impact of

equal-status norm

In 1998, Viagra was introduced for the treatment of

erectile dysfunction

According to Freud, the dreams of adults can be traced back to

erotic wishes

It has been suggested that baring the teeth is universally associated with the expression of anger because this ability to convey threats has helped humans to survive. This suggestion best illustrates

evolutionary perspective

Whether a person exercises regularly is best predicted by his or her attitude about

exercise

The third phase of the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by

exhaustion

The basic components of emotion are

expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience

Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone

extinction

Researchers have identified brain areas associated with various Big Five traits. A frontal lobe area that is sensitive to reward has been found to be larger among those who are high in

extraversion

Which of the following body parts is associated with the greatest amount of brain tissue in the motor cortex?

face

Male and female students watched film clips that were sad, happy, or frightening. Measures taken during their viewing of films showed that the genders differed the most in their

facial expressions of emotion

Most participants reported feeling more happy than sad after rubberbands secured to the sides of their faces were stretched over the tops of their heads. Their reactions best illustrated

facial feedback effect

Repeatedly saying the word "me" puts people in a better mood than repeatedly saying "you." This best illustrates

facial feedback effect

Leptin is a hunger-dampening hormone secreted by

fat cells

In explaining juvenile delinquency, B. F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized

faulty child-rearing practices

At about 8 months of age, people across the world start to ________ strangers; as adults, they prefer the company of those whose attributes are ________ to their own.

fear; similar

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective is called

fixation

Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes, while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas Michael's is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

fixed ratio; variable-ratio

Elevated levels of stress hormones most clearly contribute to developing

flashbulb memories

People typically experience an increasing sense of confidence and self-esteem

from the teens to midlife

Recalling information and holding it in working memory requires that many brain regions send input to your

frontal lobes

According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from

frustration

Which theory suggests that large-fiber activity in the spinal cord can prevent pain signals from reaching the brain?

gate-control theory

The belief that boys are more independent than girls is a

gender schema

When his mother offered to play leapfrog with him, Jorge protested, "I'm not going to play a girl's game!" Jorge's reaction best illustrates the impact of

gender schemas

Twelve-year-old Migdalia insists on wearing very feminine-looking clothes because she wants to appear ladylike. This best illustrates the influence of

gender-typing

The Eysencks believed that extraversion and emotionality are

genetically influenced

Human language appears to have evolved from

gestured communication

The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through group discussion is called

group polarization

The belief that intelligence is changeable facilitates

growth mind-set

With repeated presentations of a bright red toy, 2-month-old Anita began to respond with less visual attention to the toy. Her decreasing responsiveness best illustrates

habituation

Psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input are called

hallucinogens

Hypnosis involves a state of

heightened openness to suggestion

The risk of coronary heart disease is increased by

high blood pressure

The scientific attitude of humility is most likely to be undermined by

hindsight bias

A good night's sleep improves recall of the previous day's events by facilitating the transfer of memories from the

hippocampus to the cortex

Instead of focusing on unconscious and repressed thoughts and impulses, ________ therapies focus on conscious thoughts and self-perceptions.

humanistic

The divided-consciousness theory of hypnosis receives support from evidence that

hypnotized people can endure pain without experiencing emotional distress

Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing

identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apart

Giving a hungry rat food for pressing a bar before the rat has a chance to engage in other incidental behaviors like running or scratching best illustrates

immediate reinforcement

Positive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding.

increase; increase

A perceived loss of control is associated with ________ epinephrine levels and ________ lymphocyte activity.

increased; decreased

People who regularly sleep less than normal experience a(n) ________ risk of depression and a(n) ________ risk of obesity.

increased; increased

In a psychological experiment, the experimental factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the ________ variable.

independent

The importance of romance in marriage relationships is most strongly emphasized in cultures characterized by

individualism

Dr. Lipka focuses on ways to improve employee job satisfaction and productivity. Dr. Lipka is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.

industrial-organizational

Most 20-year-olds outperform most 70-year-olds on video games due to age-related differences in

information-processing speed

Stress is most likely to speed the progression from HIV to AIDS by

inhibiting the release of lymphocytes.

