Genetics Exam 4

open reading frame

A region of a nucleotide sequence that does not contain any stop codons is called

Which of the following accurately describes the genetic change(s) leading to malignancy?

A series of successive gene changes occurs, involving oncogene activation and inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes.

conserved site

A site within a polypeptide that is identical across multiple species is called a

What is the inheritance pattern for a trait that occurs with the same frequency in both sexes and two affected heterozygous individuals have, on average, 25% unaffected offspring?

Autosomal dominant

evolution

Changes in heritable characteristics of a population or species over time is called

Which mechanism accounts for the conversion of c-myc to an oncogene for lymphomas occurring in birds?

DNA from the avian leukosis virus integrates next to the chromosomal c-myc gene and increases its level of transcription.

A cell is more likely to accumulate cancer-causing mutations if it loses the activity of ______.

DNA repair enzymes

Which represent outcomes of using the RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) method?

Genes that are expressed in a specific cell type can be identified. Patterns of RNA splicing found in a particular cell type can be determined.

An examination of the genomes of many different individuals to determine if a specific genetic variant is associated with a human disease is called

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)

synteny groups

Groups of genes that are linked in the chromosomes of two or more different species

What is the function of a checkpoint protein?

Monitors the state of the cell and stops progression through the cell cycle if damage is detected

paralogs

Multiple homologous genes within a single species are known as

For the inherited tendency to develop retinoblastoma in the first few years of life, which correctly describes inactivation of the rb tumor-suppressor alleles by the "two-hit" model?

One allele is inactivated prior to birth, the other becomes inactivated early in life.

In which two ways have tumor-suppressor genes been shown to act within cells?

Regulating the rate of cell division and maintaining genomic integrity

homology

Similarities among various species that occur because the species are derived from a common ancestor

Which change from proto-oncogene to oncogene occurred by a missense mutation?

Substitution of valine for glycine at position 12 in the amino acid sequence of the rasH protein

high-throughput sequencing

The ability to rapidly sequence large amounts of DNA

transcriptome

The set of all RNA molecules that are transcribed in one cell or a population of cells

What is the goal of a genome-sequencing project?

To determine the DNA sequence of the entire genome of a given species

goal of functional genomics?

To understand the roles of genetic sequences in a given species

What is the normal role of Rb protein during the process of cell division?

Unphosphorylated Rb protein prevents progress through the cell cycle by binding to transcription factor E2F.

What is the inheritance pattern for a trait that more commonly affects males than females and which will occur in about 50% of the sons born to the unaffected daughter of an affected male?

X-linked recessive

To prevent cells with damaged DNA from dividing, the tumor-suppressor protein p53 can ______.

activate genes involved with DNA repair stimulate the expression of the p21 gene to inhibit the G1 to S transition of the cell cycle initiate apoptosis

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a technique that is used to ______.

analyze DNA-protein interactions

Two bacteria are likely to have similar DNA sequences if they ______.

are evolutionarily closely related to one another

What is the inheritance pattern when the trait occurs with the same frequency in both sexes and two unaffected heterozygotes have, on average, 25% affected children?

autosomal recessive

In the RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) method, next generation sequencing is used to find the order of nucleotides in ______.

cDNAs produced from RNAs

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)

can determine if proteins can bind to a particular region of DNA

A malignant tumor ______.

can invade nearby healthy tissue has cells with cancerous mutations leading to uncontrolled growth can form secondary tumors after spreading to other locations

molecular evolution

changes in the genetic material and proteins that underlie the change in characteristics of an organism.

The formation of activated cyclin-CDK complexes is regulated by ______.

checkpoint proteins

The purpose of the HapMap project is to ______.

collect and organize information about human genetic variation

can be designed to take a DNA sequence and translate it into an amino acid sequence?

computer program

consists of a defined series of operations that can manipulate and analyze data in a desired way.

computer program

In chromatin immunoprecipitation, formaldehyde serves to ______.

cross-link the protein to the DNA

Homologous genes

derived from the same ancestral gene and so have similar sequences

phylogenetic tree portrays

evolutionary relationships among different species

True or false: A genetic disease is spread to individuals sharing similar environmental situations.

false

A single individual who first had a disease-causing allele is called a

founder

Which types of genetic changes can convert a proto-oncogene to an oncogene?

gene amplification viral integration chromosomal translocation missense mutation

Gene families arise via ______.

gene duplications followed by sequence divergence

produced by multiple gene duplications, which are followed by the accumulation of mutations.

gene families

Organisms that have a close evolutionary relationship tend to have ______.

genes with similar DNA sequences

The linkage of alleles or molecular markers along a single chromosome is called a ______.

haplotype

An association between a disease-causing allele and nearby molecular markers can be established because ______.

haplotypes do not usually change from generation to generation

A cancer cell is a cell that ______.

has accumulated genetic changes that allow it to grow uncontrollably

orthologs

homologous genes in different species

A cancer-causing change occurs when a tumor-suppressor gene is ______.

inactivated

grows into the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor

invasive cancer cells

The disease hemophilia is caused by a deficiency in any one of three blood clotting factors. Two of these factors are encoded by genes on the X chromosome and the other clotting factor gene is located on an autosome. Since mutations in more than one gene can cause hemophilia, this represents ______.

locus heterogeneity

When cancer cells migrate to other parts of the body and cause secondary tumors, they are described as ______.

metastatic

Simple Mendelian inheritance is a pattern observed when a human disorder is caused by ______.

mutation in a single gene

An oncogene is formed when a proto-oncogene gains a ______.

mutation that causes its expression to be abnormally active

A mutant gene that is overexpressed and contributes to cancerous growth is called a(n) ______.

oncogenes

Cancerous growths are clonal in origin because cancer cells ______.

originate from a single cell that has accumulated genetic changes during cell division

By the action of tumor suppressor protein p53, which gene shows increased expression to slow progress through the cell cycle and provide time for DNA repair?

p21

Which gene plays a significant role in detecting DNA damage in a cell?

p53

gene prediction

process of identifying regions of genomic DNA that encode genes

oncogenes

promote cancer by increasing transcription of genes that regulate cell division.

A normal, nonmutated gene that has the potential to become an oncogene is called a

proto-oncogene

Genome-sequencing projects benefit scientists because they ______.

provide information about a species' genes make it easier to clone and characterize genes

In pyrosequencing, the incorporation of a nucleotide into a growing DNA strand is monitored by measuring the release of ______.

pyrophosphate (PPi)

Tumor-suppressor genes whose normal gene products negatively regulate cell division are ______.

rb p16

The binding of a specific cyclin and cyclin-dependent protein kinase forms an activated protein complex that ______.

regulates a cell's progress through the cell cycle

genome sequencing projects

research endeavor with the goal of determining the sequence of DNA bases in an organism's entire genome

RNA-Seq is a method used to ______.

sequence complementary DNAs derived from RNAs

A growth factor is a ______.

signaling molecule that can stimulate cells throughout the organism's body to divide

How many reading frames are possible in a cloned DNA fragment?

six, 3 forward and 3 reverse

The region of the p53 protein that corresponds to its main function is the ______ domain.

transcriptional activation

True or false: Conserved sites within a polypeptide are more likely to be functionally important than non-conserved sites.

true

A loss-of-function mutation in a __________ - _________ gene can allow cancerous growth to occur.

tumor suppressor

A gene family is comprised of ______.

two or more paralogs within the genome of a single species

homologous genes

when two or more genes are found to be derived from a common ancestor gene, they are referred to as