General Senses Chapter 12 Anatomy
Place in order the structures that light passes through as it enters the eye, starting at the top.
1. cornea 2. aqueous humor 3. lens 4. vitreous humor 5. retina
Which statement accurately describes the tympanic membrane?
A semitransparent membrane at end of the external acoustic meatus.
Within the spiral organ, hair cells have what role?
Hair cells are receptor cells.
How does the ear differentiate between sounds of different frequencies (pitches)?
Hair cells at different locations in the cochlea respond to different pitches.
Pain signals from the viscera feel like they are coming from a different part of the body.
Pain signals from the viscera feel like they are coming from a different part of the body.
What is the immediate result of stimulating a receptor?
The receptor's membrane potential changes.
Choose all true statements about the sensory receptors responsible for the general senses.
They are found throughout the skin. They are associated with the viscera. They are widespread in the body.
What type of stimulation is more likely to produce a sensation of sharp pain in a visceral organ, such as the intestine?
Widespread stimulation, such as when intestinal tissue is stretched.
The ability of the nervous system to become less responsive to a maintained stimulus is called sensory _____
adaptation
Which two groups of neurons in the retina allow information to pass laterally between retinal cells, thereby modifying the pattern of impulses conducted on the fibers of the direct pathway?
amacrine cells horizontal cells
The _________, or________ , tube connects each middle ear to the throat, allowing air to pass between the tympanic cavity and the outside of the body.
auditory eustachian
Which structure helps to equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane?
auditory tube
The refraction of light is the ______ of light rays as they pass from one medium to another.
bending
Where is the oval window located?
between the stapes and inner ear
The inner ear structures are contained within a hollow cavity in the temporal bone, called the ______.
bony labyrinth
Which of the following is true concerning the sense of smell?
chemicals must be dissolved in liquid to be detected
Receptors associated with the senses of smell and taste are classified as
chemoreceptors
What type of receptor responds to changes in the concentration of substances in the fluid around them?
chemoreceptors
Olfactory receptors are a type of receptor called ______ that sense ______.
chemoreceptors; chemicals dissolved in liquid
Light coming into the eye ______ as it passes through the cornea and lens, focusing the image on the retina.
converges
The clear, anterior-most structure of the eye, part of the fibrous tunic, is called the ______
cornea
he optic nerve, as well as the central artery and vein that supply the eye with blood, exit the eye through the optic _______
disc
What is the meaning of the root word tympan- (as in tympanic membrane)
drum
The tympanic membrane is also called the _____
eardrum
Which of these fluids is found within the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear?
endolymph
What is the necessary condition for the normal hearing to occur?
equal air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane
Describe the structures that act as pain receptors.
free nerve endings
The five major groups of neurons in the retina are the photoreceptors, the bipolar neurons, the ____ cells, the horizontal cells, and the _____ cells.
ganglion amacrine
The _______ senses rely on receptors distributed throughout the body (for example in skin and muscles), while the _________ senses rely on specialized receptors found in structures in the head.
general special
Name the receptor cells that are responsible for the sense of hearing.
hair cells
What is the meaning of the root word scler- which is used in the term sclera, a part of the eye?
hard
Vibrations that travel through matter in the form of waves produce sound. The greater the frequency of the waves, the ______ the sound.
higher-pitched
As a person moves from a high altitude to a lower one, air pressure on the outside of the tympanic membrane ______. This change in pressure can affect hearing.
increases
What root word means rainbow?
iris
The cochlea and the semicircular canals are the two parts of the ______.
labyrinth
Which three of the following are classified as accessory organs of the eye?
lacrimal apparatus extrinsic muscles eyelids
Light waves are primarily refracted by the cornea, the _______, and the fluids in the eye chambers before being focused upon the retina.
lens
The posterior cavity is the largest compartment of the eye and is bounded by what three structures?
lens ciliary body retina
The posterior cavity of the eye is a larger space bounded by the ciliary body, the____ , and the____.
lens retina
Sound travels in waves. The higher the waves (the greater the amplitude), the ______ the sound.
louder
Information received by sensory cells is conveyed to the central nervous system in the form of impulses along afferent fibers. In order for this to happen when the receptor cell is not a neuron, its receptor potential ______.
must be transferred to a neuron
What are the characteristics of fast pain fibers?
myelinated, with fast conduction of impulses
Match each class of receptor with its type of stimulus
nociceptors ----> Tissue damage Photoreceptors ----> Light energy Chemoreceptors ---> Specific molecules Thermoreceptors ----> Heat or cold Mechanoreceptors ----> Pressure and movement
What root word means to smell?
olfact-
The retina is continuous with the _____ nerve in the back of the eye. It extends forward as the lining the inner surface of the eyeball ending at the _____ body.
optic ciliary
What area of the retina is lacking photoreceptors and is referred to as the blind spot?
optic disc
The middle ear houses the three auditory ______ which include the malleus, incus, and stapes.
ossicles
As the auditory ossicles vibrate, the stapes push on the ______, which transmits these vibrations to the inner ear.
