GEOG 1010 exam 2

Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)

economic cooperation between islands that shared colonial ties - Caribbean Development Bank - increase intraregional trade - reduce economic dependence - employment, industrialization plan - University of the West Indies - campuses in Trinidad, Jamaica, and Barbados - issues passports to facilitate travel

Diaspora

economic flight of people with a common heritage across the globe

Neocolonialism

economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence

glaciers

eroded Fenno-Scandian shield during the Pleistocene era 300 million years ago

transnational

extending or operating across national boundaries

schengen agreement (1985)

facilitated intra-europa mobility by abolishing soft border checks

Post-WWII

factories outside walls, planning, suburban sprawl, green spaces, well-developed transportation

Baltic

fishing, deep-sea drilling platforms for oil and gas

fjords

flooded valley inlet help produce. U-shaped glaciated valleys

Turkish Straits

forms part of the continental boundary between Europe and Asia - Dardanelles - Bosporus

global warming

increase world temperatures and change in climate

Operation Bootstrap

industrialization program that encouraged the establishment of factories and manufacturing - federal tax exemptions - no import duties - incentives and cheap labor

Suriname and French Guiana

largest maroon society in the Western Hemisphere with an undisturbed rainforest for 200 years

Circular Migration Flow

leaves family to work in another country, saves money, returns with money

Rafael Trujillo

led an anti-Haitian campaign in the DR based on a policy of hispanidad

Capital Leakage

money leaving islands promoted by cruise ships which undermine local (land-based) tourism

remittances

money sent from migrants abroad to aid social and economic development

transnational migration

move back and forth between 2 countries

Medieval

narrow winding streets, 3 or 4 story. buildings, churches

Western Highlands

oldest rocks in the world - glaciers fjords cold, sparse vegetation, tinfoil limits agriculture

Chain Migration

one family member a time is brought to a new country, forms immigrant enclaves

family-friendly policies

paid maternity and paternity leave, childcare, cash subsidies, free or low-cost education

fossil fuels

petroleum, coal, and natural gas

colonial geopolitics

players: - Spain - France - Netherlands - England conflicts: - indigenous people - European nations - islands changed hands - pirates

Plantation America

production system: - ruled by European elite - dependent on African slave labor - produced agricultural exports - monocrop results: - created rigid class lines - multiracial society - political dependence does not guarantee economic dependence

Why would the Europeans bother to take these islands when there were significant problems keeping and building on them?

profit - sugar, rum, spices, gold, tobacco, timber

Kyoto Protocol (1997)

promote regional action in Europe - committed to an 8% reduction GhG from 1990. levels

Deforestation

resulted in loss of biodiversity, rain further erodes fertile soil, increasing landslides and flooding, decreasing agricultural yield

Hispaniola

- 2nd largest island in the Caribbean - 5 mountain ranges - 4 ecoregion - West: Haiti - more mountainous and valued for forests and rich topsoil - Francophone - East: Dominican Republic - long valleys and wide plains is better suited for sugar cane and tobacco - Hispanophone

topical savannah

- <2.4 inches/month - grasslands

Africans retained culture, skill, religion

- Cuba: Santería - Jamaica: Obeah - Haiti: Voodoo - Brazil: Candomblé - priests are hired to scare off political opposition because African religions still have a lot of prevalence

Guyana

- Dutch set up trading posts and brought in slaves to work on sugar plantations - changes hands between the Dutch, French, and British - Dutch ceded the area over to the British - abolition of slaves leads to indentured workers being brought from India

Exodus

- French Creole colonists fled with the slaves they still had - 1809: ~10,000 "refugees" landed in NOLA - doubled NOLA's population, helped preserve French - established the "creole" tradition in Louisiana

French Guiana

- French settlers suffered high mortality rates - 56,000 prisoners sent to Devil's Island

