General Senses

d

Crista ampullaris is to ampulla as macula is to A) scala media B) vestibular complex C) perilymph and endolymph D) utricle and saccule

a

Otosclerosis could be expected to produce which of the following conditions? A) conduction deafness B) sensorineural deafness C) tinnitus D) all of the above

b

Receptors in the walls of blood vessels that respond to discrete changes in gas concentration in the blood are called A) gustatory receptors. B) chemoreceptors. C) thermoreceptors. D) nociceptors.

a

Relative to those on the back, the much smaller ____________ on the tongue allow a person to localize a tactile stimulus in that location with vastly more precision. A) receptive fields B) sensory neurons C) tactile receptors D) both b and c

a

Which set includes only general senses? A) temperature, pain, touch, stretch, and pressure B) pain, pressure, balance, taste, and smell C) vision, hearing, balance, smell, and taste D) equilibrium, vibration, hearing, touch, and vision

c

The tarsal glands secrete A) a high-salt fluid to prevent endolymph from becoming perilymph. B) a low-protein product into the aqueous humor. C) a lipid-rich product that prevents the eyelids from sticking together. D) a mucus-rich product that maintains olfactory cilia moistness.

b

Two layers of smooth muscle in the ____________ allow it to control the diameter of the ____________. A) ciliary body; lens B) iris; pupil C) both of the above D) neither a nor b

b

Unencapsulated, terminal branches of dendrites are called A) lamellated corpuscles. B) free nerve endings. C) organs of Ruffini. D) Krause bulbs.

c

What is the most inclusive name for sensory receptors that detect only changes in stimuli? A) interoceptors B) exteroceptors C) phasic receptors D) tonic receptors

c

What is trachoma? A) increased intraocular pressure that can lead to diminished vision B) a separation of the outer pigmented and inner neural layers of the retina C) a chronic, contagious form of "pink eye" that can cause blindness D) inflammation of the conjunctiva in response to airborne irritants

c

What types of photoreceptor cells are found in the retina? A) amacrine and horizontal cells B) ganglion and bipolar cells C) rods and cones D) all of the above

b

When a phasic receptor undergoes a reduction in sensitivity to a continually applied stimulus, this change is called A) dysphasia B) adaptation C) areflexia D) phasic exhaustion

d

Which brain region interprets incoming visual stimuli at a conscious level? A) cerebellar cortex B) primary sensory cortex of the cerebrum C) lateral geniculate nuclei D) visual cortex of the occipital lobe

b

Which class of receptors can respond to extreme stimulating agents otherwise detected by all the other classes? A) baroreceptors B) nociceptors C) thermoreceptors D) mechanoreceptors

d

Which description is incorrect regarding chemoreceptors? A) detect specific molecules B) may be either interoceptors or exteroceptors C) occur in the mouth, nose, and some blood vessels D) are always visceral sensory receptors

a

Which group includes only tactile receptors? A) lamellated, Ruffini, and tactile corpuscles and Krause bulbs B) free nerve endings, Ruffini corpuscles, and gustatory cells C) tactile discs, olfactory receptor cells, and lamellated corpuscles D) root hair plexuses, cones, tactile discs, and tactile corpuscles

a

Which of the following does not correctly pair a receptor with a stimulus that it detects? A) Krause bulb, deep pressure B) free nerve ending, tissue damage C) tactile disc, texture D) Ruffini corpuscle, skin distortion

b

Which of the following is not a subdivision of the bony labyrinth? A) semicircular canals B) scala media C) cochlea D) vestibule

c

Which of the following is not one of the three layers, or tunics, of the eye? A) fibrous B) vascular C) conjunctiva D) neural

c

Which receptors are most directly involved in regulating both blood pressure and urinary function? A) proprioceptors B) tactile receptors C) baroreceptors D) all of the above

c

Which selection correctly pairs a stimulus with the location of its receptors? A) gravity, crista ampullaris B) linear acceleration, spiral organ C) rotation of the head, cupula D) sound waves, scala tympani

a

Which sensory structure has stereocilia of hair cells embedded in a gelatinous structure called a cupula? A) semicircular duct B) saccule C) cochlear duct D) utricle

