GEOG Exam 3 (Ch.13,14,15 qq & sq Ch. 13, 14 terms/concepts)
What is the general relationship between global earthquake activity and plate boundaries?
#1the relationship between earthquakes and plate tectonics are that plate tectonics tells us about the outer shell or also known as the lithosphere. the lithosphere is the thinnest part of the earth.
Describe and explain the driving mechanism for plate tectonics-in other words, explain why and how lithospheric plates move.
(page 408) How and why do lithospheric plates move. Lithosphereic plates are a mosaic rigid plates that float over the asthenosphere. They are very large in size. Plates are being pushed because of convection within the Earths mantle
The Earth's age is ________ billion years old. 46 0.46 460 4.6 0.046
4.6
Describe the fundamental differences among divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries.
413) divergent boundary- magma from the asthenosphere wells up in the opening between plates convergent boundary- plates collide and as such are sometimes called destructive and can sometimes result in removal or compression of the surface crust , and transform plate boundaries is when two plates slip past one another laterally. This slipping occurs along great vertical fractures called transform faults.
Why are volcanoes and earthquakes concentrated around the margin of the pacific ocean- the region referred to as the Pacific Ring of Fire?
415)Volcanoes and earthquakes are concentrated around the margin of the Pacific Ocean (Pacific Ring of Fire) because of subduction zones along with the segments of transform and divergent boundaries. The pacific rim has plate boundarys all the way around it.
Which feature is found at a divergent boundary? A deep oceanic trench Accreted terrane Folded mountain uplifts A rift valley An island arc
divergent plate boundaries are underwater (Iceland is an exception) and form submarine mountain ranges called oceanic spreading ridges. While the process is volcanic, volcanoes and earthquakes along oceanic spreading ridges are not as violent as they are at convergent plate boundaries. A RIFT VALLEY
With the passage of time, all talus migrates ________. upslope very quickly out of the ravine only when there are earthquakes downslope
downslope
A weathering type associated with curved and concentric sets of joints break away in successive layers is called ________. creep hydrolysis landslide solifluction exfoliation
exfoliation
Water is a major agent of weathering because of its property that, when it freezes, it decreases in density and ________. turns acidic evaporates turns white expands in volume stays in liquid form below 0°C
expands in volume
What is a bedding plane?
flat surfaces separating individual beds of sediment
What is a syncline? What is an anticline?
folds based on the relative ages of folded rock layers. A syncline is a fold in which the youngest rocks occur in the core of a fold (i.e., closest to the fold axis), whereas the oldest rocks occur in the core of an anticline.
Granular disintegration is most closely associated with ________. mass wasting biological weathering frost wedging hydrolysis landslides
frost wedging
What is a terrane, and how does one form?
a slice of lithosphere that has been added to the margin of a continent during plate collision
What is a fault scarp?
a small step or offset on the ground surface where one side of a fault has moved vertically with respect to the other. It is the topographic expression of faulting attributed to the displacement of the land surface by movement along faults.
Water penetrating into soil promotes chemical weathering by acting as a weak ________. saline solution base acid neutral agent catalyst
acid
This map shows where Mesosaurus fossils have been found on both Africa and South America. It is partial proof that ________. the animal evolved separately on two continents fossils are found randomly on continents the Mesosaurus must have been birdlike to travel between the continents Africa and South America were once joined together the South Atlantic Ocean has become smaller
africa and south america were once joined together
What is meant by denudation?
an erosive process of breaking and removing the rocks from the surface of the earth. It is the wearing away of the terrestrial land by weathering, erosion, moving water, ice waves. Denudation is the result of two main processes, Endogenous and exogenous.