Alpine Mountains

- Pyrenees: 11,000ft - political border between Spain and France - Alps: 15,000ft, 500 miles - Mt. Blanc border between France and Italy - Alpenines - Mt. Vesuvius -> 4,000ft - Mt. Etna -> 11,000ft - Carpathians: < 9,000ft - Ural: divider between Europe and Asia

Parsley massacre

- amid the Great Depression, sugar prices were low, unemployment was high, and government revenue was in decline - by pronouncing "perejil" (parsley), 12,000-35,000 Haitians were identified and killed because they pronounced it with an accent

creolization

- came from transculturation - a blend of African, European, and Amerindian culture

Environment

- colonization and global trade transformed ecology by depleting biological resources - France cleared all but 3% of Haiti's tropical and deciduous forests for: - sugar: can plantations - timber: fuel, homes, fences, ships, furniture - deforestation

hurricanes

- develop from thunderstorms, fueled by warm, moist arias they cross sub-tropical waters; warm air rises into the storm - problematic and cause considerable damage every year - Dorian: category 5

Mediterranean Climate

- dry summers that are problematic for agriculture - Arabs, Moors, Romans, and Greeks were innovators in irrigation systems - wine

Lowlands/North European Plains

- economic focus - high population density - intensive agriculture - below 500ft. elevation

Continental Cliimate (Dfb)

- extreme seasonal differences - warmer summers/cooler winters - average 1 month below freezing

Caribbean

- first region of the Americas to be colonized by the Europeans - considered both part of and separate from Latin America

Suriname

- invaded by the Dutch - chief sugar colony for the Dutch - sought indentured servants after slavery was abolished - left thee kingdom of the Netherlands to become an independent country - Dutch is the main language

landforms of Europe

- lowlands/North European plains - Alpine Mountains - Central Uplands - Western Highlands

France

- most time zones - overseas territories

sugar

- on his 2nd voyage, Columbus took the first sugarcane roots from the canary islands to the DR where the soil and climate were ideal - sugar plantations became a staple of the economy and necessitated a greater need for workers

mangrove swamps

- poor for human settlement - protects Islands from erosion caused by storms removal for beaches: - increased erosion and reduced marine habitat - vulnerable to global warming

Indo-European language family

several hundred related languages and dialects - 46% of the world's population (3.2 billion) speaks one as a first language - 445 living Indo-European languages - > 2/3 of them belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch

Hay/Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)

signed by Panama to build, administer, fortify, and defend the Panama Canal

Crown Colonies

some Caribbean territories maintain colonial status for Britain to ensure economic assets, citizenship, and benefits

Departments

some Caribbean territories maintain colonial status for France to ensure economic assets, citizenship, and benefits - full French citizenship - social welfare benefits

enclaves

a culturally or ethnically distinct neighborhood

cartogram

a map in which the data is distorted and displayed in the form of a diagram emphasize the prevalence of a variable

French Creole

a mixture of French, Portuguese, Spanish, English, Taino, and West African languages - spoken by 9-12 million people - only language of most Haitians

Territories

some Caribbean territories maintain colonial status for the Dutch (Kingdom of the Netherlands) to ensure economic assets, citizenship, and benefits

Brain Gain

some countries do receive returnees who help build economy

Maritime Climate (Cfb)

temperature modified by the Atlantic Gulf Stream

Devil's Island

a penal colony where <10% of prisoners survived their sentence (French Guiana)

Heat Map

a representation of data in the form of a map or diagram in which data values are represented as colors

monocrop

a single crop or commodity

plate tectonics

a theory associated with movement of the rigid lithosphere over the mantle - seismic activity ensures volcanoes, earthquakes, mountains, and fertile soil - most islands besides Cuba are located on the Caribbean plate

transnationalism

ability to straddle livelihoods between countries

isolation

accounts for cultural diversity and limited economic opportunities

Atlantic Gulf Stream

an ocean current that originates in Florida and affects the weather and climate in Europe - 5-10 degrees F warmer than regions of comparable latitude

Lesser Antilles

arc of small islands - small population - footholds for European powers - volcanic in origin - good soil, earthquakes - subduction zone between the Caribbean and. North American plate

