Geog 205 final study guide sansom
Warmer ocean currents can cut away _________ glaciers and ice sheets.
1.5km
If using temperature to define the Arctic, then the Arctic would be considered in high latitudes where the average summer temperature does not reach above ________.
10C or 50F
Starting around the __________ scientists began noticing a significant thinning of the ozone
1980s
There are currently ____ ice sheets on earth.
2
About ____ million people live in the Arctic. _______ a million are indigenous to the area.
4, half
There are _____ number of layers that make up the atmosphere
5
_______ are finely divided solid or liquid particles that are dispersed in the atmosphere
Aerosols
Scientists define the Arctic as the region above the _______ _______. This line occurs at ~ about ______ and _______ North.
Arctic circle, 66 degrees, 34 mins
The ocean surrounding the region surround land around the North Pole is the _________ ______
Arctic ocean
Another definition for the Arctic is the area above the _______ _______.
Arctic treeline
_______ and ________ by humans can increase aerosols
Burning of biomass, creating industrial emissions
Scientists debate on who will the battle between net increases of ________ being stored from increased vegetation against ________ being released by microbes.
CO2, methane
With the Santee River being diverted, the sediment was began to be deposited into the ________ _________ which became problematic because the added sediment lead to a smaller __________
Charleston Harbor, sedimentation of the santee delta
_______ is the country who (in 2005) produced the highest amounts of sulfur dioxide emissions
China
The ______ _____ ________ is a program started under Obama's Climate Action Plan in 2014 to reduced emissions from industry. _________ communities are more likely to be impacted from climate change issues. This program saves _______ and _______ by reducing medical costs and death.
Clean Power Plan, marginalized, lives, money
The ______ Line or _____ ______ _____ Line, was the line of protection created in the Arctic in case the Soviet Union attacked the United States during the Cold War.
DEW, distant early warning
______ cause sediment to be trapped in reservoirs
Dams
In the summer of 2019, President Trump made an offer to buy ________, and offer that had been made by U.S. presidents before him.
Greenland
The ______ cell is the air circulation closest to the equator
Hadley
____-____ radiation is the radiation emitted from the earth
Long-wave
In 1987, counties adopted the _________ ________ that pledged to phase out CFC's
Montreal Protocol
Serpent Mound an example of a result from ______
Native Americans
When thinking about earth's atmosphere, _______ & _____ are the two variables that are observed
Precipitation, temperature
____-____ radiation is the radiation coming from the sun
Short-wave
_____, _____, ______ are the three layers of the atmosphere closest to the earth
Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere
The ozone layer shields the earth from incoming ________ _________
UV radiation
Landslides can also be known as _______ ______ ________
accelerated mass movements
Clay is so small, that is it has a higher ability to _________ to material
adhere
On a positive note, technology is ______, global _______ are shifting, there is a deeper understanding of tradeoffs and _________loops, and there is improved _________ to scientific information.
advancing, values, feedback, access
_____, _____, ______, & _______ all impact the earth's temperature and precipitation
aerosols, greenhouse gases, albedo, & evapotranspiration
With the mosaic of the land possibly changing every year, _________ are affected when looking for food. And wildlife is affected by being forced to change _________ paths.
animals, migratory
Agricultural dust & soot are examples of an _________ aerosol
anthropogenic
______ _______ is the phenomenon of the Arctic growing vegetation due to the more available water and increased temperatures
arctic greening
Aerosols, changes in the amount of greenhouse gases, and ozone depletion are all examples of _____________ change.
atmosphere
The __________ is contains all of the air in the Earth's system
atmosphere
Ice shelves are floating sheets of ice permanently _________ to a land mass.
attatched
Deforestation, overfishing, invasive species, land use/land cover change are all examples of changes in the _________.
biosphere
The ____________ is the sphere that contains all life and all ecosystems on earth
biosphere
__________ ___________ is the idea that the world only has enough resources to carry a certain amount of people and can be modified by including factors such as affluence and technology.
carrying capacity
The ________ from the broken-down CFC's bonds with _________ to destroy ozone
chlorine, oxygen
The most famous ozone depleting substance is _____________ (______)
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
In Aberfan, South Wales the landslide that occurred in 1966 was the result of a ____________________
coal spoil tip mass movement
Most Inuit communities live along the ________.
coast
The Atacama Desert is an example of a _________ desert
coastal
________ _________ leads to property loss.
coastal erosion
Humans attempt to engage in water regulation activities in an attempt to protect infrastructure from _____ _____ and ________.
