General Senses Chapter 12 Anatomy

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Place in order the structures that light passes through as it enters the eye, starting at the top.

1. cornea 2. aqueous humor 3. lens 4. vitreous humor 5. retina

Which statement accurately describes the tympanic membrane?

A semitransparent membrane at end of the external acoustic meatus.

Within the spiral organ, hair cells have what role?

Hair cells are receptor cells.

How does the ear differentiate between sounds of different frequencies (pitches)?

Hair cells at different locations in the cochlea respond to different pitches.

Pain signals from the viscera feel like they are coming from a different part of the body.

Pain signals from the viscera feel like they are coming from a different part of the body.

What is the immediate result of stimulating a receptor?

The receptor's membrane potential changes.

Choose all true statements about the sensory receptors responsible for the general senses.

They are found throughout the skin. They are associated with the viscera. They are widespread in the body.

What type of stimulation is more likely to produce a sensation of sharp pain in a visceral organ, such as the intestine?

Widespread stimulation, such as when intestinal tissue is stretched.

The ability of the nervous system to become less responsive to a maintained stimulus is called sensory _____

adaptation

Which two groups of neurons in the retina allow information to pass laterally between retinal cells, thereby modifying the pattern of impulses conducted on the fibers of the direct pathway?

amacrine cells horizontal cells

The _________, or________ , tube connects each middle ear to the throat, allowing air to pass between the tympanic cavity and the outside of the body.

auditory eustachian

Which structure helps to equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane?

auditory tube

The refraction of light is the ______ of light rays as they pass from one medium to another.

bending

Where is the oval window located?

between the stapes and inner ear

The inner ear structures are contained within a hollow cavity in the temporal bone, called the ______.

bony labyrinth

Which of the following is true concerning the sense of smell?

chemicals must be dissolved in liquid to be detected

Receptors associated with the senses of smell and taste are classified as

chemoreceptors

What type of receptor responds to changes in the concentration of substances in the fluid around them?

chemoreceptors

Olfactory receptors are a type of receptor called ______ that sense ______.

chemoreceptors; chemicals dissolved in liquid

Light coming into the eye ______ as it passes through the cornea and lens, focusing the image on the retina.

converges

The clear, anterior-most structure of the eye, part of the fibrous tunic, is called the ______

cornea

he optic nerve, as well as the central artery and vein that supply the eye with blood, exit the eye through the optic _______

disc

What is the meaning of the root word tympan- (as in tympanic membrane)

drum

The tympanic membrane is also called the _____

eardrum

Which of these fluids is found within the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear?

endolymph

What is the necessary condition for the normal hearing to occur?

equal air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane

Describe the structures that act as pain receptors.

free nerve endings

The five major groups of neurons in the retina are the photoreceptors, the bipolar neurons, the ____ cells, the horizontal cells, and the _____ cells.

ganglion amacrine

The _______ senses rely on receptors distributed throughout the body (for example in skin and muscles), while the _________ senses rely on specialized receptors found in structures in the head.

general special

Name the receptor cells that are responsible for the sense of hearing.

hair cells

What is the meaning of the root word scler- which is used in the term sclera, a part of the eye?

hard

Vibrations that travel through matter in the form of waves produce sound. The greater the frequency of the waves, the ______ the sound.

higher-pitched

As a person moves from a high altitude to a lower one, air pressure on the outside of the tympanic membrane ______. This change in pressure can affect hearing.

increases

What root word means rainbow?

iris

The cochlea and the semicircular canals are the two parts of the ______.

labyrinth

Which three of the following are classified as accessory organs of the eye?

lacrimal apparatus extrinsic muscles eyelids

Light waves are primarily refracted by the cornea, the _______, and the fluids in the eye chambers before being focused upon the retina.

lens

The posterior cavity is the largest compartment of the eye and is bounded by what three structures?

lens ciliary body retina

The posterior cavity of the eye is a larger space bounded by the ciliary body, the____ , and the____.

lens retina

Sound travels in waves. The higher the waves (the greater the amplitude), the ______ the sound.

louder

Information received by sensory cells is conveyed to the central nervous system in the form of impulses along afferent fibers. In order for this to happen when the receptor cell is not a neuron, its receptor potential ______.

must be transferred to a neuron

What are the characteristics of fast pain fibers?

myelinated, with fast conduction of impulses

Match each class of receptor with its type of stimulus

nociceptors ----> Tissue damage Photoreceptors ----> Light energy Chemoreceptors ---> Specific molecules Thermoreceptors ----> Heat or cold Mechanoreceptors ----> Pressure and movement

What root word means to smell?

olfact-

The retina is continuous with the _____ nerve in the back of the eye. It extends forward as the lining the inner surface of the eyeball ending at the _____ body.

optic ciliary

What area of the retina is lacking photoreceptors and is referred to as the blind spot?

optic disc

The middle ear houses the three auditory ______ which include the malleus, incus, and stapes.

ossicles

As the auditory ossicles vibrate, the stapes push on the ______, which transmits these vibrations to the inner ear.

