EXAM 2: 11/6
aids
The late stages of HIV infection, when body's immune system is badly damaged
Gp41 function
allows entry
what is standard treatment for HIV
3 drug treatment (HAART)
What are some ways our immune system falls apart
CD4+ T cells with gp120 on surface are target by abs (ADCC), CD4+ T cells with HIV peptide in MHC Class I targeted by CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells decrease MHC class I and become susceptible to NK cells, and CD4+ T cells killed by the viral lytic life cycle.
type 4 response is mediated by ____, takes ____, is Ab mediated (yes/no), ex. ____
CMI, 48-72 hours, no, poison ivy
type 2 response is mediated by ____, takes ____, is Ab mediated (yes/no), ex. ____
IgG or IgM, hours, yes, blood transfusion reaction
primary mediators ex.
histamine and TNF-a (pro-inflammatory)
the allergy doesn't hurt you but the ____ does
immune response
primary mediators are found
in granules
envelope virus have ____ on their surface
phospholipids
Gp120 is analogous to ____ and gp41 to ____
H ag, N ag
It is best to form abs against ____ because it does not mutate
HIV envelope protein gp120
type 1 response is mediated by ____, takes ____, is Ab mediated (yes/no), ex. ____
IgE, minutes, yes, peanut allergy
What triggers production of new viruses?
NFkB in the nucleus
provirus
a retrovirus after the DNA gets incorporated into our genome
TNF-alpha function
activation of endothelium by increasing CAMs and extravasation
Gp120 function
allows attachment
how does a mast cell become sensitized?
anti-antigen IgE binds to FceR on mast cell
prostaglandins function
blood vessel dilation, increased vascular permeability, and recruit neutrophils
Gp41 binds to
ccr5
Gp120 binds to
cd4
retrovirus
contains RNA, uses reverse transcription to make DNA that gets incorporated into our genome
HIV has a similar structure to
covid and influenza
how long can a virus be in a provirus state
decades or year
what is the only viable treatment for systemic responses
epinephrine
secondary mediators
formed when lipids on the membrane are enzymatically cleaved
in order for virus to bind and infect us
gp120 needs to bind to cd4
what are some ex. of localized responses
hay fever happens in the mucosal tracts, asthma happens in the respiratory tract, and food allergies happen in the gi tract
type 3 response is mediated by ____, takes ____, is Ab mediated (yes/no), ex. ____
immune complexes, hours, yes, serum sickness
histamine function
increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, release mucus
In HIV theres a back and forth between mutations in ____ and new ____ being made against those mutations. This goes on until ____
infectious virus, antibody, immune exhaustion
leukotrienes function
inflammation, smooth muscle contraction, and mucus secretion
four distinctive hypersensitivity reactions
inhaled, injected, ingested, contacted materials
aspirin function
inhibit enzymes that make secondary mediators
primary mediators function
instant inflammation
what does HAART do
keeps viral levels low and prevents CD4+ t cells don't get wiped out (allows people to live a very long time)
provirus state
latency
Once a mast cell is sensitized what happens when the allergen enters the body again
mast cells degranulate and release primary and secondary mediators to illicit an immune response
What do doctors measure in HIV patients to see how far they are progressed
number of CD4+ t cells because thats what the virus targets
secondary mediators ex.
prostaglandins and leukotrienes
What two states can a virus be in
provirus or replicated state
what happens the first time you are exposed to an allergen and you body recognizes it as foreign
randomly made BCRs clonally select the allergen and go through affinity maturation and isotype switching to make IgE for the allergen, the IgE then sensitizes a mast cell
extra histamine functions
redness, swelling, heat, pain, difficulty breathing, diarrhea
epinephrine functions
relaxes smooth muscles, decreased vascular permeability and blocks further degranulation
HIV
retrovirus that causes a slowly progressing chronic disease
what is more life threatening: systemic or localized response
systemic response
Cd4 is found on what cells
t cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells
what is the drawback of single drug treatment
the virus mutates
why is there not an immune response when you first encounter an allergen
there is no immune response because your body has to make anti-allergen IgE inorder to sensitize a mast cell
how do tissue mast cells and basophils orchestrate IgE mediated immune reactions
they release inflammatory mediators
people with AIDs lose ability to respond to things they were previous protected against. true or false
true
why can some people not get HIV
variance in their genome
what are the risks of systemic responses
vomiting, diarrhea, decreased blood pressure, unconsciousness, death in 2-4 minutes
where do localized responses usually happen
where the allergen enters the body
allergic responses depend on
where the response happens
how fast do systemic response happen
within minutes of exposure to allergen
Hypersensitivity allergy response
you make a very strong immune response to something that is not dangerous