Geography 121
. Ethnolect
- a dialect spoken by a particular ethnic group
25. Elitist space
- a term coined by geographer Daniel Gade to describe the distinctive cultural landscape that can be formed from people's elitist space.
Hierarchical Diffusion
- a type of expansion diffusion in which innovations spread from one important person to another or from one urban center to another, temporarily bypassing other persons or rural areas
Gullah Culture
- descendants of African slaves; have distinctive African-influnced culture and language
13. Indigenous Ecology
- indigenous people possess a very close relationship with their physical environment; they have developed sustainable land-use practices over generations.
Symbolic Landscapes
- landscapes that express the values, beliefs, and meanings of a particular culture
Bilingualism
- the ability to speak two languages fluently
. Environmental Determinism
- the belief that the physical environment is the dominant force shaping cultures and that humankind is essentially a passive product of its physical surroundings.
Generic Toponyms
- the descriptive part of man place-names, often repeated throughout a culture area
Expansion Diffusion
- the spread of innovations within an area in a snowballing process, so the total number of knowers or users becomes greater and the area of occurrence grows
Cornucopians
- those who believe that science and technology can solve resource shortages; in this view, human beings are our greatest resource rather than a burden to be limited
Michael Levison
A geolinguist who developed a s computer model incorporating data on winds, ocean currents, vessel traits and capabilities, island visibility, and duration of voyage which answered the question, how and by what means, could traditional Polynesion people achieved language diffusion.
18. Agroforestry
farming systems that combine the growing of trees with the cultivation of agricultural crops.
Allan Pred
He was a professor at the University of California-Berkeley. He wrote over 20 books and monographs. He was also considered a social scientist. According to the San Francisco Chronicle, "Geographers, he believed, are well-placed to trace the contours of economic, social and military power and must play their part to defend democratic values against such abuses as racism, inequality and violence."
9. Rodear
Spanish word meaning 'to round up' Example: Today, the word rodeo comes from the Spanish verb rodear. However, it began being used in northern Mexico and the southwest U.S. to describe the process of rounding up cattle.
Geography
a Greek word meaning literally "to describe the Earth;" the study of spatial patterns and of similarities and differences from one place to another in environment and culture
Absorbing Barriers
a barrier that completely halts diffusion of innovations and blocks the spread of cultural elements
. Permeable Barriers
a barrier that permits some aspects of an innovation to diffuse through it, but weakens and retards continued spread; an innovation can be modified in passing through a permeable barrier
Demographic Transition
a change in population growth that occurs when a nation moves from a rural, agricultural society with a high birth and death rate to an urban, more industrialized society in which death rates decline first and birthrates decline later
. Pidgin
a composite language consisting of a small vocabulary borrowed from the linguistic groups involved in international commerce
Independent Invention
a cultural innovation that is developed in two or more locations by individuals or groups working independently
Indigenous culture
a culture group that constitutes the original inhabitants of a territory, distinct from the dominant national culture, which is often derived from colonial occupation. The term means native or of native origin.
Dialects
a distinctive local or regional variant of a language that remains mutually intelligible to speakers of other dialects of that language; a subtype
Popular Culture
a dynamic culture based in large, heterogeneous societies permitting considerable individualism, innovation, and change; having a money-based economy, division of labor into professions, secular institutions of control, and weak interpersonal ties; producing and consuming machine-made goods.
Population Pyramid
a graph used to show the age and sex composition of a population
21. Dogtrot House
a house plan that consists of two log rooms, with either a double fireplace between, forming the saddlebag house, or an open roofed breezeway separating the two rooms.
19. Convergence Hypothesis
a hypothesis holding that cultural differences among places are being reduced by improved transportation and communications systems, leading to a homogenization of popular culture.
. Linguistic Islands
a language community that is completely surrounded by a typically larger language community
Human Development Index
a measure of quality of life that combines measures of literacy, life expectancy, education and wealth
Material Culture
all physical, tangible objects made and used by member of a cultural group; the visible aspect of culture.
