EXAM 2: 11/6

aids

The late stages of HIV infection, when body's immune system is badly damaged

Gp41 function

allows entry

what is standard treatment for HIV

3 drug treatment (HAART)

What are some ways our immune system falls apart

CD4+ T cells with gp120 on surface are target by abs (ADCC), CD4+ T cells with HIV peptide in MHC Class I targeted by CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells decrease MHC class I and become susceptible to NK cells, and CD4+ T cells killed by the viral lytic life cycle.

type 4 response is mediated by ____, takes ____, is Ab mediated (yes/no), ex. ____

CMI, 48-72 hours, no, poison ivy

type 2 response is mediated by ____, takes ____, is Ab mediated (yes/no), ex. ____

IgG or IgM, hours, yes, blood transfusion reaction

primary mediators ex.

histamine and TNF-a (pro-inflammatory)

the allergy doesn't hurt you but the ____ does

immune response

primary mediators are found

in granules

envelope virus have ____ on their surface

phospholipids

Gp120 is analogous to ____ and gp41 to ____

H ag, N ag

It is best to form abs against ____ because it does not mutate

HIV envelope protein gp120

type 1 response is mediated by ____, takes ____, is Ab mediated (yes/no), ex. ____

IgE, minutes, yes, peanut allergy

What triggers production of new viruses?

NFkB in the nucleus

provirus

a retrovirus after the DNA gets incorporated into our genome

TNF-alpha function

activation of endothelium by increasing CAMs and extravasation

Gp120 function

allows attachment

how does a mast cell become sensitized?

anti-antigen IgE binds to FceR on mast cell

prostaglandins function

blood vessel dilation, increased vascular permeability, and recruit neutrophils

Gp41 binds to

ccr5

Gp120 binds to

cd4

retrovirus

contains RNA, uses reverse transcription to make DNA that gets incorporated into our genome

HIV has a similar structure to

covid and influenza

how long can a virus be in a provirus state

decades or year

what is the only viable treatment for systemic responses

epinephrine

secondary mediators

formed when lipids on the membrane are enzymatically cleaved

in order for virus to bind and infect us

gp120 needs to bind to cd4

what are some ex. of localized responses

hay fever happens in the mucosal tracts, asthma happens in the respiratory tract, and food allergies happen in the gi tract

type 3 response is mediated by ____, takes ____, is Ab mediated (yes/no), ex. ____

immune complexes, hours, yes, serum sickness

histamine function

increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, release mucus

In HIV theres a back and forth between mutations in ____ and new ____ being made against those mutations. This goes on until ____

infectious virus, antibody, immune exhaustion

leukotrienes function

inflammation, smooth muscle contraction, and mucus secretion

four distinctive hypersensitivity reactions

inhaled, injected, ingested, contacted materials

aspirin function

inhibit enzymes that make secondary mediators

primary mediators function

instant inflammation

what does HAART do

keeps viral levels low and prevents CD4+ t cells don't get wiped out (allows people to live a very long time)

provirus state

latency

Once a mast cell is sensitized what happens when the allergen enters the body again

mast cells degranulate and release primary and secondary mediators to illicit an immune response

What do doctors measure in HIV patients to see how far they are progressed

number of CD4+ t cells because thats what the virus targets

secondary mediators ex.

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

What two states can a virus be in

provirus or replicated state

what happens the first time you are exposed to an allergen and you body recognizes it as foreign

randomly made BCRs clonally select the allergen and go through affinity maturation and isotype switching to make IgE for the allergen, the IgE then sensitizes a mast cell

extra histamine functions

redness, swelling, heat, pain, difficulty breathing, diarrhea

epinephrine functions

relaxes smooth muscles, decreased vascular permeability and blocks further degranulation

HIV

retrovirus that causes a slowly progressing chronic disease

what is more life threatening: systemic or localized response

systemic response

Cd4 is found on what cells

t cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells

what is the drawback of single drug treatment

the virus mutates

why is there not an immune response when you first encounter an allergen

there is no immune response because your body has to make anti-allergen IgE inorder to sensitize a mast cell

how do tissue mast cells and basophils orchestrate IgE mediated immune reactions

they release inflammatory mediators

people with AIDs lose ability to respond to things they were previous protected against. true or false

true

why can some people not get HIV

variance in their genome

what are the risks of systemic responses

vomiting, diarrhea, decreased blood pressure, unconsciousness, death in 2-4 minutes

where do localized responses usually happen

where the allergen enters the body

allergic responses depend on

where the response happens

how fast do systemic response happen

within minutes of exposure to allergen

Hypersensitivity allergy response

you make a very strong immune response to something that is not dangerous