d

"Tuning out" background sounds while you study is possible because of a sensory phenomenon called A) paraconsciousness B) selective receptivity C) concentration D) adaptation

b

A structure that detects stimuli is known specifically as a A) sensory neuron B) receptor C) receptive field D) transducer

b

All of the following characterize the tympanic membrane except A) forms a partition between the external and middle ear B) is a tough, flat sheet of fibrous connective tissue C) vibrates when struck by incoming sound waves D) transmits sound wave energy into the middle and inner ear

d

All sensory receptors act as ____________, converting various types of stimuli into ____________. A) tonic receptors; continuous feedback B) nociceptors; perceived pain C) receptive fields; perceptions D) transducers; nerve impulses

c

Although a normal reflex when rapidly oscillating one's head, jerky eye movements when the head is stationary indicate the pathologic condition called A) presbycusis B) tinnitus C) nystagmus D) otitis media

c

An equilibrium disturbance accompanied by vertigo, nausea, and hearing loss (among other symptoms), caused by a buildup of endolymph, is called A) tinnitus B) otosclerosis C) Meniere disease D) otitis externa

a

Aqueous humor is similar to ____________ in its composition as well as in the way it forms and its ultimate return to the venous circulation. A) cerebrospinal fluid B) vitreous humor C) endolymph D) all of the above

b

At rest, tension in the suspensory ligaments of the lens A) is less than that in the elastic capsule of the lens B) flattens the lens, focusing the eye for distant vision C) pulls the lens into a rounded shape, allowing close focus D) none of the above

d

Baroreceptors are a class of mechanoreceptor that respond to A) light touch. B) pain stimuli. C) increase in muscle tension. D) changes in pressure.

a

Collectively, the vestibule and semicircular canals compose an area called the A) vestibular complex B) inner ear C) organ of Corti D) membranous labyrinth

c

Despite their structural uniformity, ____________ facilitate the recognition of at least 10 times as many primary sensations as do gustatory receptors, as well as many thousands of other chemical stimuli. A) rods B) cones C) olfactory neurons D) hair cells

c

Failure of aqueous humor to reach the scleral venous sinus causes ____________, a condition analogous to ____________. A) keratitis; conjunctivitis B) keratitis; macular degeneration C) glaucoma; hydrocephalus D) glaucoma; detached retina

d

Functions of the fibrous tunic of the eye include A) helping focus light on the retina B) protecting and maintaining the shape of the eye C) providing the attachment site for the extrinsic eye muscles D) all of the above

b

Gustatory information conducted by cranial nerves VII and IX first projects to the ____________ in the ____________ before ascending to the hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, and cerebral cortex. A) nucleus cuneatus, medulla oblongata B) nucleus solitarius, medulla oblongata C) substantia nigra, mesencephalon D) mammillary bodies, diencephalon

b

Gustatory information from the tongue is conducted by which cranial nerves? A) facial and hypoglossal B) facial and glossopharyngeal C) trigeminal and hypoglossal D) trigeminal and vagus

a

Housed within the tympanic cavity, the three auditory ossicles are the A) malleus, incus, and stapes B) utricle, saccule, and ampulla C) macula, vestibule, and cochlea D) scala tympani, scala media, and helicotrema

b

In adults, ____________ are one of the few types of neurons that are replaced mitotically. A) bipolar cells of the retina B) olfactory receptor cells C) proprioceptors in joint capsules D) gustatory receptors

b

In terms of chemical composition, perilymph resembles ____________, whereas endolymph is more like ____________. A) intracellular fluid; vitreous humor B) interstitial fluid; cytosol C) mucus; extracellular fluid D) aqueous humor; cerebrospinal fluid

c

Movements of fluid within the ____________ result in the sensations of both hearing and equilibrium. A) external ear B) middle ear C) inner ear D) squamous part of the temporal bone

a

Of the five basic taste sensations, ____________ tastes are caused by metal ions; ____________, by hydrogen ions; and ____________, by amino acids. A) salty; sour; umami B) sour; sweet; bitter C) bitter; sour; sweet D) sweet; umami; salty

d

Of the following, the only structures that cannot be sensory receptors are A) rods and cones B) hair cells C) dendrites D) axons

a

Olfactory receptors are located on A) olfactory hairs B) cell bodies of olfactory receptor cells C) basal cells of the olfactory epithelium D) olfactory bulbs

b

Perceptions triggered by cardiac nociceptors that seem instead to arise along the T1-T5 dermatomes are an example of A) cardiac myopathy B) referred pain C) sensorineural confusion D) phantom pain

d

The photoreceptors that perceive color and sharp vision are A) amacrine cells. B) rods. C) horizontal cells. D) cones.