Which of the following is the largest block of time? Paleocene Pleistocene Phanerozoic Precambrian Paleozoic
precambrian
Comprehending the ________ associated with topographic development is much more important than detailed studies of the distribution of landforms. soils rock ages chemistry climates processes
processes
Part complete What is an explosive volcanic eruption of hot gases, ash, and rocks that burns and buries things in its path? Pyroclastic flow Lava flow Volcanic mudflow Magma plume Flood basalt
pyroclastic flow
________ clays which change to a near-liquid state as a result of sudden disturbance. Talus Sandy Scree Quick Mudflow
quick
Oxidation of aluminum causes which of the following colors on the surfaces of rocks? Black Light purple Reddish brown Grayish-blue Lime green
reddish brown
Explain the general differences in silica content and style of volcanic eruption associated with basaltic, magma, andestic, magma, and rhyolitic magma.
rhyolite (high silica, explosive and quiet, thick lava)----andesite----basalt (low silica, quiet eruptions, fluid lava)
This colored area is called the Pacific ________. island trend hot spot craton Ring of Fire Plate
ring of fire
Describe the general differences amoung igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks
An igneous rock is formed when molten material (lava or magma) cools and solidifies. Sedimentary rock forms when particles settle out of water or wind into deposits that are covered and pressed into rocks. Metamorphic rocks are either of the first two that have been pushed far enough under the Earth's surface for the pressure and temperature to change the properties of the rock itself
Distinguish among weathering, mass, wasting, and erosion
As soon as a rock particle (loosened by one of the two weathering processes) moves, we call it erosion or mass wasting. Mass wasting is simply movement down slope due to gravity. Rock falls, slumps, and debris flows are all examples of mass wasting.
What is the importance of geologic time to the doctrine of uniformitarianism?
Because geologic time is avastperiodoftimewheregeologicprocesseshappen.Thedoctrineofuniformitarianism is based on that time span.
How is a hot spot trail different from a volcanic island arc?
Hot spot volcanoes are different from island arc subduction volcanoes. Hot spot volcanoes form a long line from the newest volcano, the active one, to the oldest far away from the hot spot. All the older volcanoes are no longer active and get worn down to sea mounts. The plate is moving over the hot spot. 2 Hot spots are not located on plate boundaries except for a few by chance. 3 Island arc subduction volcanoes are all active as they all result from the magma rising from the subducting plate which is melting.
In what ways have hot spots been used to verify that plate motion is taking place?
Hot spots are at fixed locations in the Earth's mantle where heat from the Earth's interior rises to the surface and produces volcanism. The Earth's plates, which are slowly but constantly moving, are pierced by the uprising magma. As they move away from the hotspot, the volcanoes become dormant and are replaced by new volcanoes. The direction of the line formed from previous volcanoes indicates the direction of the plate movement.
Define the following terms: igneous, intrusion, pluton, batholith, and dike
Igneous rocks form when molten rock cools and solidifies (crystallizes)
In the study of geomorphology, why do we primarily concentrate on processes rather than on distribution patterns by latitude?
In geomorphology we concentrate on the processes instead of distribution patterns by latitude because the process is what produces the pattern. Orderly patterns of distribution like climate, ecosystems, biomes, and soils are more difficult to discern. Understanding the processes with topographic development is more important than the physical geography.
What is the difference between earthquake magnitude and earthquake shaking intensity?
Intensity: The severity of earthquake shaking is assessed using a descriptive scale - the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. Magnitude: Earthquake size is a quantitative measure of the size of the earthquake at its source. The Richter Magnitude Scale measures the amount of seismic energy released by an earthquake.
Describe and explain the general formation, shape, and structure of the following kinds of volcanic peaks: shield volcanoes, composite volcanoes, lava domes (plug domes), and cinder cones.
422/423)SHIELD VOLCANOES (info/shape/structure) Basaltic lava flows quite easily over the surrounding surface and forms low lying volcanoes. Broad gently sloping mountain- STRUCTURE- layers of solidified lava flows ---------------------------------------------------------------- COMPOSITE VOLCANOES (info/shape/structure) volcanoes that emit higher silica "intermediate" lavas. They tend to erupt explosively- SHAPE AND SIZE-steep sided symmetrical cone with a height of over 12000 feet. STRUCTURE- layers of lava flows, pyroclastics, and hardened mudflow deposit------------------------------------------------------------------ LAVA DOMES (plug domes) (info/shape/structure) have large masses of very viscous lava such as high-silica rhyolite that are too think to flow to far away. SHAPE AND SIZE- small less than 2000ft and sometimes irregular shaped. STRUCTURE- solidified lava that was thick and viscous when molten. Plug often covered by pyroclastics. Frequently occur within the crater of composite volcano CINDER CONES (info/shape/structure) INFO SHAPE SIZE- Small steep sided cone max height 1500ft STRUCTURE- loose pyroclastic material may be composed of ash or cinder sized pieces.