Central Uplands

between Alps and European lowlands - contains raw materials. for Europe's Industrial Area - iron and coal aided steel industry

Maroons

communities of runaway slaves that maintained African traditions, farming, houses, community organization, and language

Eurotunnel

connects English Channel by. rail, auto, and freight

overseas territories

consists of all the French-administered territories outside of the European continent, mostly relics of the French colonial empire

seasonality

defined by rainfall rather than temperature

climate

determined by 30 years of data from temperature and precipitation

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

the US would not tolerate European military involvement in the Western Hemisphere - US asserted their control over the region and ushered in a new age of neocolonialism objectives: 1. free from European colonial rule 2. foster democracy

Brain Drain

the emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country

isolated proximity

theory to explain contradictory position

proximity

to North America ensures transnational connections and economic dependency

Renaissance-Baroque

walled cities, wider boulevards, open spaces, ceremonial buildings, industries, factories, trains

greenhouse gases

water vapor, CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, and others absorb infrared radiation (heat)

English Channel

~21 miles wide, separates British isles. from mainland, but it's connected via rail, auto, and freight with the Eurotunnel

Haiti

- poorest country in the western hemisphere - 3rd largest population in the. region - 10 million people 18th century - most slaves died of tropical diseases - slaves retained African cultures, religion, and language: renewed by new imports - some women aborted fetuses rather than give birth to them in slavery - mixed-race descendants of colonists and slaves were given freedoms - sent to France for school, entered military, became property/slave owners France's "tropical jewel" 2nd American colony to gain independence - 1791: 1st successful slave uprising - 1804: independence took a long time to gain recognition

Push Factor

Emigration (Exit) - Politics: - war, violence, insecurity - Economics: - poverty, lack of employment, low wages, chronic poverty, lack of regional integration, capital leakage - Quality of Life - few educational opportunities, brain drain - Environmental Issues - deforestation, tropical storms, earthquakes, transition from agrarian society to industrial

Greater Antilles

Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico - 90% of land mass - 87% of Caribbean's population (38 million)

most GhG reductions

1. shutting down coal-fired power plants 2. expanding renewable energy

African Diaspora

1500s-1800s: mass dispersion/forced removal of Africans from native areas during the Transatlantic Slave Trade

topical wet

2.4 inches/month

renewable;e energy

20% of power in 2020 - hydropower - wind - solar - biofuels

Ring of Seas

4 major seas and the Atlantic Ocean

Paris Agreement (2015)

40% reduction from 1990 levels. by 2030 and an 80-95% reduction by 2050

Europe

41 countries EU: 27 countries 54o million people remarkable cultural diversity: language, religion, landscapes 2/3 the size of N America

mountains

5 of the highest peaks in the region are on Hispaniola - Pico Duarte: Dominican Republic - Blue Mountains: Jamaica - Pico Turquino: Cuba provided refuge for runaway slaves

Strait of Gibraltar

9 miles wide, entrance to the Mediterranean

Germanic languages

English, Dutch, Flemish, Danish Norwegian, Swedish

Romance languages

French, Italian, Spanish, Romanian, Portuguese

Pull Factor

Immigration: Into

Slavic languages

Polish, Czech, Slovenia, Serbia, Bulgarian 2 alphabets: 1. Latin 2. Cyrillic

papiamento

Portuguese and Dutch trading language spoken on Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao

Belize

Spanish didn't settle because of hostile natives, so they allowed the British to occupy the land and cut logwood as long as they helped suppress piracy - British appointed a superintendent in 1786 - Belize granted independence in 1981, but Guatemala refuses to recognize it due to a territorial dispute

Greta Thurnberg

Swedish climate activist led protest and spoke at the UN climate action summit after 15 days on an emissions-free yacht

asylum seekers in Europe

Syria, Iraq, Somalia, and Afghanistan

Carbon Trading/Cap and Trade (2005)

a cap is set for emitters; if camp is exceeded, they must buy credit