Polygot
a mixture of different languages
Language
a mutually agreed-on system of symbolic communication that has a spoken and usually a written expression
Ecofeminism
a new doctrine proposing that women are inherently better environmental preservationists than men because the tradition roles of women involved creating and nurturing life, whereas the traditional roles of men too often necessitated death and destruction
Toponyms
a place-name, usually consisting of two parts, the generic and the specific
Formal Cultural Region
a region inhabited by people who have one or more cultural traits in common
Vernacular Region
a region perceived to exist by its inhabitants; based in the collective spatial perception of the population at large; bearing a generally accepted tourists name or nickname
Possibilism-
a school of thought based on the belief that humans, rather than the physical environment, are the primary active force; that the choices number of different possible ways for a culture to develop; and that the choices among these possibilities are guided by cultural heritage
Kennewick Man-
a skull found by two college students in 1996 in Washington; the oldest and most complete remains in North America; he lived over 9300 years ago
Folk Culture
a small, cohesive, stable, isolated, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogenous in custom and race; characterized by a strong family or clan structure, order maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family, frequent and strong interpersonal relationships, and a material culture consisting mainly of handmade goods.
Placelessness
a spatial standardization that diminishes regional variety; may result from the spread of popular culture, which can diminish or destroy the uniqueness of place through cultural standardization on a national or even worldwide scale.
Zero Population Growth
a stabilized population created when an average of only two children per couple survive
Topophilia
a term coined by Yi-Fu Tuan that literally translates to "love of place;" this term means describes people who exhibit a strong sense of place and geographers that are attracted to the study of such places and people
Anatolian Hypothesis
a theory of language diffusion that holds that the movement of Indo-European languages from the area in contemporary Turkey known as Anatolia followed the spread of plant domestication technologies
Kurgan Hypothesis-
a theory of language diffusion, which holds that the spread Indo-European languages originated with animal domestication; original in the Central Asian steppes; and was later, more violent, and swifter than proponents of the Anatolian hypothesis maintain Example: A different theory that believes that Indo-European languages were spread more violently, like through wars and military conflict.
The Rule of 72
a tool for calculation the doubling time of a population; in order to calculate it, you take a country's rate of annual increase, expressed as a percent, and divide it into the number 73 resulting in a number that represents the number of years it will take a population to double
Stimulus Diffusion
a type of expansion diffusion in which a specific trait fails to spread, but the underlying idea or concept is accepted
Contagious Diffusion
a type of expansion diffusion in which cultural innovation spreads by person-to-person contact, moving wavelike through an area and population without regard to social status
. Ebonics
a variety of the Southern dialect displaying considerable African influence in pitch rhythm, and tone
GMTA
an acronym for "Great Minds Think Alike"
Nostratic-
an ancestral speech spoken in the Middle East 12,000 to 20,000 years ago Example: Examples of the modern language families made up from the Nostratic language are: Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic, Afro-Asiatic, Caucasic, and Dravidian.
. Linguistic Refugee Areas-
an area protected by isolation or inhospitable environmental condition in which a language or dialect has survived
Functional Cultural Region
an area that functions as a unit politically, socially, or economically
Lingua Franca
an existing, well-established language of communication and commerce used widely where it is not a mother tongue
8. Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion
an idea involving businesses or ideas that start off small in rural centers and then spread to big areas.
Thomas Malthus
best known for his publication of An Essay on the Principle of Population in 1798. He was an English economist and cleric.
Podunk
commonly used derogatory place-name; coms from the Natick word for "swampy place"
10. Local consumption cultures
distinct consumption practices and preferences in food, clothing, music, and so forth formed in specific places and historical moments. Example: According to the text, the introduction of Cadbury's chocolate into China is an example of how local consumption culture shapes globalization.
15. Subsistence Economies
economies where people seek to consume only what they produce and to produce only for local consumption rather than for exchange or export.