Explain the formation of a caldera such as Crater Lake in Oregon.
A caldera is formed when a large eruption of magma, or lava, leaves a gigantic empty chamber underground. The volcanic material above the chamber, usually made of volcanic rock and tuff, collapses into the empty magma chamber. ... A crater, on the other hand, is almost always a vent for volcanic activity.
Describe and explain the formation of landforms that result from normal faulting (such as grabens, horsts, and tilted fault-block mountains)
A horst is an uplifted block of land between two parallel faults, while a graben is a block of land bounded by parallel faults in which the block has been downthrown, producing a distinctive structural valley with a straight, steep-sided fault scarp on either side. A resulting landform associated with horsts and grabens is a rift valley (a downfaulted graben structure extended for extraordinary distances as linear structural valleys enclosed between typically steep fault scarps).A tilted fault-block mountain is a mountain formed under certain conditions of crustal stress, whereby a surface block may be severely faulted and upthrown on one side without any faulting or uplift on the other side. The block is tilted asymmetrically, producing a steep slope along the fault scarp and a relatively gentle slope on the other side of the block.
Describe and explain the formation of landforms that result from strike-slip faulting (such as linear fault troughs, sag ponds, and offset streams)
A linear fault trough is a valley marking a strike-slip fault; it occurs by repeated movement and fracturing of rock. A sag pond is a pond caused by the collection of water from springs and/or runoff into sunken ground, resulting from the jostling of Earth in the area of fault movement. An offset stream, or offset drainage channel, is perhaps most conspicuous landform. Offset streams are produced by strike-slip faulting where a stream's course runs perpendicular to a fault line, and then has its flow redirected by a lateral shift in the fault blocks. This results in the redirecting of 211 Info icon This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version. View Full Document Right Arrow Icon the stream's course. Likewise, the formation of a shutter ridge can displace streams flowing across a fault
How is mineral different from a rock?
A mineral is a naturally formed inorganic solid substance that has an unvarying chemical composition and characteristic crystal structure. There are about 4,400 identified mineral on Earth, with new types being found each year. In order for a substance to be considered a mineral it must have the following five characteristics: solid, naturally found in nature, inorganic, possessing a specific chemical composition, and containing atoms arranged in a regular patter to form solid crystals. A rock is asolid material composed of aggregated mineral particles. Rocks can be sometimes comprised of a single mineral (for example, rock salt), but most are made up of several different minerals
Explain the differences in stress direction and displacement among the four basic kinds of faults: normal faults, reverse faults, thrust faults, and strike-slip faults.
A normal fault is the result of tension producing a steeply inclined fault plain, with the block of land on one side being pushed up, or upthrown, in relation to the block on the other side, which is downthrown (displacement is mostly vertical).A reverse fault is a fault produced from compression, with the upthrown block rising steeply above the downthrown block, so that the fault scarp would be severely oversteepened if erosion did not act to smooth the slope (displacement is mostly vertical).A thrust fault is a fault created by compression forcing the upthrown block to override the downthrown block at a relatively low angle; it is complicated in structure.A strike-slip fault is a fault produced by shearing, with adjacent blocks being displaced laterally with respect to one another (displacement is entirely horizontal).
Describe and explain the origin and characteristics of pyroclastic flows and volcanic mudflows (lahars).
A volcanic mudflow, or a lahar, is comprised of loose ash and pyroclastic flowdeposits that have been left behind on the side of a volcanic mountain duringprevious volcanic eruptions.This deposited material can easily be mobilized byheavy rain or by the melting of snow and glaciers during an eruption.Laharstypically flow down stream valleys off the slopes of a volcano, leaving the valleyfloor buried in thick mud and debris.They can reach speeds of greater than 50kilometers per hour. A pyroclastic flow is a high-speed avalanche of searing hot gases, ash, and rockfragments. This event can be triggered by the collapse of a lava dome or theexplosive eruption of a composite volcano.This material can travel down slopeat speeds of over 160 kilometers per hour, burning and burying everything it itspath.
