GEOG 1010 exam 2
Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)
economic cooperation between islands that shared colonial ties - Caribbean Development Bank - increase intraregional trade - reduce economic dependence - employment, industrialization plan - University of the West Indies - campuses in Trinidad, Jamaica, and Barbados - issues passports to facilitate travel
Diaspora
economic flight of people with a common heritage across the globe
Neocolonialism
economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence
glaciers
eroded Fenno-Scandian shield during the Pleistocene era 300 million years ago
transnational
extending or operating across national boundaries
schengen agreement (1985)
facilitated intra-europa mobility by abolishing soft border checks
Post-WWII
factories outside walls, planning, suburban sprawl, green spaces, well-developed transportation
Baltic
fishing, deep-sea drilling platforms for oil and gas
fjords
flooded valley inlet help produce. U-shaped glaciated valleys
Turkish Straits
forms part of the continental boundary between Europe and Asia - Dardanelles - Bosporus
global warming
increase world temperatures and change in climate
Operation Bootstrap
industrialization program that encouraged the establishment of factories and manufacturing - federal tax exemptions - no import duties - incentives and cheap labor
Suriname and French Guiana
largest maroon society in the Western Hemisphere with an undisturbed rainforest for 200 years
Circular Migration Flow
leaves family to work in another country, saves money, returns with money
Rafael Trujillo
led an anti-Haitian campaign in the DR based on a policy of hispanidad
Capital Leakage
money leaving islands promoted by cruise ships which undermine local (land-based) tourism
remittances
money sent from migrants abroad to aid social and economic development
transnational migration
move back and forth between 2 countries
Medieval
narrow winding streets, 3 or 4 story. buildings, churches
Western Highlands
oldest rocks in the world - glaciers fjords cold, sparse vegetation, tinfoil limits agriculture
Chain Migration
one family member a time is brought to a new country, forms immigrant enclaves
family-friendly policies
paid maternity and paternity leave, childcare, cash subsidies, free or low-cost education
fossil fuels
petroleum, coal, and natural gas
colonial geopolitics
players: - Spain - France - Netherlands - England conflicts: - indigenous people - European nations - islands changed hands - pirates
Plantation America
production system: - ruled by European elite - dependent on African slave labor - produced agricultural exports - monocrop results: - created rigid class lines - multiracial society - political dependence does not guarantee economic dependence
Why would the Europeans bother to take these islands when there were significant problems keeping and building on them?
profit - sugar, rum, spices, gold, tobacco, timber
Kyoto Protocol (1997)
promote regional action in Europe - committed to an 8% reduction GhG from 1990. levels
Deforestation
resulted in loss of biodiversity, rain further erodes fertile soil, increasing landslides and flooding, decreasing agricultural yield
Hispaniola
- 2nd largest island in the Caribbean - 5 mountain ranges - 4 ecoregion - West: Haiti - more mountainous and valued for forests and rich topsoil - Francophone - East: Dominican Republic - long valleys and wide plains is better suited for sugar cane and tobacco - Hispanophone
topical savannah
- <2.4 inches/month - grasslands
Africans retained culture, skill, religion
- Cuba: Santería - Jamaica: Obeah - Haiti: Voodoo - Brazil: Candomblé - priests are hired to scare off political opposition because African religions still have a lot of prevalence
Guyana
- Dutch set up trading posts and brought in slaves to work on sugar plantations - changes hands between the Dutch, French, and British - Dutch ceded the area over to the British - abolition of slaves leads to indentured workers being brought from India
Exodus
- French Creole colonists fled with the slaves they still had - 1809: ~10,000 "refugees" landed in NOLA - doubled NOLA's population, helped preserve French - established the "creole" tradition in Louisiana
French Guiana
- French settlers suffered high mortality rates - 56,000 prisoners sent to Devil's Island
Alpine Mountains
- Pyrenees: 11,000ft - political border between Spain and France - Alps: 15,000ft, 500 miles - Mt. Blanc border between France and Italy - Alpenines - Mt. Vesuvius -> 4,000ft - Mt. Etna -> 11,000ft - Carpathians: < 9,000ft - Ural: divider between Europe and Asia
