GEO 101 Exam 1

Where would you expect to find the largest crystals in a lava flow?

in the center of the flow

The earth's core is made up primarily of ________

iron

What are the "plates" of plate tectonics made up of?

lithosphere

What drives plate tectonics?

mantle convection

New oceanic crust is created at _______.

mid-ocean ridges

Large crystals with well-formed crystal faces tend to form when ____ . A) minerals have space to grow B) rocks undergo melting C) molten rock cools quickly D) volcanoes erupt explosively

minerals have space to grow

Which of the following elements is more abundant in the Earth's crust as compared to the Earth as a whole? ν A) iron ν B) magnesium ν C) nickel ν D) silicon

nickel

The east coast of North America is __________.

not a plate boundary

Which of the following igneous rocks has the lowest silica content?

ultramafic

Which of the following statements about the scientific method is false?

A theory that has accumulated a substantial body of experimental support is called a hypothesis.

On a map of the seafloor, the boundaries between normally magnetized oceanic crust and reversely magnetized oceanic crust are called _______.

A) Isochrons

Magnetic reversals of the Earth's magnetic field occur when: A) the Earth's magnetic poles flip B) the Earth's magnetic field decreases in intensity C) the Earth's magnetic poles wonder D) the Earth's magnetic field increases in intensity

A) the Earth's magnetic poles flip

Which of the following processes occurs during lithification? recrystallization of unstable minerals B) compaction C) cementation D) All of these may occur during lithification.

All these may occur

Which of the following environments is an example of a shoreline environment? A) Alluvial B) Continental shelf C) Deltaic D) Organic reef

At or near the Earth's surface

Isotopes of an element have different numbers of ______.

Neutrons

In order to make a sodium (Na) chlorine (Cl) bond in NaCl, __________.

one electron is transferred from the sodium atom to the chlorine atom

The mineral property "cleavage" refers to _______.

The splitting of a mineral along planar surfaces

Large igneous bodies that form at depth in the Earth's crust are called ______. A) dikes B) plutons C) sills

plutons

Continental crust differs from oceanic crust in which of the following characteristics:

Thickness, Density, Composition

The principle of "Catastrophism" views the development of Earth as:

a series of sporadic, cataclysmic events

What powers the Earth's external heat engine?

solar energy

What type of plate boundary is shown in the diagram?

subduction zone

A divergent plate boundary like the East African Rift is a result of _______ stresses within the crust.

tensional

Sodium has an atomic number of 11. How many electrons will the sodium ion Na+ have?

10

What is the approximate silica content of a granite? A) 30% B) 50% C) 70% D) 90%

70%

Which of the following mountain ranges is the product of ocean-ocean convergence

B) the Japanese islands

Which of the following statements is TRUE? All convergent plate boundaries are subduction zones. B) All subduction zones involve the interaction of oceanic and continental crust. C) All subduction zones occur at convergent plate boundaries. D) All convergent plate boundaries involve the process of rifting

C) All subduction zones occur at convergent plate boundaries.

Which of the following processes occurs during lithification? A) recrystallization of unstable minerals B) compaction C) cementation D) All of these may occur during lithification.

D) All of these may occur during lithification.

Which of the following relationships is correct?

D) lithosphere = crust + upper mantle

The presence of water will ________ the melting temperature of a rock

DECREASE

Which of the following environments is an example of a shoreline environment? A) Alluvial B) Continental shelf C) Deltaic D) Organic reef

Deltaic

Diamond is an example of what type of bonding

Diamond

What is the hardest mineral

Diamond

Intrusive igneous rocks form: A) Inside the Earth's crust B) At the surface of the Earth C) In the Earth's core D) In all of the above scenarios

Inside the Earth's curst

A. Extrusive igneous rocks associated with mid-ocean ridges Mantle plumes (hot spots) form at _________.

The core-mantle boundary

True or False: Ultimately any rock type can be turned into any other rock type via the process of the rock cycle.

True

The main difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks is _______. A. silica composition B. where they solidify C. viscosity D. all of the above (?)

all the above

How old is the Earth?

approximately 4.5 billion years old

Which of the following igneous rocks crystallizes at the Earth's surface? ν A) basalt ν B) gabbro ν C) granite ν D) peridotite

basalt

What type of rock makes up most of the Hawaiian Islands?

bassalt

What is limestone made of? ν A) calcite ν B) feldspar ν C) olivine ν D) quartz

calcite

Which of the following elements tends to share electrons?

carbon

Which of the following is the least reliable physical property? A) streak B) cleavage C) color D) hardness

color

The motion of a flowing material where hot matter rises from the bottom and cool matter sinks from the surface is called ____________ .

convention

Which of the following tectonic settings has the greatest range in magma compositions? A) convergent plate boundaries B) transform plate boundaries C) divergent plate boundaries D) hot spots (mantle plumes)

convergent plate boundaries