Geog 1710 CH 12-14 Review
The oceanic crust thickness is about _______km, and the average continental crust thickness is ______km.
5, 30
Earth's magnetic field A) is variable, and it has phased to zero some nine times during the past 4 million years B) is constant in its intensity C) remain a mystery as to its cause D) is principally generated in the inner core
A) is variable, and it has phased to zero some nice times during the past 4 million years
Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in the mantle, from bottom to top? A) mantle, upper mantle, asthenosphere B) asthenosphere, mantle, upper mantle C) upper mantle, asthenosphere, mantle D) mantle, asthenosphere, upper mantle
A) mantle, upper mantle, asthenosphere
People often say that California is going to "fall into the ocean". This idea is totally wrong because the San Andreas fault would have to be a _______ fault associated with ________ forces for this to happen. A) normal; tension B) normal; compression C) reverse; tension D) reverse; compression
A) normal; tension
Vertical elevation differences in local landscape are referred to as A) relief B) an order of relief C) topography D) crust
A) relief
Several large, linear lakes are formed in East Africa. This is evidence of what process? A) rifting B) subduction C) compression D) isosatic uplift
A) rifting
Divergent plate boundaries are characteristics of A) sea-floor spreading centers B) collision zone between plates C) transform plate boundaries D) all plate boundaries
A) sea-floor spreading centers
Heat energy and new materials are brought to the surface from the interior by the A) tectonic cycle B) rock cycle C) hydrologic cycle D) mineral cycle
A) tectonic cycle
Normal faults are associated with A) tension forces B) compressional forces C) plate convergence D) transcurrent forces
A) tension forces
Which of the following are located along the mid-ocean ridge? A) volcanoes B) outcrops of granite C) old oceanic sediments D) none of the above
A) volcanoes
List four Earth's continental shields _______, ________, _________, and _________.
African shield, Brazilian shield, Canadian shield, Indian shield
Approximately what percentage of the Earth's surface is exposed above sea level? A) 18% B) 29% C) 49% D) 62%
B) 29%
Which of the following statements about Earth's core is not true? A) It is composed primarily of iron B) The inner core is believed to be liquid and the outer core solid C) Temperature in the core reaches several thousand degrees D) Temperatures and pressures are higher in the inner core than the outer core
B) The inner core is believed to be liquid and the outer core solid
Convergent plates boundaries are characteristics of A) sea-floor spreading centers B) collision zones between plates C) lateral motion of plates D) all pate boundaries
B) collision zones between plates
Which of the following lists the correct sequence of divisions in the geologic time scale, from largest to smallest? A) era, eon, epoch, period B) eon, era, period, epoch C) epoch, era, eon, period D) period, eon, era, epoch
B) eon, era, period, epoch
When rock strata are strained beyond their ability to remain an intact unit, displacement occurs in a process known as A) folding B) faulting C) stressing D) bending
B) faulting
When geologists or archaeologist dig downward into a unit of rock or sediment, they are digging "back in time". The fact is based on the principal of _________. A) uniformitarianism B) superposition C) catastrophism D) volcanism
B) superposition
Which of the following is true of the asthenosphere? A) it contains pockets of increased heat B) it flows C) it carries the lithospheric plates D) all of the above E) None of the above are true
D) All of the above
Which of the following plays a role in the shaping of the Earth's surface? A) Gravity B) the action of wind, water, and ice C) the radioactive decay of atoms D) All of the above E) B and C only
D) All of the above
Since the core's mass is about one third of Earth's entire mass, the volume of the core is also of one third of the Earth's entire volume. T / F
False
The density of material below the Moho is less than that above it. T / F
False
The oceanic crust is less dense than the continental crust. T / F
False
The youngest epoch in the geologic time scale is _______.
Holocene
Two most abundant chemical elements in Earth's crust are __________ and ___________.
Oxygen, silicon
List three types of stress _______, _________, and _____.
Shear, compression, tension
A hyphographic curve is a graph that shows the Earth's surface by area and elevation in relation to sea level. T / F
True
A residual "synclinal ridge" may form within a trough of a fold. T / F
True
Depth of earthquake focus increases with increasing distance from ocean trench. T / F
True
Earth was once in a molten state, during which materials became sorted based on density. T / F
True
Ocean floor subducts under continents because the ocean floor is denser than continental material. T / F
True
Orogeny means mountain generating. T / F
True
The Hawaiian Islands were formed as a result of a rising plume of magma from the mantle. T / F
True
The Moho mirrors the surface topography, i.e., high places on the surface of the Earth overlies areas in which the Moho descends to greater depths, and vice versa. T / F
True
The age of the sea floor increases with increasing distance from a mid-ocean ridge. T / F
True
The fluid outer core generates 90% of the Earth's magnetic field. T / F
True
The magnetic stripes found around mid-Atlantic ridge were due to the magnetic reversal. T / F
True
The mean sea level is at 0m. T /F
True
Uniformitarianism assumes that the same physical processes we see today are a key to understand the processes that have been operating throughout the geologic time. T / F
True
List four evidences Wegener used to prove his hypothesis __________, __________, __________, and __________.
