Geog 1710 CH 12-14 Review

The oceanic crust thickness is about _______km, and the average continental crust thickness is ______km.

5, 30

Earth's magnetic field A) is variable, and it has phased to zero some nine times during the past 4 million years B) is constant in its intensity C) remain a mystery as to its cause D) is principally generated in the inner core

A) is variable, and it has phased to zero some nice times during the past 4 million years

Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in the mantle, from bottom to top? A) mantle, upper mantle, asthenosphere B) asthenosphere, mantle, upper mantle C) upper mantle, asthenosphere, mantle D) mantle, asthenosphere, upper mantle

A) mantle, upper mantle, asthenosphere

People often say that California is going to "fall into the ocean". This idea is totally wrong because the San Andreas fault would have to be a _______ fault associated with ________ forces for this to happen. A) normal; tension B) normal; compression C) reverse; tension D) reverse; compression

A) normal; tension

Vertical elevation differences in local landscape are referred to as A) relief B) an order of relief C) topography D) crust

A) relief

Several large, linear lakes are formed in East Africa. This is evidence of what process? A) rifting B) subduction C) compression D) isosatic uplift

A) rifting

Divergent plate boundaries are characteristics of A) sea-floor spreading centers B) collision zone between plates C) transform plate boundaries D) all plate boundaries

A) sea-floor spreading centers

Heat energy and new materials are brought to the surface from the interior by the A) tectonic cycle B) rock cycle C) hydrologic cycle D) mineral cycle

A) tectonic cycle

Normal faults are associated with A) tension forces B) compressional forces C) plate convergence D) transcurrent forces

A) tension forces

Which of the following are located along the mid-ocean ridge? A) volcanoes B) outcrops of granite C) old oceanic sediments D) none of the above

A) volcanoes

List four Earth's continental shields _______, ________, _________, and _________.

African shield, Brazilian shield, Canadian shield, Indian shield

Approximately what percentage of the Earth's surface is exposed above sea level? A) 18% B) 29% C) 49% D) 62%

B) 29%

Which of the following statements about Earth's core is not true? A) It is composed primarily of iron B) The inner core is believed to be liquid and the outer core solid C) Temperature in the core reaches several thousand degrees D) Temperatures and pressures are higher in the inner core than the outer core

B) The inner core is believed to be liquid and the outer core solid

Convergent plates boundaries are characteristics of A) sea-floor spreading centers B) collision zones between plates C) lateral motion of plates D) all pate boundaries

B) collision zones between plates

Which of the following lists the correct sequence of divisions in the geologic time scale, from largest to smallest? A) era, eon, epoch, period B) eon, era, period, epoch C) epoch, era, eon, period D) period, eon, era, epoch

B) eon, era, period, epoch

When rock strata are strained beyond their ability to remain an intact unit, displacement occurs in a process known as A) folding B) faulting C) stressing D) bending

B) faulting

When geologists or archaeologist dig downward into a unit of rock or sediment, they are digging "back in time". The fact is based on the principal of _________. A) uniformitarianism B) superposition C) catastrophism D) volcanism

B) superposition

Which of the following is true of the asthenosphere? A) it contains pockets of increased heat B) it flows C) it carries the lithospheric plates D) all of the above E) None of the above are true

D) All of the above

Which of the following plays a role in the shaping of the Earth's surface? A) Gravity B) the action of wind, water, and ice C) the radioactive decay of atoms D) All of the above E) B and C only

D) All of the above

Since the core's mass is about one third of Earth's entire mass, the volume of the core is also of one third of the Earth's entire volume. T / F

False

The density of material below the Moho is less than that above it. T / F

False

The oceanic crust is less dense than the continental crust. T / F

False

The youngest epoch in the geologic time scale is _______.

Holocene

Two most abundant chemical elements in Earth's crust are __________ and ___________.

Oxygen, silicon

List three types of stress _______, _________, and _____.

Shear, compression, tension

A hyphographic curve is a graph that shows the Earth's surface by area and elevation in relation to sea level. T / F

True

A residual "synclinal ridge" may form within a trough of a fold. T / F

True

Depth of earthquake focus increases with increasing distance from ocean trench. T / F

True

Earth was once in a molten state, during which materials became sorted based on density. T / F

True

Ocean floor subducts under continents because the ocean floor is denser than continental material. T / F

True

Orogeny means mountain generating. T / F

True

The Hawaiian Islands were formed as a result of a rising plume of magma from the mantle. T / F

True

The Moho mirrors the surface topography, i.e., high places on the surface of the Earth overlies areas in which the Moho descends to greater depths, and vice versa. T / F

True

The age of the sea floor increases with increasing distance from a mid-ocean ridge. T / F

True

The fluid outer core generates 90% of the Earth's magnetic field. T / F

True

The magnetic stripes found around mid-Atlantic ridge were due to the magnetic reversal. T / F

True

The mean sea level is at 0m. T /F

True

Uniformitarianism assumes that the same physical processes we see today are a key to understand the processes that have been operating throughout the geologic time. T / F

True

List four evidences Wegener used to prove his hypothesis __________, __________, __________, and __________.

coastal lines, fossils, rock types and mountain belts, and ancient climates

A ________, or heartland region, is an old and stable part of the continental crust.

craton

List three types of plate boundaries ___________, ___________, and ____________.

divergent, convergent, transform

The decay rate is expressed as __________, that required for one half of the unstable atoms in a sample to decay into "daughter" isotopes.

half-life

Three basic rock types are ________ (fire-formed, molten), __________ (from settling out), and ___________ (transformed from any other rock through extreme heat or pressure).

