Geography 1111 Test 3

The greatest flow from rivers east of the continental divide in the Rockies in the USA is into the a. interior West drainage b. Gulf/Atlantic drainage c. Pacific drainage d. Hudson Bay/ Arctic drainage

b. Gulf/Atlantic drainage

If the capacity of a stream is exceeded, _____ will occur. a. downcutting b. aggradation c. erosion of valley walls d. both downcutting and erosion of valley walls

b. aggradation

Convergent plate boundaries are characteristic of a. sea-floor spreading centers b. collision zones between plates c. lateral motions of plates d. all plate boundaries

b. collision zones between plates

When a river reaches a base level, its forward velocity rapidly decelerates as it enters a larger body of standing water and _____ is formed. a. an alluvial terrace b. an estuary c. a delta d. a stream terrace

c. a delta

Natural levees are created during a. normal flow conditions b. low flow conditions c. floods d. non of these- all levees are man-made

c. floods

Continental crust is basically _____, whereas ocean crust is basically _____. a. basalt; granite b. sima; sial c. granite; basalt d. heavy; lighter

c. granite; basalt

The average size of sediment in a natural levee is ____ that found in the surrounding floodplain. a. smaller than b. the same size as c. larger than

c. larger than

In most areas, the upper surface of bedrock is partially weathered to broken-up rock called a. sediment b. parent rock c. regolith d. bedrock

c. regolith

Compressional stress along a fault can result in a dropped footwall block relative to the hanging-wal side, producing a a. lateral fault b. strike-slip fault c. reverse fault d. normal fault

c. reverse fault

Which of the following is an example of a third order of relief? a. the Basin and Range Province b. a continental platform c. the Shenandoah Valley d. the Alps

c. the Shenandoah Valley

If material is to move downslope, it must overcome the force of a. inertial resistance of the material b. friction c. the cohesion of particles to each other d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following supports the continental drift concept? a. radiometric dating of rocks on either side of a spreading center b. plant and animal fossil records c. magnetic field patterns preserved in the rocks d. all of the above support the theory e. none of these is valid evidence of continental drift

d. all of the above support the theory

The general term for clay, silt, and sand deposited by running water is a. mud b. debris c. soil d. alluvium

d. alluvium

The nucleus of old crystalline rock in each of the principal continental masses is called a a. basalt mass b. composite zone c. mountain mass d. continental shield, or craton

d. continental shield, or craton

All processes that cause reduction and rearrangement of landforms are included in the term a. mass movement b. weathering c. erosion d. denudation

d. denudation

Watersheds are defined by a. fluvial units b. stream orders c. continental divides d. drainage divides

d. drainage divides

The fact that water expands as much as 9 percent of its volume as it freezes is the basis of a. pressure-release jointing b. chemical weathering processes c. crystallization d. frost action (freeze-thaw)

d. frost action (freeze-thaw)

The Hawaiian Islands were formed as a result of a. activity along a mid-ocean ridge b. an oceanic-oceanic plate collision c. a continental-oceanic plate collision d. hotspot activity

d. hotspot activity

Pulverized rock and clastic materials ejected violently during an eruption are called a. explosive debris b. volcanic ash c. cinders d. tephra, or pyroclastics

d. tephra, or pyroclastics

Ocean floor sub ducts under continents because a. the weight of the continents is so great that they push the ocean floor material downward b. the ocean floor is made of felsic minerals and is lighter than continental material c. the ocean floor has a lower density and therefore sinks more easily d. the ocean floor is made of mafic (high magnesium content) material and is therefore more dense than continental material

d. the ocean floor is made of mafic (high magnesium content) material and is therefore more dense than continental material

Which of the following is incorrectly matched? a. tectonic uplift- endogenic b. weathering and erosion - exogenic c. heavy rainfall- exogenic d. volcanic eruptions - endogenic e. denudation- endogenic

e. denudation- endogenic

A landslide differs from a debris avalanche in that a. a landslide moves much more slowly than a debris avalanche b. the materials in a landslide are not saturated with water c. a landslide moves much more quickly than a debris avalanche d. the materials in a debris avalanche are not saturated with water

a. a landslide moves much more slowly than a debris avalanche

As a stream's velocity decreases, which of the following sizes of sediments will be deposited last? a. clay b. gravel c. silt d. sand

a. clay

Explosive eruptions tend to build up a. composite volcanoes b. many subsequent lava flows c. plateau basalts d. shield-shaped volcanoes

a. composite volcanoes

Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in Earth, from the surface to the center? a. crust, aesthenosphere, lower mantle, core b. crust, core, lower mantle, aesthenosphere c. aesthenosphere, lower mantle, crust, core d. crust, lower mantle, aesthenosphere, core

a. crust, aesthenosphere, lower mantle, core

When rock strata are strained beyond their ability to remain an intact unit, displacement occurs in a process known as a. faulting b. stressing c. broad warping d. folding

a. faulting

What type of rock forms from the solidification of molten material? a. igneous b. sedimentary c. metamorphic

a. igneous

A rock transformed from any other rock through extreme heat and or pressure is referred to as a. metamorphic b. igneous c. ancient d. sedimentary

a. metamorphic

Maximum velocity in a stream is found a. at the center and near the surface, corresponding with the shallowest parts of the stream channel b. near the inside of a meander c. at the center and near the surface, corresponding with the deepest parts of the stream channel d. near the bottom

c. at the center and near the surface, corresponding with the deepest parts of the stream channel