Describe and explain at least two lines of evidence that Alfred Wegener used to support his theory of continental drift and the existence of the supercontinent of Pangaea
Alfred Wegener hypothesis proposed that the earth was once a supercontinent named Pangaea. The theory puts that the jigsaw fit of the continents shows that thecontinents where joined together. Another hint he highlight to support his theory is that coal deposits discovered in Pennsylvania have the same composition to the ones across Poland and Great Britain. That shows that Europe and North America was once a joined landmass
Briefly contrast contact metamorphism, regional metamorphism, and hydrothermal metamorphism.
Contact metamorphism: metamorphism of surrounding rocks by contact with magma Regional metamorphism: The widespread subsurface metamorphism of rock as a result of prolonged exposure to heat and high pressure, such as in areas of plate collision or subduction Hydrothermal metamorphism: Metamorphism associated with hot, mineral-rich solutions circulating around preexisting rock
How is sediment formed?
External processes, mechanical and chemical, operating on rocks cause them to disintegrate. This disintegration produces fragmented mineral material—called sediment—some of which is removed by water, wind, ice, gravity, or a combination of these agents
Explain how faulting can leave older rocks resting over younger rocks.
Faulting can leave older rocks resting over younger one because the plane of a thrust fault could be higher than horizontal
How is folding different from faulting?
Folds are bends in rocks that are due to compressional forces. Folds are most visible in rocks that layered (also known as sedimentary rocks). Folds are formed when heat and pressure is applied to the rock. ... Faults are defined as the displacement of rock that were once connected along a fault line.
Contrast the concepts of internal processes and external processes in geomorphology?
Internal process: Geomorphic processes originating below the surface; including volcanism; folding and faulting. External Process: Destructive processes that serve to denude, or wear down the landscape; including weathering; mass wasting, and erosion
Under what conditions does liquefaction occur?
Liquefaction occurs when vibrations or water pressure within a mass of soil cause the soil particles to lose contact with one another. As a result, the soil behaves like a liquid, has an inability to support weight and can flow down very gentle slopes.
Briefly define the following terms: magma, lava, pyroclastics.
Magma- Molten rock beneath the surface of the Earth. Lava- Molten rock when it flows out or is squeezed onto the surface. Pyroclastics- Tiny pieces of solid volcanic rock that has been explosively ejected out onto the surface by a volcanic eruption.
Define and contrast the following: magma, lava, and pyroclastics.
Magma: Molten material below the earth's surface Lava: Molten magma that is extruded onto the surface of Earth, where it cools and solidifies. Pyroclastics: Solid rock fragments thrown into the air by volcanic explosions
Describe and explain the tectonic activity, volcanic activity, and general topographic features associated with the two kinds of divergent plate boundary: midocean ridges and continental rift valleys. Mention at least one present-day example of each of these kinds of divergent boundaries.
Oceanic-continental plate subduction- -tectonic activity - volcanic activity -general topographic features - one present day example --------------------------------------------- Oceanic- ocean plate subduction -tectonic activity - volcanic activity- initiated with volcanoes forming on the ocean floor. And with time a volcanic arc like the Aleutian Islands and Mariana Islands develop -general topographic features - one present day example Continental plate collision -tectonic activity - volcanic activity -general topographic features - one present day example
Briefly describe the differences among the P waves, S waves, and surface waves of an earthquake.
P waves: primary waves are the first ones to arrive; they compress and expand the ground like an accordion; they travel through solids and liquids S waves: secondary waves come after P waves; these waves shake the ground from side to side and up and down; S waves only move through solids Surface waves: when P and S waves reach the surface they become surface waves; surface waves are the slowest waves but they are very dangerous; they make the ground roll like ocean waves
In the context of geomorphology, what is meant by the term relief?