coastal erosion, flooding
______ ocean currents bring in cold water & cools the air, making this the environment that forms coastal deserts
cold
Water wars, fighting over territory with strategic resources, and biodiversity conflicts are all examples of ________ over resources.
conflict
________is the process of constructing mound and embankments and the creations of dry land where none previously existed
construction and dumping
The sea ice contributes to the ocean's global _______ _______ _______.
conveyor belt circulation
Reflected radiation via ice keeps the climate ______
cool
The word "cryosphere" comes from the Greek word ________.
cryos
The __________ contains all ________ in the Earth's system
cryosphere, ice
"Our" food may not be a part of "their" diet, and the _________ shift in transitioning diets and gathering food could be huge by having a need for money and losing part of their identity.
cultural
For a few weeks in 2014, water was released from the ____ in what is known as a pulse flow to observe vegetation change and sediment load.
dams
Human influences to desertification include but aren't limited to: _______, ___________, _________, and ________ _________
deforestation, overgrazing, overcultivation, Inappropriate Irrigation
Straightening a river for flood control is a ________ change of water channels
deliberate
________ is the dropping off of that material
deposition
Desertification potential is highest at the _________ ________
desert margins
A _______ is an area of land where the ________ exceeds the precipitation
desert, evapotranspiration
________ is the transformation of arable or habitable land to desert due to climate change or destructive land use
desertification
The complexities of the different cycles make studying trends a bit more _________ along a global scale
difficult
Some Native Alaskan communities are faced with the serious threat of _______ or forced migration
displacement
________ forces promote downslope movement of material
disturbing
_______ is the removal of sediments and debris from the bottom of lakes, rivers, harbors, and other water bodies.
dredging
_______ _______ occur in areas that currently collapsing and are a sign of permafrost thawing in the area
drunken trees
The _________ ________ is an event in the 1930s in the plains region of the U.S. in which a series of hot, dry years led to depleted vegetation cover and soils dry enough to be susceptible to wind erosion
dust bowl
Agricultural dust can lead to the creation of a ____ _____
dust pall
Oil extraction can also lead to human-induced ____________
earthquakes
Solar radiation is especially strong at the ________
equator
The outside area of a river bend is the area of ___________
erosion
________ is the breaking down of material
erosion
The velocity of water impacts 3 things: ________, ________, and ________
erosion, deposition, transportaion
________ are depressions in the earth dug by humans
excavations
When salt water freezes, salt is ________ from the ice crystals in a process called _______ ______. As a result of this process, the surrounding sea water becomes saltier and more ______.
excluded, brine rejection, dense
The ________ that water moves, the more material and heavy material it can carry
faster
In the center of the stream right below the water's surface, the velocity of the water is the ________.
fastest
In places where availability or access is limited, we talk about ______ __________
food insecurity
Armed conflicts can also result from __________________
food security
_____ _____ is the concept about measuring the availability of food and one's access to it
food security
Food insecurity can lead to ______ _________
forced migrations
The _________ between the stream bed and the water makes water slower.
friction
The region of the cryosphere is the considered the _______ ________ part of the Earth's system.
frozen water
The ________ away from the stream bed, the faster the water will go.
further
Increased agriculture, reduced access to fresh water, more intense storms, and more days of drought and flooding are all pressures that global communities will face in the _________.
future
_______ are large tubes filled with sand that are supposed to act as a seawall but aren't very effective.
geotubes
A __________ is a large mass of that is resting on land or floating on sea adjacent to land.
glacier
In the news clip shown, Iceland hiked to hold a memorial for the death of a _________.
glacier
If temperatures were to increase, sea ice would have the ability to still bounce back and regrow as opposed to _______ which do have a temperature tipping point.
glaciers
_____ _____ is the event since the 1990s of solar radiation reducing due to a decrease in aerosols
global brightening
From the years of 1960-1990, the earth went through an event called ______ ______ where solar radiation reaching the surface declined due to increased aerosols reflecting sunlight
global dimming
The _____ ____ is the phenomenon which traps heat in the earth's atmosphere
greenhouse effect
______ are structures perpendicular on the coast and trap sediment moving alongshore leading to deposition and erosion downstream.
groins
Permafrost is not about frozen ice, but about how much frozen _______.
ground
_______ _____ is the sinking of ground surface due to the removal of fluids (oil, gas, or water) or underground mining
ground subsidence
Permafrost is considered _______ ice and is _______ that has been at a temperature of _____ or below for two years or more.