The state of Georgia is principally within which major drainage basin? a. Tennessee b. North Atlantic c. South Atlantic-Gulf d. Ohio

South Atlantic-Gulf

Exfoliation occurs because a. overlying rock is removed, thereby allowing the underlying rock mass to expand and fracture b. water freezes in joints and expands c. water combines with minerals and increases their size, thereby causing surrounding minerals to pop out of the rock matrix d. all of these are possible causes of exfoliation

a. overlying rock is removed, thereby allowing the underlying rock mass to expand and frature

The ultimate base level is a. sea level b. a drainage divide c. a dam d. all of these are correct

a. sea level

The disintegration and dissolving of surface and subsurface rock is called a. weathering b. erosion c. mass movement d. landmass denudation

a. weathering

Which of the following lists of processes are in the correct sequence as to their occurrence in nature? a. weathering, erosion, transport, deposition b. weathering, erosion, deposition, transport c. deposition, erosion, transport, weathering d. weathering, deposition, erosion, transport

a. weathering, erosion, transport, deposition

The motion of seismic waves is initiated in a subsurface area along the fault plane called the a. epicenter b. focus, or hypocenter c. Richter zone d. fault area

b. focus, or hypocenter

The science that specifically studies the origin, evolution, form, and spatial distribution of landforms is a. geography b. geomorphology c. environmental chemistry d. geology

b. geomorphology

Consider the equation Q=wdv. According to the equation, if Q (discharge) remains constant, but w and d decrease (as when a channel becomes more narrow and shallow), the velocity will a. decrease b. increase c. remain constant

b. increase

An example of chemical weathering is a. exfoliation b. karst topography c. the breakdown of rocks by freezing and thawing d. the wearing away of a stream bank by river

b. karst topography

Which of the following is matched correctly? a. sandstone-igneous b. marble- metamorphic c. granite- metamorphic d. basalt- sedimentary

b. marble- metamorphic

The undulating form that gives Earth's surface its character and general configuration is called a. an order of relief b. topography c. crust d. relief

b. topography

Uniformitarianism assumes that a. mountains, plains, and canyons formed by catastrophic events b. catastrophic episodes have regularly occurred c. the same physical processes we see today are a key to understanding the processes that have been operating throughout geologic time d. Earth is quite young and is shaped by dramatic events

c. the same physical processes we see today are a key to understanding the processes that have been operating throughout geologic time

A tributary that is physically unable to join the main channel on a floodplain is called a a. levee tributary b. meandering tributary c. yazoo tributary d. alluvial stream

c. yazoo tributary

Which of the following lists is in the correct sequence from younger to older? a. Holocene, Quaternary, Cenozoic b. Paleozoic, Cenozoic, Mesozoic c. Holocene, Precambrian, Cenozoic d. Tertiary, Quaternary, Cretaceous

A. Holocene, Quaternary, Cenozoic

Limestone is a type of ____ rock that forms when ____. a. igneous; lava cools b. sedimentary; broken fragments of rock redeposited in a water environment and are then cemented together c. sedimentary; calcium carbonate precipitates, or organic material containing calcium carbonate accumulates in a water environment d. igneous; magma cools

c. sedimentary; calcium carbonate precipitates, or organic material containing calcium carbonate accumulates in a water environment

Stream transport involves all of the following except a. traction b. bed load c. sheet flow d. saltation

c. sheet flow

When geologists or archaeologists dig downward into a unit or rock or sediment, they are digging "back in time." This fact is based on the principal of ____. a. catastrophism b. uniformitarianism c. superposition

c. superposition

An element or combination of elements that forms from an inorganic, natural compound is called a a. tectonic rock b. molecule c. granitic compound d. mineral

d. mineral

What type of rock is derived from the bits and pieces of former rocks? a hydrothermal b.igneous c. metamorphic d. sedimentary

d. sedimentary

Normal faults are associated with a. transcurrent forces b. compressional forces c. plate convergence d. tensional forces

d. tensional forces

A hypsographic curve is a. a graph that shows the change in temperature with depth below the surface of the ocean floor b. a graph that shows Earth is of relatively high relief c. a graph that shoes Earth's relief is great when compared to its diameter d. a graph that shows the change in temperature with depth below the surface of a continent e. a generalized curve showing Earth's surface by area and elevation in relation to sea level

e. a generalized curve showing Earth's surface by area and elevation in relation to sea level