Psychologists use ________ to assess individuals' mental aptitudes and compare them with those of others.

intelligence tests

The monocular depth cue in which an object blocking another object is perceived as closer is

interposition

An increase in ________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks.

interracial contact

Looking inward and reporting your immediate sensations, images, and feelings is called

introspection

Tardive dyskinesia is characterized by

involuntary muscle movements.

If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates

latent learning

The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of

latent learning

After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates

learned helplessness

Conditioning is the process of

learning associations

A correlation between physical attractiveness and dating frequency of +1.00 would indicate that

less frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness

Claims that adult personality traits are completely determined by childhood experiences are most clearly disputed by the ________ perspective.

life-span

Cognitive-behavioral therapy works, top-down, by changing thought processes. Antidepressant drugs work, bottom-up, on the emotion-forming

limbic system

Which of the following body parts is associated with the greatest amount of brain tissue in the sensory cortex?

lips

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory.

long-term

At some point during the babbling stage, infants begin to

lose their ability to discriminate sounds they never hear

A disorder in which an individual is happy, hyperactive, and wildly optimistic with dangerously poor judgment being common, is known as

mania

During prior school years, Charlie found it easy to get away with cheating on his tests. Now its not so easy so Charlie spends as many hours devising new ways to cheat as it would take him to study and perform well in an honest fashion. Charlie's shortsightedness best illustrates the consequences of

mental set

When cocaine is injected or smoked, it produces a rush of euphoria that lasts less than an hour. But the stimulant drug ________ can trigger eight hours or so of heightened energy and euphoria.

methamphetamine

Which of the following poses the greatest threat to the credibility of children's recollections of sexual abuse?

misinformation effect

Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence "George Eats Old Gray Rats and Paints Houses Yellow" to help him remember the spelling of "geography." Tim is using

mnemonic technique

We tend to feel cheerful around happy people and sad around depressed people. This illustrates

mood linkage

In a study of Welsh pedestrians, women rated a man as ________ if he was pictured at the wheel of an expensive rather than an inexpensive car. Men rated a woman as ________ if she was pictured at the wheel of an expensive rather than an inexpensive car.

more attractive; no more attractive

Compared with women, men are ________ likely to feel comfortable about having casual sex with different partners and ________ likely to cite affection as a reason for their first sexual intercourse.

more; less

A study of phone communication in France indicated that women make ________ phone calls than men and stay connected for a ________ period of time when talking to other women than men do when talking to other men.

more; longer

Compared with men, women are ________ effective in discerning whether a male-female couple is a genuine romantic couple or a posed phony couple. They are ________ effective in discerning which of two people in a photo is the other's supervisor.

more; more

The maternal relatives of homosexual men produce ________ offspring than the maternal relatives of heterosexual men, and male homosexuality is more likely to be transmitted by genes from the ________ side of the family.

more; mother's

By demonstrating both intelligence and grit, highly successful people demonstrate the importance of both ability and

motivation

Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of

natural selection

Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her African-American and Asian-American friends result from biological or cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of

nature and nurture

Which perspective would help us to understand the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?

neuroscience

Endorphins are

neurotransmitters

Social learning theory emphasizes that

observation and imitation play a crucial role in the gender-typing process

Mirror neurons are believed by some scientists to provide a biological basis for

observational learning

Socially responsive toddlers who readily imitate their parents tend to become preschoolers with a strong internalized conscience. This best illustrates the impact of

observational learning

Obsessions are

offensive and unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy a person

Being highly imaginative is most closely related to the Big Five trait dimension of

openness

A token economy represents an application of the principles of

operant conditioning

Migraines are most closely linked with an

oversupply of glutamate

Women are at greater risk of depression than men partially because women are more likely to ________ in response to stressful circumstances.

overthink

Despite being arrested for indecent exposure in a public setting, Max continues to experience the urge to sexually expose himself to unsuspecting strangers. His difficulty best illustrates

paraphilia

British civil service workers in executive positions live longer than those in clerical positions. This best illustrates the value of

perceived control

Intelligence tests are biased in the sense that

performance differences among test-takers reflect their divergent cultural experiences.