ground, ground, 0C
In the Vajont Dam Disaster in Italy in 1963 the construction of the dam added pore-pressure in the __________ conditions and affected the ___________ of rock mass at reservoir margins
groundwater, stability
______ are landforms created by soil erosion via running water and resembles valleys cut into the landscape
gullys
The atmospheric global circulation cycle redistributes _______ away from the poles
heat
Water can retain a lot of ________
heat
The bigger the sediment particle is, the _________ it is
heavier
Decreased vegetation leads to a ________ albedo
high
Deserts can be formed at mid-latitudes because in those latitudes there is a semi-permanent ____ pressure system
high
The snow and ice have a _______ albedo which reflects sunlight. This process helps to regulate the Earth's temperature.
high
Models predict that the _____ latitudes will be more affected by climate change
higher
The Amazon River has a _________ velocity when compared to the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone River. This example shows that _________ impacts velocity more than slope.
higher, depth
_________ ________, _________ _____ and access to the ________ _____ are all reasons why us "lower 48-staters" should care about the Arctic.
homeland security, resource extraction, arctic ocean
Slope re-profiling embankments, groundwater flow perturbation, and vibrations and explosives are all examples of what can cause ______-_________ landslides
human-induced
________ are a major driver of environmental change
humans
Consumptive water uses, dams, marine pollution, and aquatic habitat destruction are all examples of ____________ change.
hydrosphere
The ____________ is the sphere that contains all water on earth.
hydrosphere
As opposed to glaciers, ______ _______ and _____ _______are not constrained by topography.
ice fields, ice sheets
The _______/_________ ______ feedback loop is one Earth's most effective air-conditioning systems
ice/albedo climate
______ are sections of broken ice away from land ice or ice shelves.
icebergs
The price of staple fuels relies heavily on _______ price for transportation, making access to healthier foods difficult.
import
Affecting cloud formation is an example of an ______ effect. Aerosols lead to clouds containing _____ and ______ water droplets.
indirect, more, smaller
Higher sea levels mean that deadly storm surges can push farther ________ than they once did.
inland
Melting ice can lead to food __________, animals changing their _________ patterns, forced migration and __________ among humans, and surface ________ change.
inssecurity, migratory, displacement, albedo
Aerosols have a direct effect on the atmosphere by _______ and ____ a small portion of radiation from the sun. This is an example of a ________ effect of aerosols
intercepting, scattering, direct
__________ are long narrow structures that are built to protect the coastline from currents and tides.
jetties
A ___ ______ event is thought to have occurred before the Dust Bowl where water temperature ________ in the Pacific preventing rainfall
la nina, cools
The largest part of the cryosphere includes ________ ice.
land
During the last Ice Age, there was a _____ ______ between Alaska and Russia.
land bridge
Permafrost thaw can lead to ____ ____ which causes infrastructure damage and displacement.
land subsidence
The three main components of the cryosphere consist of _______ ice, ______ ice, and _____ ice.
land, ground, sea
____ amounts of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide lead to _____ amounts in heat in the atmosphere
large, higher
The heavier the sediment material is, the ________the velocity to keep the particle from being deposited
larger
Sunlight hits the equator with __________ surface area than at the poles, with the same amount of energy
less
Excavations, constructing mounds, ground subsidence, and shore-protection structures are all examples of ______________ change.
lithosphere
The __________ is the Earth's solid crust and land surface layer
lithosphere
Most places in the world are witnessing net ________ in ice.
loss
Cooler ground leads to _________ rainfall
low
Decreased rainfall leads to ________ vegetation
low
Big rivers tend to be in low-lying areas with a ________ slope, while mountain streams are in areas with a _______ slope
low, high
Salt water freezes at a _______ temperature than fresh water.
lower
As the permafrost thaws, anaerobic microbes which can live in the flooded areas are able to decompose plant material and produce the greenhouse gas ________ which traps ______ in the atmosphere
methane, heat
The Sahara Desert is an example of a _____-______desert
mid-latitude
There are 4 main types of deserts. They are ____-_______ deserts, ________ deserts, _______ ______ deserts, and _____ deserts
mid-latitudes, coastal, rain shadow, interior
The equator receives ________ radiation than at the poles
more
The sun rays hit _________ directly at the equator than at the poles
more
In the events that led to the Great Depression, massive farming destroyed ________ grasses which exposed more soil
native
Volcanic dust is an example of a _______ aerosol
natural
Changes occur as a result of both _______ and _________ causes
natural, anthropogenic
Velocity and channel roughness have a _________ relationship
negative
Permafrost thawing can lead to ______ ______ or ______ _______ across large swaths of land.