Parsley massacre
- amid the Great Depression, sugar prices were low, unemployment was high, and government revenue was in decline - by pronouncing "perejil" (parsley), 12,000-35,000 Haitians were identified and killed because they pronounced it with an accent
creolization
- came from transculturation - a blend of African, European, and Amerindian culture
Environment
- colonization and global trade transformed ecology by depleting biological resources - France cleared all but 3% of Haiti's tropical and deciduous forests for: - sugar: can plantations - timber: fuel, homes, fences, ships, furniture - deforestation
hurricanes
- develop from thunderstorms, fueled by warm, moist arias they cross sub-tropical waters; warm air rises into the storm - problematic and cause considerable damage every year - Dorian: category 5
Mediterranean Climate
- dry summers that are problematic for agriculture - Arabs, Moors, Romans, and Greeks were innovators in irrigation systems - wine
Lowlands/North European Plains
- economic focus - high population density - intensive agriculture - below 500ft. elevation
Continental Cliimate (Dfb)
- extreme seasonal differences - warmer summers/cooler winters - average 1 month below freezing
Caribbean
- first region of the Americas to be colonized by the Europeans - considered both part of and separate from Latin America
Suriname
- invaded by the Dutch - chief sugar colony for the Dutch - sought indentured servants after slavery was abolished - left thee kingdom of the Netherlands to become an independent country - Dutch is the main language
landforms of Europe
- lowlands/North European plains - Alpine Mountains - Central Uplands - Western Highlands
France
- most time zones - overseas territories
sugar
- on his 2nd voyage, Columbus took the first sugarcane roots from the canary islands to the DR where the soil and climate were ideal - sugar plantations became a staple of the economy and necessitated a greater need for workers
mangrove swamps
- poor for human settlement - protects Islands from erosion caused by storms removal for beaches: - increased erosion and reduced marine habitat - vulnerable to global warming
Indo-European language family
several hundred related languages and dialects - 46% of the world's population (3.2 billion) speaks one as a first language - 445 living Indo-European languages - > 2/3 of them belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch
Hay/Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)
signed by Panama to build, administer, fortify, and defend the Panama Canal
Crown Colonies
some Caribbean territories maintain colonial status for Britain to ensure economic assets, citizenship, and benefits
Departments
some Caribbean territories maintain colonial status for France to ensure economic assets, citizenship, and benefits - full French citizenship - social welfare benefits
enclaves
a culturally or ethnically distinct neighborhood
cartogram
a map in which the data is distorted and displayed in the form of a diagram emphasize the prevalence of a variable
French Creole
a mixture of French, Portuguese, Spanish, English, Taino, and West African languages - spoken by 9-12 million people - only language of most Haitians
Territories
some Caribbean territories maintain colonial status for the Dutch (Kingdom of the Netherlands) to ensure economic assets, citizenship, and benefits
Brain Gain
some countries do receive returnees who help build economy
Maritime Climate (Cfb)
temperature modified by the Atlantic Gulf Stream
Devil's Island
a penal colony where <10% of prisoners survived their sentence (French Guiana)
Heat Map
a representation of data in the form of a map or diagram in which data values are represented as colors
monocrop
a single crop or commodity
plate tectonics
a theory associated with movement of the rigid lithosphere over the mantle - seismic activity ensures volcanoes, earthquakes, mountains, and fertile soil - most islands besides Cuba are located on the Caribbean plate
transnationalism
ability to straddle livelihoods between countries
isolation
accounts for cultural diversity and limited economic opportunities
Atlantic Gulf Stream
an ocean current that originates in Florida and affects the weather and climate in Europe - 5-10 degrees F warmer than regions of comparable latitude
Lesser Antilles
arc of small islands - small population - footholds for European powers - volcanic in origin - good soil, earthquakes - subduction zone between the Caribbean and. North American plate
