Geography 121

. Ethnolect

- a dialect spoken by a particular ethnic group

25. Elitist space

- a term coined by geographer Daniel Gade to describe the distinctive cultural landscape that can be formed from people's elitist space.

Hierarchical Diffusion

- a type of expansion diffusion in which innovations spread from one important person to another or from one urban center to another, temporarily bypassing other persons or rural areas

Gullah Culture

- descendants of African slaves; have distinctive African-influnced culture and language

13. Indigenous Ecology

- indigenous people possess a very close relationship with their physical environment; they have developed sustainable land-use practices over generations.

Symbolic Landscapes

- landscapes that express the values, beliefs, and meanings of a particular culture

Bilingualism

- the ability to speak two languages fluently

. Environmental Determinism

- the belief that the physical environment is the dominant force shaping cultures and that humankind is essentially a passive product of its physical surroundings.

Generic Toponyms

- the descriptive part of man place-names, often repeated throughout a culture area

Expansion Diffusion

- the spread of innovations within an area in a snowballing process, so the total number of knowers or users becomes greater and the area of occurrence grows

Cornucopians

- those who believe that science and technology can solve resource shortages; in this view, human beings are our greatest resource rather than a burden to be limited

Michael Levison

A geolinguist who developed a s computer model incorporating data on winds, ocean currents, vessel traits and capabilities, island visibility, and duration of voyage which answered the question, how and by what means, could traditional Polynesion people achieved language diffusion.

18. Agroforestry

farming systems that combine the growing of trees with the cultivation of agricultural crops.

Allan Pred

He was a professor at the University of California-Berkeley. He wrote over 20 books and monographs. He was also considered a social scientist. According to the San Francisco Chronicle, "Geographers, he believed, are well-placed to trace the contours of economic, social and military power and must play their part to defend democratic values against such abuses as racism, inequality and violence."

9. Rodear

Spanish word meaning 'to round up' Example: Today, the word rodeo comes from the Spanish verb rodear. However, it began being used in northern Mexico and the southwest U.S. to describe the process of rounding up cattle.

Geography

a Greek word meaning literally "to describe the Earth;" the study of spatial patterns and of similarities and differences from one place to another in environment and culture

Absorbing Barriers

a barrier that completely halts diffusion of innovations and blocks the spread of cultural elements

. Permeable Barriers

a barrier that permits some aspects of an innovation to diffuse through it, but weakens and retards continued spread; an innovation can be modified in passing through a permeable barrier

Demographic Transition

a change in population growth that occurs when a nation moves from a rural, agricultural society with a high birth and death rate to an urban, more industrialized society in which death rates decline first and birthrates decline later

. Pidgin

a composite language consisting of a small vocabulary borrowed from the linguistic groups involved in international commerce

Independent Invention

a cultural innovation that is developed in two or more locations by individuals or groups working independently

Indigenous culture

a culture group that constitutes the original inhabitants of a territory, distinct from the dominant national culture, which is often derived from colonial occupation. The term means native or of native origin.

Dialects

a distinctive local or regional variant of a language that remains mutually intelligible to speakers of other dialects of that language; a subtype

Popular Culture

a dynamic culture based in large, heterogeneous societies permitting considerable individualism, innovation, and change; having a money-based economy, division of labor into professions, secular institutions of control, and weak interpersonal ties; producing and consuming machine-made goods.

Population Pyramid

a graph used to show the age and sex composition of a population

21. Dogtrot House

a house plan that consists of two log rooms, with either a double fireplace between, forming the saddlebag house, or an open roofed breezeway separating the two rooms.

19. Convergence Hypothesis

a hypothesis holding that cultural differences among places are being reduced by improved transportation and communications systems, leading to a homogenization of popular culture.

. Linguistic Islands

a language community that is completely surrounded by a typically larger language community

Human Development Index

a measure of quality of life that combines measures of literacy, life expectancy, education and wealth

Material Culture

all physical, tangible objects made and used by member of a cultural group; the visible aspect of culture.

Polygot

a mixture of different languages

Language

a mutually agreed-on system of symbolic communication that has a spoken and usually a written expression

Ecofeminism

a new doctrine proposing that women are inherently better environmental preservationists than men because the tradition roles of women involved creating and nurturing life, whereas the traditional roles of men too often necessitated death and destruction

Toponyms

a place-name, usually consisting of two parts, the generic and the specific

Formal Cultural Region

a region inhabited by people who have one or more cultural traits in common

Vernacular Region

a region perceived to exist by its inhabitants; based in the collective spatial perception of the population at large; bearing a generally accepted tourists name or nickname

Possibilism-

a school of thought based on the belief that humans, rather than the physical environment, are the primary active force; that the choices number of different possible ways for a culture to develop; and that the choices among these possibilities are guided by cultural heritage

Kennewick Man-

a skull found by two college students in 1996 in Washington; the oldest and most complete remains in North America; he lived over 9300 years ago

Folk Culture

a small, cohesive, stable, isolated, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogenous in custom and race; characterized by a strong family or clan structure, order maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family, frequent and strong interpersonal relationships, and a material culture consisting mainly of handmade goods.