Relief is the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest points in an area; the vertical variation from mountain-top to valley bottom
A considerable body of knowledge concerning the Earth's interior has been amassed through all of these methods except ________. studying Earth's magnetism digging mines sampling rocks from Earth's core drilling wells studying seismic waves
Sampling rocks from the earth's core
Why do most sedimentary rocks form in flat, horizontal layers called strata?
Sedimentary rocks form as more-or-less horizontal layers because of the way in which sediment (sand, mud, rock debris, shell fragments, etc) is deposited. All sedimentary rocks form when moving water, wind or ice erodes, transports and deposits sediment. Layered upon layer, with cementing agents like silica, calcium carbonite, and iron oxide. Cementing by going through porespaces.
What is an outcrop?
Solid rock is sometimes found right at the surface, in which case it is called an outcrop
What is meant by the structure of a landform?
Structure refers to nature, arrangement, and orientation of the materials making up a landform.
Describe and explain subduction and the tectonic activity, volcanic activity, and general topographic features associated with the three kinds of convergent plate boundary: oceanic-continental convergence, oceanic-oceanic convergence, and continental-continental convergence. Mention at least one present day example of each of these kinds of convergent boundaries
Tectonic activity-occurs at the plate boundaries. Edges of several plates come into contact along large linear areas of faulting. Earthquakes, mountains and volcanoes are common during tectonic activity. Volcanic activity- occurs when a sudden release of energy is experienced and it's caused by movement of magma on the near surface. The energy may be in form of gas emissions, earth quakes, Info icon This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version. View Full Document Right Arrow Icon geothermal activity and non explosive extrusion of magma. Continental - oceanic plate convergence- between the oceanic plate and the continental plate, the oceanicplate is denser so it drags the continental plate into the asthenosphere and as a result, a subduction zone is formed. When the zone sinks 100km deeper, the plate becomes hot due to increased temperature and pressure underneath. These melts the mantle above which erupts in form of lava, solidify on the surface producing volcanic land masses like Juan de Fuca in North America. Oceanic -oceanic convergence-both oceanic plates are dense but with continuous eruption of the mantle at the mid ocean, the newly formed plate drags from the ridges and becomecold and denser. So when oceanic plates collide one will sink hence a subduction zone is created. An example is an island arc (Aleutian peninsula- Alaska). Continental plate collision - during the process continental, the subduction zone isget broken down. Mountains are formed and two continents joined together.
Provide a general description of the silicate mineral family. Name at least one common silicate mineral.
The Earth crust is made up of 90% silicon and oxygen and many rocks are in the composition of minerals. Silicates are in two forms, Felsic and Mafic. This is a group of silicates which form usually in magmas. Basalt and gabbro in the group are dark and very dense and they are named ultra mafic silicates. A classic approach is used to categorize silicates by their structure.
What does the modified Mercalli intensity scale convey?
The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. The effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is called the intensity. The intensity scale consists of a series of certain key responses such as people awakening, movement of furniture, damage to chimneys, and finally - total destruction.
What is the Moho (Mohorovicic discontinuity)?
The Mohorovičić discontinuity (or Moho for short) is the boundary between Earth's crust and mantle. It is thought to be a narrow zone with significant change in mineral composition
Explain the concept of isostasy.
The balance between the less dense crust ans the more dense mantle. That the crust floats on the mantle. If the crust density increases it will sink lower and if the density decreases it will rise higher
What is generally meant by the term geologic time?
The concept of geological time refers to the vast periods of time over which geologic processes operate.
Why was Wegner's theory of continental drift rejected for so long?
The continental drift model incorrectly posited that the continents are floating on liquid magma. This is not the case, which is why you might say the idea is rejected.
Briefly describe the overall structure of Earth, noting the four main layers: crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core
The crust is the outermost solid layer of Earth, consisting of a broad mixture of rock types. On average, the crust is three times as thick under continents as under the ocean. It makes up less than 1 percent of Earth's volume. The mantle is that portion of Earth beneath the crust and surrounding the outer core, about to depth of 2,900 kilometers (1,800 miles). It possesses the largest volume of all four shells. The outer core is the (molten) liquid shell beneath the mantle that encloses Earth's inner core. This layer is responsible for generating Earth's magnetic field. The inner core is the supposedly solid, dense, innermost portion of Earth, believed to consist largely of iron/nickel or iron/silicate. Our understanding of crust and upper mantle has fundamentally changed in last three decades.