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

The Earth's dominant materials are _________ and _________.

iron, silicon

There are two types of time, which are __________ and __________.

relative, absolute

A continental ________, is a region with a craton is exposed at the surface

shield

The combination effects of _____ (powered by internal energy) and _______ (powered by the sun through motion of air, water and ice) create Earth's continental crust.

tectonic activity, weathering and erosion

The geologic cycle is composed of three subsystems: __________, ___________, and ____________,

tectonic cycle, rock cycle, hydrologic cycle

Which of the following is an endogenic process? A) Weathering B) Stream C) Volcanism D) Glacial erosion

C) Volcanism

Folded layers of rock can form a wavelike pattern of troughs and crests. The layers near the crest form A) syncline B) a tension zone C) an anticline D) a thrust fault

C) an anticline

Compared to oceanic crust, continental crust is A) denser B) usually formed with less that 50% silica and is rich in iron and magnesium C) generally more complex on content and structure D) essentially composed of basalt

C) generally more complex on content and structure

The transportation and deposition of materials by media powered by solar energy is the A) tectonic cycle B) rock cycle C) hydrologic cycle D) mineral cycle

C) hydrologic cycle

Knowledge of Earth's interior is derived from A) direct sampling of the interior using deep-test wells B) work in Earth's deepest caverns and caves C) indirect evidence involving the analysis of seismic waves D) historic and prehistoric records

C) indirect evidence involving the analysis of seismic waves

The principle of buoyancy and balance, when applied to Earth's crust, helps us to explain fluctuations in Earth's outer crust, a property known as A) magnetism B) Moho effect C) isostatic adjustment D) orogenesis

C) isostatic adjustment

Which layer of planet forms 80% of Earth's total volume, and has an average density of 4.5 g/cm3. A) continental crust B) oceanic crust C) mantle D) core

C) mantle

The asthenosphere can be described as A) a rigid solid B) a liquid C) plastic-like D) plasma-like

C) plactic-like

Which of the following is incorrectly matched? A) endogenic-internal processes B) exogenic-external processes C) radioactive decay heat-exogenic energy source D) weathering-exogenic breaking and dissolving the crust

C) radioactive decay heat-exogenic energy source

The most detailed order of relief applies to _____ order of relief features. A) first B) second C) third D) none of the above

C) third

In 1912, German geophysicist and meteorologist, Alfred Wegener first proposed the __________ hypothesis about the Earth's land mass migration.

Continental drift

Which of the following is not an example of an age-relationship based on absolute dating? A) The oldest rocks on Earth is about 4.0 billion years old B) The oldest fossil on Earth is about 3.5 billion years old C) The dinosaurs became extinct 65 million years ago D) The Coconino formation in the Grand Canyon is older than the Kaibab formation

D) The Coconino formation in the Grand Canyon is older than the Kaibab formation

Which of the following is an exogenic process? A) Earthquake B) Volcanism C) Flows of heat and materials in the mantle D) Weathering

D) Weathering

Rocks are subjected to stress due to A) tectonic forces B) gravity C) pressure from overlaying rocks D) all of the above

D) all of the above

The San Andreas system in California is an example of a A) strike-slip fault B) transform fault C) right-lateral motions D) all of these are correct

D) all of these are correct

At which of the following locations does subduction occur? A) along collision zones between two continents B) at sea floor spreading zones C) above mantle hot spots D) along collision zones between continental and oceanic plates

D) along collision zones between continental and oceanic plates

Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in the Earth, from the surface to the center? A) crust, core, lower mantle, asthenosphere B) asthenosphere, lower mantle, crust, core C) crust, lower mantle, asthenosphere, core D) crust, asthenosphere, lower mantle, core

D) crust, asthenosphere, lower mantle, core

Which of the following is incorrectly matched? A) strain-stress-induced B) compression-shortening or folding C) tension-stretching or faulting D) shearing-streching

D) shearing-streching

If you were paranoid of earthquakes, which of the following area would be the safest to live? A) convergent plate boundary B) divergent plate boundary C) island arc along a subduction zone D) shield

D) shield

which of the following is an example of a first order of relief? A) the Alps B) the Tibetan Plateau C) the Ohio Valley D) the ocean basin

D) the ocean basin

Radioactive dating only can be used to measure relative time. T / F

False

Wegener used ___________ to name a supercontinent approximately 225 million years ago.

pangea