Placelessness

a spatial standardization that diminishes regional variety; may result from the spread of popular culture, which can diminish or destroy the uniqueness of place through cultural standardization on a national or even worldwide scale.

Zero Population Growth

a stabilized population created when an average of only two children per couple survive

Topophilia

a term coined by Yi-Fu Tuan that literally translates to "love of place;" this term means describes people who exhibit a strong sense of place and geographers that are attracted to the study of such places and people

Anatolian Hypothesis

a theory of language diffusion that holds that the movement of Indo-European languages from the area in contemporary Turkey known as Anatolia followed the spread of plant domestication technologies

Kurgan Hypothesis-

a theory of language diffusion, which holds that the spread Indo-European languages originated with animal domestication; original in the Central Asian steppes; and was later, more violent, and swifter than proponents of the Anatolian hypothesis maintain Example: A different theory that believes that Indo-European languages were spread more violently, like through wars and military conflict.

The Rule of 72

a tool for calculation the doubling time of a population; in order to calculate it, you take a country's rate of annual increase, expressed as a percent, and divide it into the number 73 resulting in a number that represents the number of years it will take a population to double

Stimulus Diffusion

a type of expansion diffusion in which a specific trait fails to spread, but the underlying idea or concept is accepted

Contagious Diffusion

a type of expansion diffusion in which cultural innovation spreads by person-to-person contact, moving wavelike through an area and population without regard to social status

. Ebonics

a variety of the Southern dialect displaying considerable African influence in pitch rhythm, and tone

GMTA

an acronym for "Great Minds Think Alike"

Nostratic-

an ancestral speech spoken in the Middle East 12,000 to 20,000 years ago Example: Examples of the modern language families made up from the Nostratic language are: Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic, Afro-Asiatic, Caucasic, and Dravidian.

. Linguistic Refugee Areas-

an area protected by isolation or inhospitable environmental condition in which a language or dialect has survived

Functional Cultural Region

an area that functions as a unit politically, socially, or economically

Lingua Franca

an existing, well-established language of communication and commerce used widely where it is not a mother tongue

8. Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion

an idea involving businesses or ideas that start off small in rural centers and then spread to big areas.

Thomas Malthus

best known for his publication of An Essay on the Principle of Population in 1798. He was an English economist and cleric.

Podunk

commonly used derogatory place-name; coms from the Natick word for "swampy place"

10. Local consumption cultures

distinct consumption practices and preferences in food, clothing, music, and so forth formed in specific places and historical moments. Example: According to the text, the introduction of Cadbury's chocolate into China is an example of how local consumption culture shapes globalization.

15. Subsistence Economies

economies where people seek to consume only what they produce and to produce only for local consumption rather than for exchange or export.

Refugee Migration

forced migration prompted mainly by way, ethnic persecution and famine

2. Stephen Jett

geographer who discovered which societies used blowguns. He also was able to map the distribution of blowguns in those societies.

Transnational Migration

groups of people maintain ties to their homelands after they have migrated

14. Indigenous Technical Knowledge

highly localized knowledge about environmental conditions and sustainable land-use practices.

Infant Mortality

infants who die before reaching one year of age; infant mortality rate is the number of infants per thousand live births who die before reaching one year of age

Yi-Fu Tuan

is known for coining the term topophilia.

3. Thomas Graff and Dub Ashton

known for coining the term "reverse hierarchical diffusion" They both worked on studying Wal-Mart. They noticed that Wal-Mart started out in small, rural communities and then began to move into bigger markets in cities.

5. Gregory Knapp

known for his accidental discovery of unpublished information on religion in the Quichua region of the Ecuadorian Andes. His discovery has led to more questions and research about the nation.

Torsten Hagerstrand

known specifically for his work regarding cultural diffusion, time geography as well as migration.

24. Leisure Landscapes

landscapes that are planned and designed primarily for entertainment purposes, such as beach resorts.

17. Gendered Ecology

men and women often have different roles in preserving their environment. Example: Women are usually considered responsible for harvesting, gathering and weeding. Men, on the other hand, are usually thought of as hunters.