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible, enduring, and socially maladaptive behavior patterns are called ________ disorders.

personality

A Harvard School of Public Health research team studied 1306 initially healthy men over a 10-year period. They found that ________ were more than twice as likely as ________ to develop heart disease.

pessimists; optimists

After a small section of his basilar membrane was damaged, Jason experienced a noticeable loss of hearing for high-pitched sounds only. Jason's hearing loss is best explained by the ________ theory.

place

The relief of pain following the taking of an inactive substance that is perceived to have medicinal benefits illustrates

placebo effect

The capacity of a brain area to reorganize in response to damage is known as brain

plasticity

Today's researchers have identified many different chromosomal regions important to intelligence. This indicates that intelligence is

polygenetic

To learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n)

population

Previously learned information often facilitates our learning of new information. This phenomenon is called

positive transfer

Just prior to awakening Chinua from a hypnotic state, the therapist told him that during the next few days he would feel nauseous whenever he reached for a cigarette. Chinua's therapist was attempting to make use of

posthypnotic suggestion

Gender differences in depression are least noticeable among

preadolescent children

According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents ________ morality.

preconventional

Avoiding physical punishment is to ________ morality as respecting the laws of society is to ________ morality.

preconventional; conventional

Which of the following would be the best advice to give parents who are concerned about the frequent aggressive outbursts of their 6-year-old son?

"Make a point of rewarding and praising your son whenever he is socially cooperative and altruistic."

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are the ________ of inappropriate behaviors, and negative symptoms are the ________ of appropriate behaviors.

presence; absence

Watching a TV soap opera involving marital conflict and divorce led Andrea to recall several instances in which her husband had mistreated her. The effect of the TV program on Andrea's recall provides an example of

priming

Accommodation refers to the

process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina

Weather forecasters typically avoid overconfidence when making weather predictions because they

promptly receive clear feedback on their accuracy

Alex learned to babysit and care for young children effectively by observing the many ways his mother carefully nurtured his own younger siblings. This best illustrates the value of observational learning for promoting

prosocial behavior

Which of the following therapists would most likely try to understand an adult's psychological disorder by exploring that person's childhood experiences?

psychoanalyst

Freud believed that certain troubling symptoms could be traced to painful unconscious memories. This led him to suspect that these symptoms resulted from

psychological processes

The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes combine to affect our immune system and health is called

psychoneuroimmunology

The first appearance of secondary sex characteristics is most likely to be associated with the onset of

puberty

Psychologist Jonathan Haidt has described our moral intuitions as

quick gut feelings

The fact that the same individual won the New Jersey lottery on two separate occasions best illustrates

random outcome

Jed wants his roommate Dante to help him study for a physics test. Dante is most likely to want to help after he has

received an A on his psychology test

Which memory test would most effectively reveal that Mr. Quintano, at age 55, still remembers many of his high school classmates?

recognition

Freud emphasized that emotional healing is associated with the

recovery of repressed wishes

Freud would have suggested that an excessive fixation is most likely to contribute to

regression

Brightness constancy is most clearly facilitated by

relative luminance

Gallup surveys indicate that Americans who frequently attend religious services are more likely than those who do not attend religious services to

report that they volunteer helping the poor and infirm

Among contemporary memory researchers, increasing numbers think that ______ rarely, if ever, occurs.