C

Sensory information of which a person becomes consciously aware is called A) a reflex B) a stimulus C) a sensation D) an impulse

d

Sensory receptors that act continuously are classified as A) exteroceptors B) interoceptors C) phasic receptors D) tonic receptors

a

The partial decussation of optic nerve axons at the optic chiasm causes A) visual input from both eyes to reach the visual cortex in each hemisphere B) a distinct blind spot encircling the optic disc medial to the macula lutea C) inversion of the image before it is relayed to the lateral geniculate nuclei D) dramatically different images to be perceived from the right and left eyes

a

The arrangement of tunics in the eye, from the center of the eye to the periphery, is A) neural, vascular, fibrous. B) vascular, neural, fibrous. C) vascular, fibrous, neural. D) neural, fibrous, vascular.

a

The chemical sense of smell is provided by paired ____________ within the nasal cavity. A) olfactory organs B) sensory hair cells C) olfactory bulbs D) all of the above

d

The fovea centralis of the retina most directly affects one's ability to A) perceive light and dark B) distinguish color C) see fine details D) both b and c

c

The lacrimal glands produce tears for each of the following functions except A) cleansing the eye surface. B) preventing bacterial infection. C) humidifying the eye orbit. D) moistening the eye surface.

d

The least complex of the tactile receptors, called free nerve endings, are A) telodendria of axons B) cell bodies of sensory neurons C) encapsulated tactile receptors D) terminal branches of dendrites

b

The only sensations to reach the cerebral cortex without first processing through the synapses in the thalamus are A) pain. B) olfaction. C) proprioception. D) touch.

b

The two openings in the bony wall between the inner and middle ear are the A) superior and inferior fenestrae B) oval window and round window C) cochlear canal and semicircular foramen D) internal and external apertures of the auditory tube

c

The types of papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue include A) sweet, sour, and salty B) taste buds, taste pores, and taste hairs C) filiform, fungiform, vallate, and foliate D) all of the above

a

The vascular tunic of the eye wall has which of the following regions? A) choroid, ciliary body, and iris B) cornea, sclera, and limbus C) fovea, macula, and optic disc D) lens, vitreous body, and retina

c

Which set includes only receptors that respond to mechanical stimuli? A) tactile corpuscles, lamellated corpuscles, gustatory cells B) tactile discs, Ruffini corpuscles, free nerve endings C) tactile receptors, baroreceptors, proprioceptors D) thermoreceptors, nociceptors, proprioceptors

c

Which set includes only special senses? A) equilibrium, vision, gustation, touch, and audition B) touch, gustation, audition, temperature, and olfaction C) gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, and audition D) audition, equilibrium, vision, touch, and pressure

c

Which statement is true about the scala media (cochlear duct)? A) It is part of the bony labyrinth. B) It is filled with perilymph. C) It contains hair cells that convert sound waves into nerve impulses. D) It contains a spiral organ that rests on a vestibular membrane.

d

Which structures of the inner ear house the maculae? A) saccule and ampulla B) utricle and semicircular canals C) semicircular canals and ampulla D) saccule and utricle

c

Within the cochlea, the receptors known as hair cells are components of the A) ampulla B) macula C) spiral organ D) tectorial membrane

b

Within the thalamus, visual information is processed specifically in the A) optic chiasm B) lateral geniculate nuclei C) superior colliculi D) tectal system

b

____________, or opaque lenses, can make a person functionally blind despite having healthy photoreceptors and visual pathways. A) macular degeneration B) cataracts C) phacoemulsification D) glaucoma