Austronesian Diffusion

one of the most impressive examples of language diffusion; spread from the interior of Southeast Asia

Humans as Modifiers

opposite of environmental determinism; belief that humans mold nature

12. Place Images

place, portrayer, and medium interact to produce an image, which in turn, colors our perception of and beliefs about places and regions we have never visited.

Geodemography-

population geography; the study of the spatial and ecological aspects of population, including distribution, density per unit of land area, fertility, gender, health, age, mortality and migration

Population Control-

programs that seek to control the population by offering incentives to larger families when trying to increase the population and small families when trying to limit population; most population control programs seek to reduce fertility

22. Kraal

rural family homesteads in East Africa and Southern Africa that consist of a compound of buildings. It includes a main house, a detached building in the rear of cooking, and small enclosures for livestock.

Linguistic Landscapes

send messages, both friendly and hostile; messages typically have political content and deal with power, domination, subjugation, or freedom; help shape the character of places, as well as senses of belonging and exclusion or those who inhabit them Example: English-speaking people would view the linguistic landscape of Korea as illegible because it is so different.

20. Folk Architecture

structures built by members of a folk society or culture in a traditional manner and style, without the assistance of professional architects or blueprints, using local available raw materials.

4. Michael Weiss

studying lifestyle cultures. He gained recognition by identifying forty lifestyle cultures which were based on postal zip codes.

Personal Space

the amount of space the individuals feel "belongs" to them as they move about their everyday business

Birth rate

the annual number of births per thousand population

Death Rate

the annual number of deaths per thousand people in the population

. Environmental Perception

the belief that culture depends more on what people perceive the environment to be than on the actual character of the environment; perception, in turn, is colored by the teachings of culture

Globalization

the binding together of all the lands and peoples of the world into an integrated system driven by capitalistic free markets, in which cultural diffusion is rapid, independent states are weakened, and cultural homogenization is encouraged

Isoglosses

the border of usage of an individual word or pronunciation

Neolocalism

the desire to reembrace the uniqueness and authenticity of place, in response to globalization

The Information Superhighway

the enhanced ability to achieve cultural diffusion; the Internet

16. Folk Ecology

the idea that folk cultures have the abilities to sustainably manage the environment.

Carrying Capacity

the maximum number of people that can be supported in a given area

Total Fertility Rate

the number of children the average women will bear during her reproductive life (15-44 year old)

. Population Density

the number of people in an area of land, usually expressed as people per square mile of per square kilometer

Glocalization

the process by which global forces of change interact with local cultures, altering both in the process

7. Vernacular Cultural Region

the product of the spatial perception of the population at large; a composite of the mental maps of the people.

Ethnic Cleansing

the removal of unwanted ethnic minority populations from a nation-state through mass killing, deportation, or imprisonment

Settlement Forms

the spatial arrangements of buildings, roads, towns, and other features that people construct while inhabiting an area

. Land-division Patterns

the spatial patterns of different land uses

Relocation Diffusion

the spread of an innovation or other element of culture that occurs with the bodily relocation of the individual or group responsible for the innovation

Cultural Geography

the study of how the physical world affects the culture of its inhabitants

Proxemics

the study of the size and shape of people's envelopes of personal space

Nonmaterial culture

the wide range of tales, songs, lore, beliefs, superstitions, and customs that passes from generation to generation as part of an oral or written tradition. Example: In my family, recipes are passed down from generation to generation.

Spatial Models

these models set up artificial situations to focus on one or more potential factors; these models use space (an abstract location on a map) to compare potential factors

23. Landscapes of Consumption

ubiquitous commercial malls and strips on urban arterial streets.

Push and Pull Factors

unfavorable, repelling conditions and favorable, attractive conditions that interact to affect migration and other elements of diffusion

Denis Cosgrove

was known as one of the most prominent cultural geographers in the world who studied the links between the landscape and culture in several places. thought that landscape itself is ideological.

1. Fred Kniffen

was known as the founding father of American folk geography. He authored over 100 books on rural culture, especially in Louisiana.

Culture

way of life held in common by a group of people; learned, collective human behavior, as opposed to innate, or inborn, behavior; includes such learned features as speech, ideology, behavior, livelihood, technology, and government; an ever-changing process in which a group is actively engaged

11. Consumer Nationalism

when local consumers favor nationally produced goods over imported goods as part of a nationalist political agenda.

Slang

words and phrases that are not part of a standard, recognized vocabulary for a given language but that are nonetheless used and understood by some of its speakers

. Rachel Silvey

works at the University of Toronto as a geodemographer. Her research focus is on conducting long interviews with people of different cultures in Indonesia.

The Internet

worldwide means of communication; cyberspace; the single worldwide computer network that interconnects other smaller individual computer networks