repression

Freud suggested that slips of the tongue illustrate an incomplete

repression

During psychotherapy, Leon would begin to stutter whenever he began discussing personally sensitive thoughts. Sigmund Freud would have been likely to interpret this stuttering as

resistance

Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in

retrieval

During open brain surgery, Adam's left ankle twitched whenever the surgeon electrically stimulated a specific area within Adam's

right frontal lobe

The set of prescribed behaviors associated with a particular social position is best described as a(n)

role

Which theory most clearly suggests that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame when things go wrong?

scapegoat theory

The birth of psychology is often attributed to Wilhelm Wundt because he pioneered the investigation of mental processes using

scientific methods

Providing children with a safe haven in times of stress contributes most directly to

secure attachment

One plausible theory suggests that hypnotic pain relief may result from

selective attention

Our inability to consciously process all the sensory information available to us at any single point in time best illustrates the necessity of

selective attention

In studies of both secondary school and university students, ________ has been a better predictor of school performance than intelligence scores have been.

self-discipline

Janet attributes her good grade on a difficult algebra test to her high level of mathematical skills. This most clearly indicates that she experiences a high level of

self-efficacy

Narcissism refers to feeling

self-important

Narcissism refers to excessive

self-love

We are more likely to recall adjectives if asked how well they describe us than if asked how well they describe someone else. This illustrates

self-reference effect

Hearing a sequence of sounds of different pitches is to ________ as recognizing the sound sequence as a familiar melody is to ________.

sensation; perception

Our weight thermostats are somewhat flexible and are influenced by environmental as well as biological factors. Some researchers have therefore adopted the term

settling point

Research on sex hormones and human sexual behavior indicates that

sexual desire rises slightly at ovulation among women with mates

Passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to disrupt ________ memory.

short-term

People tend to perceive the members of an outgroup as ________ each other and the members of an ingroup as ________ each other.

similar to; different from

In which of the following disorders does the person repeatedly stop breathing while asleep?

sleep apnea

Neural activity that reenacts and promotes recall of prior novel experiences is most closely associated with

slow-wave sleep

Which of the following senses is best described as a chemical sense?

smell

The medical model of psychologically disordered behavior is most likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of

social circumstances and psychological factors.

In promoting therapeutic lifestyle change, Stephen Ilardi and his colleagues note that human brains and bodies were designed for physical activity and

social engagement

An awareness of your distinctive status as an international student in a university far from your homeland best illustrates a sense of

social identity

The classic gate-control theory suggests that pain is experienced when small nerve fibers activate and open a neural gate in the

spinal cord

The knee-jerk reflex is controlled by interneurons in the

spinal cord

Jim, age 55, plays basketball with much younger adults and is concerned that his teammates might consider his age to be a detriment to their game outcome. His concern actually undermines his athletic performance. This best illustrates the impact of

stereotype threat

Although Adderall is a ________ drug, it is commonly used in the treatment of ________.

stimulant; ADHD

A body that can store fat has the advantage of possessing

stored energy

While taking a difficult test, Cindy's muscles tense and her heart pounds. These physiological responses best illustrate

stress reactions

Compared with men, women have ________ immune systems, and they are ________ susceptible to lupus and multiple sclerosis.

stronger; more

The repeated self-harming consumption of a psychoactive drug is an indication of

substance-related disorder

You come home one night to find a burglar in your house. Your heart starts racing and you begin to perspire. These physical reactions are triggered by th

sympathetic nervous system

The inability to recognize familiar faces even though one can clearly see and describe features of the faces is associated with damage to the ________ lobes.

temporal

Gender differences in erotic plasticity are best illustrated by the fact that women

tend to be more changeable than men in sexual orientation

The adaptation-level phenomenon refers to the

tendency for standards or judgment to be heavily influenced by previous experiences

Receptor cells for kinesthesis are located in the

tendons, joints, and muscles

Infant motor development is typically characterized by individual differences in ________ of the major developmental milestones.

the age-related timing but not the sequence

Research on racial and ethnic differences in intelligence indicates that

the average mathematics achievement test scores of Asian students are higher than those of North American students.