new lakes, large depressions
Most Inuits lead ______ lives, moving from camp to camp through the seasons hunting herds of animals
nomadic
Removal of vegetation, sediment waste from mining, and channel enlargement are examples of ___-________ change of water channels
non-deliberate
Human behavior is ______ easy to predict
not
The cryosphere is ________ limited to the North Pole.
not
Ice in water includes ice that is found in the _______ and frozen ______ and _______.
ocean, rivers, lakes
With a decrease in ice coverage, solar radiation is absorbed by the _________ which has a low albedo
oceans
The sun sets and rises _______ time per year.
one
In the Ethiopia desertification example: the desertification feedback cycle began with the ____________________ and ended with _____________________
overharvesting wood, total collapse
Ozone is comprised of 3 ______ molecules
oxygen
Ozone depletion in this area is also referred to as the _________ _______ also not necessarily a hole
ozone hole
Most Inuits see themselves as a ________ of their ecosystem
part
"Permafrost" means ______ __________.
permanently frozen
_________ _________ is a mixture of smoke and fog and is produced when nitrous oxides react with ______
photochemical smog, sunlight
______ counties rely heavily on coal, oil, and wood
poorer
Velocity and channel slope have a __________ relationship
positive
Velocity and depth have a ________ relationship
positive
Loss of arable land can lead to ________&___________
poverty, famine
Models are used to _____ factors and trends such as amounts of CO2 and air temperature
predict
Black Rock Desert in Nevada is an example of a _______ ______ desert
rain shadow
The Gobi Desert in China is an example of an ____ ____ desert
rain shadow
________ rainfall and _______ ________ with ______ rainfall is a result of anthropogenic aerosol pollution
reduced, extreme events, heavy
The federal approach of bringing in _______ _______ to low-income communities is supposed to help by creating jobs in local areas, reducing overall and local pollution, and reduce cost of power.
renewable energy
A common reason for human-induced earthquakes is the creation of large ____________ after building dams
reservoirs
________ forces restrict downslope movement of material
resisting
People have been relocating from _______ to ___________ regions
rural, urban
________ is the sediment particle that requires the least amount of velocity necessary for erosion
sand
Through _________ _________ scientists can predict trend and how some scenarios could play out
scientific models
________ are used to provide protection but can end up leading to more erosion
seawalls
Mass movements occur as a result of _______ instability
slope
Velocity of water is impacted by 3 things: ______________, ________________, and ____________
slope of the channel, depth of the water, roughness of the channel
The ____ _____ of a river bend is the area of deposition
slower area
Due to a colder environment, rate of plant decomposition is ________ than at temperate latitudes and as a result a layer of detritus that is frozen into the permafrost. This permafrost is thought to contain more than twice the amount of ______ than is stored in the Amazon forest.
slower, carbon
Bad ozone also known as _________ forms at the _________ level
smog, ground
Once diffused into the atmosphere, CFC's are broken down by _____ _____
solar radiation
Ozone depletion is most noticeable in the _________ _________ region
southern pole
The _______ the slope is, the faster the water is going to move down the slope
steeper
The ozone layer is in the ________
stratosphere
_____-_____ permafrost is permafrost under the ocean.
sub-sea
The use of the coal, etc. leads to increased amounts in _________ (_____) which can get into your lungs
suspended particulate matter (SPM)
_____ and ______ are the two layers of the atmosphere furthest from the earth
thermosphere, exosphere
_______ sea ice means _______ access for arctic communities because it's either not there or isn't thick enough for travel
thinning, less
Air density ______ the higher up in the atmosphere it travels
thins
Arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury are all examples of _______ ______ _____ because of their role as _______. These pollutants have been found to be in mostly ________ areas.
toxic base metals, carcinogens, urban
________ knowledge might not be as adapted to sea ice changes
traditional
________ is the movement of that material
transportation
Politicians use the ________ from this modeling to debate or dismiss the science that goes into creating such models.
uncertainty
Humans can promote downslope movement by _________ support, _________ disturbing forces such as spoil tips, transitory earth stresses such as _____________________, and increased internal pressure such as a the _________ of irrigation water.
underlying, increased, continual passing of heavy traffic, buildup
Most researches agree that we are living past our carrying capacity and we are living completely __________.
unsustainably
______ centers are growing in population
urban
Humans are able to quickly fall in to the mentality of _______ vs. _______
us, them
Rain shadow deserts form when air rises and cools on one mountainside, then sinks and ______ on the other side which becomes the desert.
warms
As permafrost thaws, Arctic communities lose _____ to land through land subsidence
water
With an increased demand in population in urban centers, ________ will continue to play a critical role in the future
water
Interior deserts form as a result from being far from a ________ source and ______, ______ air masses
water, moist, coastal