What is the difference between a plutonic (intrusive) igneous rock and a volcanic (extrusive) igneous rock?
The difference between plutonic (intrusive) igneous rock and volcanic (extrusive) igneous rock is plutonic(intrusive) igneous rock- cool and solidify beneath Earth's surface where surrounding rocks serve as insulation. Granite is a plutonic rock volcanic (extrusive) igneous rock forms on the surface of the Earth either from the cooling of lava or the accumulation of pyroclastic material such as volcanic ash and cinders. Basalt is a volcanic rock
What is the difference between the focus of an earthquake and the epicenter of an earthquake?
The focus, or center, is the subsurface area where an earthquake is initiated. The epicenter is the location on the ground directly above the focus of an earthquake, where the strongest shocks and greatest crustal vibrations are often felt.
Why are metamorphic rocks often found in contact with plutonic rocks such as granite?
The hot magma alters the surrounding rock due to its extreme heat + pressure, causing it to metamorphise.
What are the differences between the lithosphere "plates" and the asthenosphere?
The lithosphere is the uppermost zone of mantle and the crust together. It also includes the tectonic plates, consisting of the crust and upper rigid mantle. The lithosphere is also sometimes used as a general term for the entire solid Earth. The asthenosphere is the plastic layer of the upper mantle that underlies the lithosphere. Its rock is very hot and therefore weak and easily deformed.
What are the main differences between granite and basalt?
The main difference between granite and basalt is Granite is coarse-grained, salt and pepper appearancefrom high- silica felsic magma; plutonic equivalent of rhyolite. (Contains large portions of light- colored silicate minerals such as quartz and feldspar). Basalt is usually black from low-silica mafic magma (contains large portions of dark colored silicate minerals such as olivine and pyroxene)
Over long periods of time, how can the minerals in one rock end up as part of a different rock (or a different kind of rock)? Explain the rock cycle.
The three main rock types are igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary. The three processes that change one rock to another are crystallization, metamorphism, and erosion and sedimentation. Any rock can transform into any other rock by passing through one or more of these processes. This creates the rock cycle.
Briefly define the terms topography, landform, and geomorphology.
Topography: the surface configuration of earth Landform: an individual topographic feature of any size Geomorphology: the study of the characteristics, origin, and development of landforms
Describe the differences between an oceanic trench and a midocean ridge
Trench: very deep, elongated cavity bordering a continent or an island arc; it forms when one tectonic plate slides beneath another. Ridge: underwater mountain range that criss-crosses the oceans and is formed by rising magma in a zone where two plates are moving apart.
How does the doctrine of uniformitarianism help us understand the history of the Earth?
Uniformitarianism is the concept of that the "present is the key to the past" in geomorphic processes; the processes now operating also operated in the past
What is meant by the term volcanism?
Volcanism is the most compelling and visible igneous process.
What roles do rock openings play in weathering processes?
When openings in rocks allow the wind and water etc. to get inside and erode surfaces. The weather processes make the rock openings expand and then starts to crack. Over timethe crack gets larger and larger until the rock splits apart.
Why is chemical weathering more effective in humid climates than in arid climates?
chemical weathering is more effective in humid climates because it requires moisture.
