Genetics: SB Ch 9.3-9.5

A single mRNA that contains the coding information for several distinct polypeptides is ___.

polycistronic or polycistron

The combination of a messenger RNA and many bound ribosomes in the process of translation is called a(n) ___.

polyribosome, polysome, polyribosomes, or polyribosomal

Addition of a phosphate group to a polypeptide is a ___ modification.

posttranslational, post-translational, post translational, or posttranslation

In ______ cells, the initiator tRNA carries the amino acid N-formylmethionine.

prokaryotic

Translation is the process of synthesizing ____.

protein from an RNA template

Each ribosomal subunit is assembled from ribosomal RNA and many different ___.

proteins, protein, ribosomal protein, or ribosomal proteins

Select all that apply Noncoding genes include those for _______.

rRNAs snRNAs tRNAs

During termination of translation in bacteria, a stop codon is recognized by a(n) ___ ___.

release or releasing ; factor or factors

Select all that apply Which of the following are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic promoters?

Prokaryotic promoter sequences are closer to the transcription start site. Eukaryotic promoters are bound by histone proteins that must be released.

Select all that apply Which components are assembled into the subunits of a ribosome?

Ribosomal proteins Ribosomal RNA

A polyribosome is ______.

a messenger RNA transcript that has many bound ribosomes in the act of translation

The component that recognizes a stop codon during termination of translation in bacteria is ______.

a protein called release factor

Enzymes known as ___-tRNA ___ are responsible for attaching amino acids to their corresponding tRNAs.

aminoacyl ; synthetases

The order in which amino acids are added to a polypeptide chain is determined by hydrogen bonding between each codon and the ______ of the tRNA carrying the amino acid.

anticodon

A series of three nucleotides in transfer RNA that is complementary to a codon in messenger RNA is called a(n) ___.

anticodon or anticodons

During elongation, the ______ of the incoming tRNA binds to the ______ of the mRNA.

anticodon; codon

The function of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme is to catalyze the ______.

attachment of an amino acid to its appropriate tRNA

In prokaryotic cells, transcription and translation are coupled, i.e., translation of an mRNA begins ___ its transcription has been completed.

before

In prokaryotic cells, transcription and translation are coupled, i.e., translation of an mRNA begins its ___ transcription has been completed.

before

Many bacterial mRNAs are _____ and contain multiple ribosome binding sites.

polycistronic

In prokaryotic cells, a transfer RNA carrying N-formylmethionine recognizes the ______ and is the first tRNA to bind to the ribosomal subunits, so it is called the initiator tRNA.

start codon

A codon specifies the correct amino acid by using ______ as an adapter molecule.

tRNA

The adapter molecule that allows the codon of mRNA to specify the correct amino acid is ___.

tRNA, transfer RNA, transfer Rna, transfer RNAs, or tRNAS

Which type of RNA is shown in the figure?

transfer RNA

The synthesis of a polypeptide molecule from an mRNA template is called ___.

translation

In prokaryotic cells, the coupling of transcription and translation refers to ______.

translation of an mRNA beginning before its transcription has been completed.

Which description matches each stage of translation? Initiation Elongation Termination

A complex forms between the ribosomal subunits, one mRNA molecule and the first tRNA molecule. Amino acids are linked together in the order designated by the codons. The newly produced polypeptide is released from the ribosome.

Select all that apply Which of the following mutations could act as gain-of-function alleles?

A mutation that increases the activity of a protein A mutation that causes a protein to be expressed in a different location A mutation that confers a new activity on a protein

Select all that apply Which of the following are possible posttranslational modifications?

Addition of a carbohydrate Addition of a phosphate group Addition of ubiquitin

Select all that apply Which of the following represent common structural features of transfer RNA molecules?

Amino acid acceptor stem with a 3' single-stranded region Anticodon sequence 74-95 nucleotides in length Cloverleaf shape formed by complementary base pairing

To bring a specific amino acid into its location on a polypeptide chain, which sequence on transfer RNA must bind to messenger RNA?

Anticodon

What is an example of a mutation in a noncoding region that can affect the rate of translation of an mRNA?

Mutation in the 3' UTR

Select all that apply A loss-of-function mutation _____.

can reduce the amount of functional protein can occur outside the coding region can occur within the coding region

A eukaryotic promoter differs from a prokaryotic promoter because _____.

eukaryotic promoters are bound by histone proteins that must be released

A mutation that increases the activity of a protein is a _____.

gain-of-function allele

Translation is divided into three stages: the first is___ , the next is___ , and the last is ___.

initiation ; elongation ; termination

The wrinkled seed phenotype in Mendel's pea plants was recessive because the heterozygote produced enough functional protein to produce smooth seeds. The allele associated with wrinkled seeds is an example of a _____.

loss-of-function mutation

A mutation in the location indicated by the thick blue arrow in the diagram

may alter the amount of protein produced by the gene.

A mutation in a gene that causes an amino acid change in the encoded protein is called a ______ mutation.

missense

A base substitution in DNA that ultimately leads to a change in the encoded amino acid is called a(n) ___ mutation.

missense, mis-sense, nonsynonymous, or non-synonymous

Because their products are not translated, genes that encode rRNAs, tRNAs, and snRNAs, are known as ___ genes.

noncoding or non-coding