oval window

The portion of the retina that produces the greatest visual acuity (sharpness of image) is the ______. It is located within a patch of cells posterior to the center of the lens called the ______.

ovea centralis, macula lutea

Enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin are released to modulate the sensation of _____

pain

Tissue damage causes the release of various compounds which, in turn, stimulate ______ receptors.

pain

The interpretation by the brain of incoming sensory impulses is called

perception

The fluid between the bony and the membranous labyrinths is called_____ . The fluid within the membranous labyrinth is called_____ .

perilymph endolymph

The central nervous system receives information about body position and the length and tension of skeletal muscles from mechanoreceptors called_______

proprioceptors

The group of mechanoreceptors called ______ are responsible for informing the CNS about body position and length/tension of skeletal muscles.

proprioceptors

Which of the following receptors does not trigger a sensation?

receptors that measure oxygen levels in the blood

Visceral pain may feel as if it comes from some part of the body other than the part being stimulated. This phenomenon is called _______ pain

referred

The bending of light rays as they pass through objects of different densities is called _______

refraction

The _______ forms the inner, or nervous, the tunic of the eye. It contains photoreceptors.

retina

Which two inner ear structures have a role in the sense of equilibrium?

semicircular canals; vestibule

Golgi tendon organs are proprioceptors that monitor tension in tendons. Each Golgi tendon connects to ______ and is innervated by ______.

several skeletal muscle fibers; a single sensory neuron

Muscle spindles consist of modified ______ enclosed in a connective tissue sheath.

skeletal muscle fibers

Which type of pain fibers are characterized by unmyelinated neurons and are associated with the dull, aching sensation of pain?

slow pain fibers

The special senses include ________, ______hearing and equilibrium, and sight.

smell taste

List the special senses.

smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium, sight

The cochlea of the inner ear is so named because the word cochlea means ______.

snail

The ______ organ (organ of Corti) contains the hearing receptors in the cochlea.

spiral

Name the structure that contains the hearing receptors in the cochlea.

spiral organ

The macula lutea of the retina is so-called because the term macula mean

spot

The hair cells in the spiral organ have extensions called ______, which respond to mechanical stimuli.

stereocilia

A person can experience sharp pain when intestinal tissues are stretched or when a smooth muscle in the intestinal wall undergoes a spasm. What causes the resulting strong pain?

stimulation of mechanoreceptors low tissue oxygen levels due to reduced blood flow release of pain-causing chemicals

What are the sensory organs for taste called?

tate buds

The root word lacri-, as in lacrimal gland, refers to

tears

The ______ membrane is attached to the bony shelf of the cochlea and extends as an overhang above the hair cells in the spiral organ.

tectorial

What root word means heat?

therm-

The ear contains ______.

three sections: outer, middle, and inner

aud-

to hear

Sound waves that enter the external acoustic meatus cause the _________ membrane to vibrate back and forth, reproducing the vibrations of the sound-wave source.

tympanic

the ______ humor is a jelly-like substance located between the lens and the retina of the eyeball.

vitreous

The thermoreceptors in the skin are classified as ______ receptors and _____ receptors

warm cold

When are Golgi tendon organs activated?

when a muscle is stretched almost to its limit

The prefix lut- means

yellow

Which of the following words means eyelid?

palpebra

The vascular tunic of the eye includes the ____ coat, the _____ body, and the iris.

choroid ciliary

The labyrinth of the inner ear contains two distinct parts: the______ and the ____ canals.

cochlea semicircular

When light passes through a convex surface, the light rays bend, resulting in ______ of the light waves.

convergence

What is the simplest type of touch/pressure receptor, located within the epithelium of the skin?

free nerve endings

Match touch and pressure receptors to their locations.

free nerve endings----> Ends of dendrites branch and extend between epithelial cells. Miessner's corpuscles ----> Abundant in hairless areas of skin, such as the lips. Pacinian corpuscles----> Abundant in deeper dermal tissues and connective tissue capsules of joints.

What is the yellow patch of cells in the central region of the retina called?

macula lutea

For all receptors, stimulation of a receptor results in a change in ______

membrane potential

The _________ labyrinth is a tube that lies within a cavity called the ________ labyrinth.

membranous osseous

The _________ ear, also called the tympanic cavity, is an air-filled space that houses the three auditory ossicles.

middle

The choroid coat, the ciliary body, and the iris are all parts of the ______ tunic of the eyeball.

middle

what is the effect of stimulating a variety of hair cells simultaneously?

multiple tones are heard

Receptors for _____ can be stimulated by different types of stimuli such as mechanical damage, extreme changes in temperature, chemical stimulation, or ischemia (disrupted blood flow).

pain

While viscera have several types of receptors, the only receptors that provide sensations are _______ receptors

pain

Which type of receptor adapts very little, if at all?

pain receptor

______ protects the body because they are stimulated when there is tissue damage, thereby promoting a response that may prevent further damage.

pain receptors

Receptors for the ______ senses are specialized and are confined to structures in the head such as the eyes and ears.

special

A proprioceptor called a muscle _______ consists of a group of modified skeletal muscle fibers, called _______ fibers, enclosed in a connective tissue sheath.

spindle intrafusal


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