Contrast the composition and characteristics of oceanic lithosphere with those of continental lithosphere
continental crust is made up of sial, ocean floor crust is made up of sima, Oceanic lithosphere is more dense
Isostasy refers to the recognition that the ________ floats on the denser mantle. atmosphere inner core outer core crust aluminum
crust
A crustal block which is down thrown with a steep fault scarp on either side is a ________. syncline graben rift valley fault block mountain horst
graben
What is a hot spot? Name at least one present-day example of a hot spot.
hot spots have been located at over 50 spots. They are spots where magma rising from the mantle reaches the top surface AND aren't near a plate boundary
Uniformitarianism was an idea first put forth by the scientist ________. Hutton Wegener Aristotle Köppen Berkeley
hutton
If you travel away from a mid-ocean ridge you will find ________. increasingly younger rocks the seafloor is drifting opposite to your direction of motion increasingly older rocks little evidence of paleomagnetic reversals of the poles more and more earthquakes
increasingly older rocks
Which of the following does not fit the definition of a mineral? It must be found in nature. It must form a regular pattern of crystals. It must have the same chemical composition wherever found. It must have economic value. It must be made up of inorganic substances.
it must have economic value
Mount St. Helens is ________. dead the largest volcano in the world likely to vigorously erupt again scheduled to erupt in the year 2050 the world's best example of intrusive volcanism
likely to erupt again
Which of the following is out of order if we are considering the Earth from the atmosphere to the center? mantle crust inner core Moho outer core
mantle
How does the mantle plume model explain the existence of hot spots?
midplate volcanic activity develops over narrow plumes of heated material rising through the mantle - perhaps originating as deep as the core-mantle boundary
Which of the following is not one of the principal categories of rock-forming minerals? Sulfides Peptides Oxides Halides Native elements
peptides
What lines of evidence confirm that seafloor spreading has been taking place? You should be able to explain evidence from both paleomagnetism and ocean floor cores.
seafloor spreading is a theory that states that midocean ridges are formed by currents of magma rising up from the mantle. Paleomagnetism and ocean floor cores sampling are the 2 lines of evidence. The ocean floor core sampling was done by a research ship, which discovered that sea floors move outward from the midocean ridges like conveyor belt. The evidence from paleomagnetism was completed by testing the symmetrical pattern of magnetic orientation
________ is a sedimentary rock formed mechanically from fine silt and clay particles. Sandstone Shale Granite Limestone Basalt
shale
What is the distinctive trait of a slump? Slumps have high water content. Slumps involve movement along a curved surface. Slumps occur quickly in dry conditions. Slumps have very slow movement. Slumps involve free downslope movement.
slumps involve movement along a curved surface
Carbonate rock is closely associated with ________. granular disintegration solution cavities exfoliation hydration vesicles
solution cavities
In folded terrain, a simple symmetrical down fold is termed a(n) ________. magma pool overthrust fold monocline anticline syncline
syncline
What is flood basalt?
the result of a giant volcanic eruption or series of eruptions that covers large stretches of land or the ocean floor with basalt lava.
What is an earthquake?
the vibration of earth produced by the rapid release of energy within the lithosphere
Which situation would result with older sediments overlying younger sedimentary rocks? Strike-slip faulting Normal faulting Intrusive volcanism Extrusive volcanism Thrust faulting
thrust faulting
A(n) ________ would be an expected result of soil creep. house engulfed in mud earthquake along a fault landslide sinking land surface tilted fence post
tilted fence post
Under the surface of the Earth, where would one expect a convection current directed toward the surface? under plates in the core under subduction zones under mid-ocean ridges under continents
under mid-ocean ridges
A lava ________ is a small hole which develops in cooling lava when gas is unable to escape as the lava solidifies. cavern pore space chamber cavity vesicle
vesicle
In what ways can rainfall expedite mass wasting?
water is a major factor in mass wasting because it adds weight and when it adds weight there is a loss in cohesion and when the ground is not able to be cohesive and stay together, then that piece of land is wasted and not able to be used. rainfall is a factor of mass wasting because it increases the buoyancy of the weathered material which adds to the momentum of the land, once movement takes place. this generally happens after heavy rainfall.
Which process must take place first during the denudation of a landscape? Weathering Mass wasting Erosion They must occur simultaneously.
weathering
What is the relationship between gravity and mass wasting?
when there is a slope on earth's surface, there is more of a chance for mass wasting. since the force of gravity is downward towards earth's surface, a force is also formed into the slope on earth's surface. the force also creates a stress called sheer stress which results in reducing the strength of the slope and making it more likely to waste mass due to the force built within the slope.