oval window
The portion of the retina that produces the greatest visual acuity (sharpness of image) is the ______. It is located within a patch of cells posterior to the center of the lens called the ______.
ovea centralis, macula lutea
Enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin are released to modulate the sensation of _____
pain
Tissue damage causes the release of various compounds which, in turn, stimulate ______ receptors.
pain
The interpretation by the brain of incoming sensory impulses is called
perception
The fluid between the bony and the membranous labyrinths is called_____ . The fluid within the membranous labyrinth is called_____ .
perilymph endolymph
The central nervous system receives information about body position and the length and tension of skeletal muscles from mechanoreceptors called_______
proprioceptors
The group of mechanoreceptors called ______ are responsible for informing the CNS about body position and length/tension of skeletal muscles.
proprioceptors
Which of the following receptors does not trigger a sensation?
receptors that measure oxygen levels in the blood
Visceral pain may feel as if it comes from some part of the body other than the part being stimulated. This phenomenon is called _______ pain
referred
The bending of light rays as they pass through objects of different densities is called _______
refraction
The _______ forms the inner, or nervous, the tunic of the eye. It contains photoreceptors.
retina
Which two inner ear structures have a role in the sense of equilibrium?
semicircular canals; vestibule
Golgi tendon organs are proprioceptors that monitor tension in tendons. Each Golgi tendon connects to ______ and is innervated by ______.
several skeletal muscle fibers; a single sensory neuron
Muscle spindles consist of modified ______ enclosed in a connective tissue sheath.
skeletal muscle fibers
Which type of pain fibers are characterized by unmyelinated neurons and are associated with the dull, aching sensation of pain?
slow pain fibers
The special senses include ________, ______hearing and equilibrium, and sight.
smell taste
List the special senses.
smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium, sight
The cochlea of the inner ear is so named because the word cochlea means ______.
snail
The ______ organ (organ of Corti) contains the hearing receptors in the cochlea.
spiral
Name the structure that contains the hearing receptors in the cochlea.
spiral organ
The macula lutea of the retina is so-called because the term macula mean
spot
The hair cells in the spiral organ have extensions called ______, which respond to mechanical stimuli.
stereocilia
A person can experience sharp pain when intestinal tissues are stretched or when a smooth muscle in the intestinal wall undergoes a spasm. What causes the resulting strong pain?
stimulation of mechanoreceptors low tissue oxygen levels due to reduced blood flow release of pain-causing chemicals
What are the sensory organs for taste called?
tate buds
The root word lacri-, as in lacrimal gland, refers to
tears
The ______ membrane is attached to the bony shelf of the cochlea and extends as an overhang above the hair cells in the spiral organ.
tectorial
What root word means heat?
therm-
The ear contains ______.
three sections: outer, middle, and inner
aud-
to hear
Sound waves that enter the external acoustic meatus cause the _________ membrane to vibrate back and forth, reproducing the vibrations of the sound-wave source.
tympanic
the ______ humor is a jelly-like substance located between the lens and the retina of the eyeball.
vitreous
The thermoreceptors in the skin are classified as ______ receptors and _____ receptors
warm cold
When are Golgi tendon organs activated?
when a muscle is stretched almost to its limit
The prefix lut- means
yellow
Which of the following words means eyelid?
palpebra
The vascular tunic of the eye includes the ____ coat, the _____ body, and the iris.
choroid ciliary
The labyrinth of the inner ear contains two distinct parts: the______ and the ____ canals.
cochlea semicircular
When light passes through a convex surface, the light rays bend, resulting in ______ of the light waves.
convergence
What is the simplest type of touch/pressure receptor, located within the epithelium of the skin?
free nerve endings
Match touch and pressure receptors to their locations.
free nerve endings----> Ends of dendrites branch and extend between epithelial cells. Miessner's corpuscles ----> Abundant in hairless areas of skin, such as the lips. Pacinian corpuscles----> Abundant in deeper dermal tissues and connective tissue capsules of joints.
What is the yellow patch of cells in the central region of the retina called?
macula lutea
For all receptors, stimulation of a receptor results in a change in ______
membrane potential
The _________ labyrinth is a tube that lies within a cavity called the ________ labyrinth.
membranous osseous
The _________ ear, also called the tympanic cavity, is an air-filled space that houses the three auditory ossicles.
middle
The choroid coat, the ciliary body, and the iris are all parts of the ______ tunic of the eyeball.
middle
what is the effect of stimulating a variety of hair cells simultaneously?
multiple tones are heard
Receptors for _____ can be stimulated by different types of stimuli such as mechanical damage, extreme changes in temperature, chemical stimulation, or ischemia (disrupted blood flow).
pain
While viscera have several types of receptors, the only receptors that provide sensations are _______ receptors
pain
Which type of receptor adapts very little, if at all?
pain receptor
______ protects the body because they are stimulated when there is tissue damage, thereby promoting a response that may prevent further damage.
pain receptors
Receptors for the ______ senses are specialized and are confined to structures in the head such as the eyes and ears.
special
A proprioceptor called a muscle _______ consists of a group of modified skeletal muscle fibers, called _______ fibers, enclosed in a connective tissue sheath.
spindle intrafusal