Central Uplands
between Alps and European lowlands - contains raw materials. for Europe's Industrial Area - iron and coal aided steel industry
Maroons
communities of runaway slaves that maintained African traditions, farming, houses, community organization, and language
Eurotunnel
connects English Channel by. rail, auto, and freight
overseas territories
consists of all the French-administered territories outside of the European continent, mostly relics of the French colonial empire
seasonality
defined by rainfall rather than temperature
climate
determined by 30 years of data from temperature and precipitation
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
the US would not tolerate European military involvement in the Western Hemisphere - US asserted their control over the region and ushered in a new age of neocolonialism objectives: 1. free from European colonial rule 2. foster democracy
Brain Drain
the emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country
isolated proximity
theory to explain contradictory position
proximity
to North America ensures transnational connections and economic dependency
Renaissance-Baroque
walled cities, wider boulevards, open spaces, ceremonial buildings, industries, factories, trains
greenhouse gases
water vapor, CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, and others absorb infrared radiation (heat)
English Channel
~21 miles wide, separates British isles. from mainland, but it's connected via rail, auto, and freight with the Eurotunnel
Haiti
- poorest country in the western hemisphere - 3rd largest population in the. region - 10 million people 18th century - most slaves died of tropical diseases - slaves retained African cultures, religion, and language: renewed by new imports - some women aborted fetuses rather than give birth to them in slavery - mixed-race descendants of colonists and slaves were given freedoms - sent to France for school, entered military, became property/slave owners France's "tropical jewel" 2nd American colony to gain independence - 1791: 1st successful slave uprising - 1804: independence took a long time to gain recognition
Push Factor
Emigration (Exit) - Politics: - war, violence, insecurity - Economics: - poverty, lack of employment, low wages, chronic poverty, lack of regional integration, capital leakage - Quality of Life - few educational opportunities, brain drain - Environmental Issues - deforestation, tropical storms, earthquakes, transition from agrarian society to industrial
Greater Antilles
Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico - 90% of land mass - 87% of Caribbean's population (38 million)
most GhG reductions
1. shutting down coal-fired power plants 2. expanding renewable energy
African Diaspora
1500s-1800s: mass dispersion/forced removal of Africans from native areas during the Transatlantic Slave Trade
topical wet
2.4 inches/month
renewable;e energy
20% of power in 2020 - hydropower - wind - solar - biofuels
Ring of Seas
4 major seas and the Atlantic Ocean
Paris Agreement (2015)
40% reduction from 1990 levels. by 2030 and an 80-95% reduction by 2050
Europe
41 countries EU: 27 countries 54o million people remarkable cultural diversity: language, religion, landscapes 2/3 the size of N America
mountains
5 of the highest peaks in the region are on Hispaniola - Pico Duarte: Dominican Republic - Blue Mountains: Jamaica - Pico Turquino: Cuba provided refuge for runaway slaves
Strait of Gibraltar
9 miles wide, entrance to the Mediterranean
Germanic languages
English, Dutch, Flemish, Danish Norwegian, Swedish
Romance languages
French, Italian, Spanish, Romanian, Portuguese
Pull Factor
Immigration: Into
Slavic languages
Polish, Czech, Slovenia, Serbia, Bulgarian 2 alphabets: 1. Latin 2. Cyrillic
papiamento
Portuguese and Dutch trading language spoken on Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao
Belize
Spanish didn't settle because of hostile natives, so they allowed the British to occupy the land and cut logwood as long as they helped suppress piracy - British appointed a superintendent in 1786 - Belize granted independence in 1981, but Guatemala refuses to recognize it due to a territorial dispute
Greta Thurnberg
Swedish climate activist led protest and spoke at the UN climate action summit after 15 days on an emissions-free yacht
asylum seekers in Europe
Syria, Iraq, Somalia, and Afghanistan
Carbon Trading/Cap and Trade (2005)
a cap is set for emitters; if camp is exceeded, they must buy credit