Genetics Ch 21

How many different types of chromosomes make up the nuclear genome of a human female?

23

Which of the following technological advances have made high-throughput sequencing possible?

Automation of various steps in the sequencing procedure Parallel sequencing of multiple samples at once

The approach that uses information from genome projects to understand genetic variation among different populations is called ___ genomics.

Comparative

What was the source of DNA for the Human Genome Project?

DNA from several anonymous volunteers

True or false: Molecular markers exist in only one form within a given population.

False; Molecular markers are useful because they are polymorphic, which means they vary from one individual to another within the same population.

True or false: The Human Genome Project used DNA from a single individual to obtain the human genome sequence.

False; The human DNA that was used for the Human Genome Project came from several volunteers who remained anonymous.

One of the technological innovations that has made high-throughput sequencing possible is the ability to automate the reading of a DNA sequencing when ___ labeled nucleotides are used in the DNA sequencing reaction.

Fluorescence

The study of the interactions of many genes and the ways that the components of a genome interact to produce an organism's traits is called ___ genomics.

Functional

Identifying and localizing millions of genetic markers was an important procedure for the Human Genome Project's goal of obtaining a genetic ___ map of the human genome.

Linkage

In addition to the nucleus, where is genomic information stored in a human cell?

Mitochondria

In addition to the human genome, the genomes of Escherichia coli, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Mus musculus were sequenced as part of the Human Genome Project. These species were selected for genome sequencing because they are ___ organisms used for scientific research.

Model

Which type of molecular marker does NOT vary in size between individuals?

SNP

What is high-throughput sequencing?

The ability to rapidly sequence large amounts of DNA

What is metagenomics?

The study of a complex mixture of genetic material from an environmental sample

True or false: The Human Genome project developed tools to enable scientists to access and interpret data from the genome project.

True; One of the goals of the Human Genome Project was to develop technology to manage genome information. As part of this goal, the project developed tools for accessing and interpreting genomic data.

The complete sequencing of the approximately 3 billion bp that make up the human genome was

accomplished in several drafts and published in 2006.

Developing technology for the management of human genome information was one of the goals of the Human Genome Project. To meet this goal, the Human Genome project developed

analytical tools for interpreting genome information.

The ability to rapidly sequence large amounts of DNA is called ___-___ sequencing.

high-throughput

One of the goals of the Human Genome Project was to obtain a genetic linkage map of the human genome. This was accomplished by

identifying millions of genetic markers and their locations on chromosomes.

One of the ethical and legal issues that has been identified as a result of the Human Genome Project is whether

individuals have a right to privacy regarding genetic information.

A collection of genes from an environmental sample is called a

metagenome.

The sequencing method that monitors DNA synthesis in real time is called

sequencing by synthesis.

Which of the following model organisms had their genomes sequenced as part of the Human Genome Project?

Escherichia coli, bachillus subtilis, drosophila melanogaster, caenorhabditis elegans, arabidopsis thaliana, and mus musculus

How is genome sequencing likely to improve our understanding of human disease?

It may lead to the identification of human genes involved in disease. It can provide information about genes found in pathogens that infect humans.

Molecular markers that vary from individual to individual within a population are said to be

Polymorphic

Why are microbes that live in water, soil, and the human intestinal tract difficult to study in the laboratory?

They are difficult to culture. It is difficult for scientists to determine the growth requirements for these cells.

What is the goal of a genome-sequencing project?

To determine the DNA sequence of the entire genome of a given species

Why have agriculturally important species been selected for genome sequencing?

Understanding their genomes may aid in the development of new strains with improved traits.

In techniques described as sequencing by synthesis, nucleotides incorporated into the DNA strand being sequenced are identified

as they are added to the growing DNA strand.

Molecular markers can be used to identify the location of a disease-causing gene because they

may be located close to a disease-causing gene.

The methods for DNA sequencing that have largely replaced the Sanger dideoxy method are collectively referred to as ___ - generation sequencing technologies.

next

A DNA sequencing method that can process thousands of sequence reads in parallel and can use uncloned DNA for sequencing is best described as

next-generation sequencing.

The total genetic composition of an organism or species is the

Genome

A research endeavor with the goal of determining the sequence of DNA bases in an organism's entire genome is called a(n) ___-___ project.

Genome-sequencing

The field of study in which the entire genome of a species is analyzed is called

Genomics

During pyrosequencing, the release of pyrophosphate after addition of a nucleotide is monitored through a series of chemical reactions. In the first reaction, pyrophosphate and adenosine 5' phosphosulfate are the substrates for ATP synthesis by the enzyme ATP sulfurylase. The ATP produced in this reaction is combined with luciferin by the enzyme ___ to produce ___.

Luciferase; light

A segment of DNA that is located at a specific site along a chromosome and that has properties that allow it to be uniquely identified using molecular tools is called a(n) ___ marker.

Molecular

One of the benefits of sequencing the human genome is that it will make it easier to identify genes that cause disease when they are ___.

Mutated

Match each type of molecular marker to its description.

RFLP- Site genome where distance between two restriction sites vary AFLP- Amplified via PCR SNP- Site in genome where single nucleotide is polymorphic among different individuals STS- Describe any molecular marker Microsatellite- Site with repeated short sequences

What outcomes have already resulted from the Human Genome Project?

Sequence data for the 22 human autosomes Sequence data for the human X and Y chromosomes Improvements in software for accessing and analyzing sequence data Improved DNA sequencing technology Improvements in cloning technology

The genomes of certain agriculturally important species have been sequenced. The purpose of selecting these species for sequencing is that knowledge of their genomes may lead to

development of plant species with improved traits. development of new strains of livestock.

Many microorganisms that live in soil, water, and the human intestinal tract are difficult to study because

they may require the presence of a complex microbial community. researchers may not understand their growth requirements.

The first draft of the human genome was published in the year ___, and completed maps and sequences of all human chromosomes were published by the year ___.

2001; 2006

In pyrosequencing, the incorporation of a nucleotide into a growing DNA strand is monitored by measuring the release of

PPi

True or false: Molecular genetic technology such as gene cloning, contig construction, and DNA sequencing have been improved as a direct result of the efforts of the Human Genome Project.

True; One of the goals of the Human Genome Project was to develop technological advances in genetic methodology. All of the techniques listed here have been improved as a direct result of the Human Genome Project.

If a geneticist states that a polymorphic marker is linked to a disease-causing allele, he or she means that the marker

is close to the disease-causing allele.

The association of a molecular marker that is transmitted along with a genetic disease in a family pedigree indicates that the molecular marker

is likely to be close to the gene that causes the disease.

The Human Genome Project had a stated goal of developing programs focused on understanding and addressing the ethical, legal, and social implications of the Human Genome Project. An example of a genetic issue is the possibility that an individual who carries a deleterious allele could be discriminated against by a(n)

medical insurance company.