genetics lesson 21

bacterium that infects plant cells

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a ?

knockout, diseases

Because humans share many genes with mice, gene _____ research can be very useful in the study of human _______.

3

Considering a diploid cell, how many copies of a gene would be present immediately following gene addition (assume the cell has not progressed through the cell cycle(?

biotransformation

During bioremediation via microorganisms, enzymes produced by a microorganism modify a toxic pollutant by altering or transforming its structure, this event is called?

pluripotent

Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) are?

therapy

Gene ______ is the introduction of cloned genes into somatic cells to treat disease,

gene overexpression

Gene knockins are used to study the effects of?

how the loss of normal gene function affects an organism

Gene knockout allows researchers to study?

multipotent

Hematopoietic stem cells populate blood and lymphoid tissues and are?

mutant gene is lethal in the homozygous state

Homozygous strains for a gene knockout cannot be produced if?

the embryonic cells can mix with the blastocyst cells

How are chimeras created?

injected blastocysts are reimplanted into the uterus of a female mouse and allowed to develop

How are the chimeras identified?

transgenic organism

If an organism has *received* *genetic* *material* from a *different* species it is called?

electroporation

In what is an electrical current used to create temporary pores in the plasma membrane?

biodegradation

In which the toxic pollutant is degraded, yielding less complex, nontoxic metabolites.

biolistic gene transfer

In which type of transfer are plant cells bombarded with high-velocity microprojectiles coated with DNA. When fired on by this gene gun the microprojectiles penetrate the cell wall and membrane, thereby entering the plant cell. the cells take up the DNA are identified with a selectable marker and regenerated into new plants?

production of medically important proteins in the mammary glands of livestock the manufacture of medical products in agricultural plants

Molecular pharming can refer to?

Protoplasts

Plant cells with their cell walls removed.

single cell type, the sperm

Primordial germ cells in the testis are unipotent and only differentiate into a?

microinjection, biolistic gene transfer, protoplasts, bacterial infection, electroporation

Select methods to introduce genes into plant cells?

biodegradable plastics, antibodies, medicine, vaccines

Select products that are generated in transgenic plants?

human cadavers, pig pancreas, cow pancreas

Select sources of insulin used to treat insulin-dependent diabetes prior to the advent of genetically engineered human insulin?

control of plant diseases, insect pests and weeds, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, prevention of frost formation

Select the common uses of microorganisms that fall under the application category of biological control?

drugs, embryonic stem cells, blastocysts, homologous recombination

Select the factors or events that are involved in successfully producing a mouse with a gene.

heart disease, inherited disorders, obesity, cancer, diabetes

Select the research areas in which knockout mice have been useful?

totipotent

Somatic plant cells are _, which means they are capable of developing into an entire organism?

glyphosate, weeds

The Monsanto company has produced transgenic plant strains tolerant of ______, which is a herbicide. the herbicide then kills ____ but not the crop of interest.

prior to uterine implantation

The blastocyst is the stage of embryonic development?

embryonic stem cells

The early mammalian embryo contains _____ ___ ____, which are found in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst.

gene addition

The jelly fish gene for GFP was inserted into the zebrafish genome by?

pharming

The production of medically important proteins in the mammary glands of livestock is called molecular ______.

bioremediation

The term that means the use of living organisms or their products to decrease pollutants in the environment is _______.

biological control

The use of living organisms or their products to alleviate plant diseases is called ____ ____.

ex vivo approach

This method is called an __ ____ ______ because the genetic manipulations occur outside the body, and the products are reintroduced into the body.

promoter, oocyte

To express human proteins in milk, the gene of interest to a milk-specific ____ and the DNA is then injected into an ____.

false

True or false: All biotransformation results in biodegradation.

false

True or false: reproductive cloning can only occur as a result of laboratory manipulations?

cartilage

Using stem cells to repair joints damaged by injury or arthritis would be useful in what tissue type?

the capacity to divide, ability to differentiate into one or more specialized cell types

What are the two common characteristics that stem cells use to replenish worn-out or damaged cells?

stem cells

What component of bone marrow is useful to patients with certain types of cancers?

differentiate into *almost* every cell type of the body

What does pluripotent mean?

Genetically modified organisms

What have received genetic material via recombinant NDA technology?

microinjection

What involves the use of microscopic sized needles.

Chimera

What is an organism that contains cells from two different individuals?

introduction of cloned genes into living cells to treat disease

What is gene therapy?

genetic material

What is introduced into animals or plants to create a genetically modified organism?

biodegradation

What is often the results of biotransformation?

Biotechnology

What is the application of technologies that involve the use of living organisms, or products from living organisms, for the development of products that benefits.

transgenic organism

What is the term for an organism that has received genetic material from a different species?

reproductive cloning

What refers to methods that produce two or more genetically identical individuals?

stem cells

What supply the cells that construct our bodies from a fertilized egg?

inherited diseases involving a single gene abnormality

What type of human diseases are the most straightforward targets for gene therapy?

replacement

When a clone gene replaces the normal gene within the chromosome this is called gene ____.

differentiate or undifferentiated

When a stem cell divides, daughter cells can ______ into a specialized cell type or remain an_____ stem cell.

biological control

Which term refers to the use of living organisms or their product to alleviate plant diseases and pests.

bioremediation

Which term refers to the use of living organisms or their products to decrease pollutants in the environment?

multipotent

Which type of stem cell can differentiate into several cell types, but far fewer than an ES cell?

biotransformation

A bioremediation process called _______ occurs when enzymes produced by microorganisms modify a toxic pollutant by altering or transforming its structure

addition

A cloned gene becoming integrated into the genome by nonhomologous recombination is called gene _____.

gene addition

A cloned gene may be introduced into a cell and become integrated into the genome by nonhomologous recombination in a process known as ?

gene knockout

If a cloned gene has been rendered inactive by mutation and replaces the normal gene, researchers can study how the loss of normal gene function affects the organism?

gene replacement

If the genome of the host cell carries the same type of gene and if the cloned gene is swapped with the normal chromosomal gene by homologous recombination, then the cloned gene will replace the normal gene within the chromosome.

totipotent

A fertilized eggs is considered ______, because it can give rise to all of the cell types in the adult organism?

knockin, addition

A gene _____ is a gene _____ in which a gene of interest has been added to a particular site in the mouse genome.

transgene

A gene from one species that is introduced into another species is called a?

gene knockin

A gene of interest is inserted into a particular site in the mouse genome?

molecular pharming

A novel avenue of research involves the production of medically important proteins in the mammary glands of livestock?

produce an entire, intact individual

A single ES cell has lost the ability to?

mouse model

A strain of mice engineered to carry a mutation that is analogous to a mutation in a human gene is termed a?

worn-out or damaged cells

In adults, stem cells also replenish?

living organisms, by-products of living organisms

In biotechnology, what is used to benefit humans?