GEO401 - Chapter 4: Igneous Rocks

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Felsic

- more feldspar/silica

What are the two basic compositional groups of igneous rocks?

Felsic and mafic

partial melting of rocks are

ALWAYS more felsic than their parent rocks

What are rock properties controlled by?

Composition + physical conditions > Mineralogy + texture > Rock type

Granite (igneous)

Contains feldspar and silica FELSIC

Peridotite (Igneous)

Contains olivine and pyroxene Mg (magnesium) and Fe (iron) ULTRAMAFIC

What are the four compositional groups of igneous rocks?

Felsic igneous rocks Intermediate igneous rocks Mafic igneous rocks Ultramafic igneous rocks

How do magmas form?

When rocks melt (or partially melt) -pressure decreases -Fluids are added that reduce the melting temperature of the rocks -temp increases

How do igneous rocks form?

by crystallization from magmas below melting temperatures of constituent minerals

intrusive rock

coarse-grained igneous rock that is formed when molten rock cools slowly and solidifies inside Earth's crust - large interlocking crystals

What are igneous rocks classified by?

composition and texture

what is the melting temp of rocks determined by?

composition, temperature, pressure, and the presence or absence of fluids

divergent boundaries

decrease in pressure from hot air rising due to spreading plates causes ultramafic peridotite to partially melt, forming MAFIC magma and eventually basalt or gabbro

rock texture

describes grain size, shape, and orientation

Each mineral has

different melting temp

In what types of tectonic settings will we find these different melting processes?

divergent (mafic), convergent(mafic + intermed + felsic), hot spot(mafic)

Extrusive rock

fine-grained igneous rock that is formed when molten rock cools quickly and solidifies on Earth's surface ***Under a microscope will look like a bunch of tiny crystals

Subduction zones

fluid-induced melting

What are common minerals in ultramafic/ mafic rocks?

gabbro, basalt, peridotite, olivine

Why do rocks melt?

heat, pressure, water

Mafic

more magnesium/ferric

continental convergent boundaries

most rocks melt by decompression OR addition of H2O SOMETIMES crustal thickening during mountain building can heat the lower crust enough to result in crustal melting

What is the most abundant rock in the upper mantle?

peridotite

fractional crystallization

process in which different minerals crystallize from magma at different temperatures, removing elements from magma

magmatic differentiation (fractional crystallization)

the formation of one or more secondary magmas from a single parent magma


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