When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk, he prepared to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in

the bystander effect

Critics of evolutionary psychology are most likely to suggest that it underestimates the

the impact of cultural expectations on human sexual behavior

According to the text, aggression always involves

the intent to hurt

Cognition refers to

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Double-blind studies enable researchers to assess the extent to which drug therapy outcomes are attributable to

the placebo effect

Gender identity refers to

the sense of being male or female

You are most likely to automatically encode information about

the sequence of your day's events

Just after birth, the cries of newborns bear the intonation of

their mother's native language

Research on the causes of schizophrenia strongly suggests that

there is a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia.

Research on older people has shown that

they become increasingly prone to car accidents

Masters and Johnson identified orgasm as the ________ stage of the sexual response cycle.

third

Jordan experiences delusions of persecution, and irrelevant sights or sounds consistently distract him from things that require his attention. Which of the following drugs is most likely to relieve these distressing symptoms?

thorazine

Research on stressful life events indicates that

those who have been recently widowed, fired, or divorced are more vulnerable to disease

Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between

thought processes and brain functions

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that

to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.

A need to take larger and larger doses of sleeping pills to avoid insomnia indicates

tolerance

The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of

tolerance

Our shifting perceptions of a Necker cube best illustrate the importance of

top-down processing

Gender typing refers to the acquisition of

traditional masculine or feminine role

Pain receptors trigger neural impulses in response to a sprain or a burn. This illustrates

transduction

The conversion of a fresh coffee aroma into neural impulses by olfactory receptor cells best illustrates

transduction

Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as

unconditional positive regard

Social cues are especially likely to influence our behavior in ______ settings, and personality traits are especially likely to influence our behavior in ______ situations.

unfamiliar; informal

People's preferences for sweet tastes are ________, and their preferences for excessively salty tastes are ________.

universal; learned

Immediately after birth, newborns prefer their own mother's voice to that of another woman's voice. This is best explained by the interaction of heredity and environment that takes place inside the

uterus

When Adam observed his sister being scolded after she hit another child, Adam also discontinued hitting other children. This best illustrates the impact of

vicarious punishments

An infant boy was raised as a girl following a botched circumcision. During adolescence, the child ________ boys and ________ the assigned female identity.

wanted no part of kissing; did not accept

Effortful processing most clearly requires

working memory

When most people stare first at a blue circle and then shift their eyes to a white surface, the afterimage of the circle appears

yellow

A human sperm cell contains

23 chromosomes

English words are constructed from about ________ different phonemes.

40

Heritability generally runs about ________ percent or a tad more for each of the Big Five trait dimensions.

50

Five-year-old Benjy has an IQ of 120 on the original version of the Stanford-Binet. His mental age is

6

A famous 12-step program is associated with

AA

To assess whether Mrs. Webster had suffered from a brain injury, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was a

CS

The WAIS was initially created by

David Wechsler

Exhibiting two or more distinct and alternating personalities is a symptom of a(n)

Dissociative Disorder

Which of the following research findings would be consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Distinctly different patterns of brain activity are associated with distinctly different emotions.

Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to

Exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal

The ABC program is an educational program designed to prevent

HIV infections

The ability of newly hatched chicks to perceive depth best serves to support the views of

Immanuel Kant

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by

Ivan Pavlov

Cassandra's mother told her, "You know you are in love when your heart beats fast and you experience that unique trembling feeling inside." This remark best illustrates the ________ theory of emotion.

James-Lange

Arguments as to whether people's behavior is more strongly influenced by temporary external influences or by enduring inner influences best characterize the

Person-Situation controversy

Which of the following individuals is most likely to benefit from Prozac?

Shannon, who feels helpless and apathetic and thinks her life is meaningless and worthless

Psychoanalysis refers to the personality theory and therapeutic practices developed by

Sigmund Freud

The first psychological therapy was introduced by

Sigmund Freud