coastal lines, fossils, rock types and mountain belts, and ancient climates
A ________, or heartland region, is an old and stable part of the continental crust.
craton
List three types of plate boundaries ___________, ___________, and ____________.
divergent, convergent, transform
The decay rate is expressed as __________, that required for one half of the unstable atoms in a sample to decay into "daughter" isotopes.
half-life
Three basic rock types are ________ (fire-formed, molten), __________ (from settling out), and ___________ (transformed from any other rock through extreme heat or pressure).
igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
The Earth's dominant materials are _________ and _________.
iron, silicon
There are two types of time, which are __________ and __________.
relative, absolute
A continental ________, is a region with a craton is exposed at the surface
shield
The combination effects of _____ (powered by internal energy) and _______ (powered by the sun through motion of air, water and ice) create Earth's continental crust.
tectonic activity, weathering and erosion
The geologic cycle is composed of three subsystems: __________, ___________, and ____________,
tectonic cycle, rock cycle, hydrologic cycle
Which of the following is an endogenic process? A) Weathering B) Stream C) Volcanism D) Glacial erosion
C) Volcanism
Folded layers of rock can form a wavelike pattern of troughs and crests. The layers near the crest form A) syncline B) a tension zone C) an anticline D) a thrust fault
C) an anticline
Compared to oceanic crust, continental crust is A) denser B) usually formed with less that 50% silica and is rich in iron and magnesium C) generally more complex on content and structure D) essentially composed of basalt
C) generally more complex on content and structure
The transportation and deposition of materials by media powered by solar energy is the A) tectonic cycle B) rock cycle C) hydrologic cycle D) mineral cycle
C) hydrologic cycle
Knowledge of Earth's interior is derived from A) direct sampling of the interior using deep-test wells B) work in Earth's deepest caverns and caves C) indirect evidence involving the analysis of seismic waves D) historic and prehistoric records
C) indirect evidence involving the analysis of seismic waves
The principle of buoyancy and balance, when applied to Earth's crust, helps us to explain fluctuations in Earth's outer crust, a property known as A) magnetism B) Moho effect C) isostatic adjustment D) orogenesis
C) isostatic adjustment
Which layer of planet forms 80% of Earth's total volume, and has an average density of 4.5 g/cm3. A) continental crust B) oceanic crust C) mantle D) core
C) mantle
The asthenosphere can be described as A) a rigid solid B) a liquid C) plastic-like D) plasma-like
C) plactic-like
Which of the following is incorrectly matched? A) endogenic-internal processes B) exogenic-external processes C) radioactive decay heat-exogenic energy source D) weathering-exogenic breaking and dissolving the crust
C) radioactive decay heat-exogenic energy source
The most detailed order of relief applies to _____ order of relief features. A) first B) second C) third D) none of the above
C) third
In 1912, German geophysicist and meteorologist, Alfred Wegener first proposed the __________ hypothesis about the Earth's land mass migration.
Continental drift
Which of the following is not an example of an age-relationship based on absolute dating? A) The oldest rocks on Earth is about 4.0 billion years old B) The oldest fossil on Earth is about 3.5 billion years old C) The dinosaurs became extinct 65 million years ago D) The Coconino formation in the Grand Canyon is older than the Kaibab formation
D) The Coconino formation in the Grand Canyon is older than the Kaibab formation
Which of the following is an exogenic process? A) Earthquake B) Volcanism C) Flows of heat and materials in the mantle D) Weathering
D) Weathering
Rocks are subjected to stress due to A) tectonic forces B) gravity C) pressure from overlaying rocks D) all of the above
D) all of the above
The San Andreas system in California is an example of a A) strike-slip fault B) transform fault C) right-lateral motions D) all of these are correct
D) all of these are correct
At which of the following locations does subduction occur? A) along collision zones between two continents B) at sea floor spreading zones C) above mantle hot spots D) along collision zones between continental and oceanic plates
D) along collision zones between continental and oceanic plates
Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in the Earth, from the surface to the center? A) crust, core, lower mantle, asthenosphere B) asthenosphere, lower mantle, crust, core C) crust, lower mantle, asthenosphere, core D) crust, asthenosphere, lower mantle, core
D) crust, asthenosphere, lower mantle, core
Which of the following is incorrectly matched? A) strain-stress-induced B) compression-shortening or folding C) tension-stretching or faulting D) shearing-streching
D) shearing-streching
If you were paranoid of earthquakes, which of the following area would be the safest to live? A) convergent plate boundary B) divergent plate boundary C) island arc along a subduction zone D) shield
D) shield
which of the following is an example of a first order of relief? A) the Alps B) the Tibetan Plateau C) the Ohio Valley D) the ocean basin
D) the ocean basin
Radioactive dating only can be used to measure relative time. T / F
False
Wegener used ___________ to name a supercontinent approximately 225 million years ago.
pangea