Refugee Migration
forced migration prompted mainly by way, ethnic persecution and famine
2. Stephen Jett
geographer who discovered which societies used blowguns. He also was able to map the distribution of blowguns in those societies.
Transnational Migration
groups of people maintain ties to their homelands after they have migrated
14. Indigenous Technical Knowledge
highly localized knowledge about environmental conditions and sustainable land-use practices.
Infant Mortality
infants who die before reaching one year of age; infant mortality rate is the number of infants per thousand live births who die before reaching one year of age
Yi-Fu Tuan
is known for coining the term topophilia.
3. Thomas Graff and Dub Ashton
known for coining the term "reverse hierarchical diffusion" They both worked on studying Wal-Mart. They noticed that Wal-Mart started out in small, rural communities and then began to move into bigger markets in cities.
5. Gregory Knapp
known for his accidental discovery of unpublished information on religion in the Quichua region of the Ecuadorian Andes. His discovery has led to more questions and research about the nation.
Torsten Hagerstrand
known specifically for his work regarding cultural diffusion, time geography as well as migration.
24. Leisure Landscapes
landscapes that are planned and designed primarily for entertainment purposes, such as beach resorts.
17. Gendered Ecology
men and women often have different roles in preserving their environment. Example: Women are usually considered responsible for harvesting, gathering and weeding. Men, on the other hand, are usually thought of as hunters.
Austronesian Diffusion
one of the most impressive examples of language diffusion; spread from the interior of Southeast Asia
Humans as Modifiers
opposite of environmental determinism; belief that humans mold nature
12. Place Images
place, portrayer, and medium interact to produce an image, which in turn, colors our perception of and beliefs about places and regions we have never visited.
Geodemography-
population geography; the study of the spatial and ecological aspects of population, including distribution, density per unit of land area, fertility, gender, health, age, mortality and migration
Population Control-
programs that seek to control the population by offering incentives to larger families when trying to increase the population and small families when trying to limit population; most population control programs seek to reduce fertility
22. Kraal
rural family homesteads in East Africa and Southern Africa that consist of a compound of buildings. It includes a main house, a detached building in the rear of cooking, and small enclosures for livestock.
Linguistic Landscapes
send messages, both friendly and hostile; messages typically have political content and deal with power, domination, subjugation, or freedom; help shape the character of places, as well as senses of belonging and exclusion or those who inhabit them Example: English-speaking people would view the linguistic landscape of Korea as illegible because it is so different.
20. Folk Architecture
structures built by members of a folk society or culture in a traditional manner and style, without the assistance of professional architects or blueprints, using local available raw materials.
4. Michael Weiss
studying lifestyle cultures. He gained recognition by identifying forty lifestyle cultures which were based on postal zip codes.
Personal Space
the amount of space the individuals feel "belongs" to them as they move about their everyday business
Birth rate
the annual number of births per thousand population
Death Rate
the annual number of deaths per thousand people in the population
. Environmental Perception
the belief that culture depends more on what people perceive the environment to be than on the actual character of the environment; perception, in turn, is colored by the teachings of culture
Globalization
the binding together of all the lands and peoples of the world into an integrated system driven by capitalistic free markets, in which cultural diffusion is rapid, independent states are weakened, and cultural homogenization is encouraged
Isoglosses
the border of usage of an individual word or pronunciation
Neolocalism
the desire to reembrace the uniqueness and authenticity of place, in response to globalization
The Information Superhighway
the enhanced ability to achieve cultural diffusion; the Internet
16. Folk Ecology
the idea that folk cultures have the abilities to sustainably manage the environment.
Carrying Capacity
the maximum number of people that can be supported in a given area
Total Fertility Rate
the number of children the average women will bear during her reproductive life (15-44 year old)
. Population Density
the number of people in an area of land, usually expressed as people per square mile of per square kilometer
Glocalization
the process by which global forces of change interact with local cultures, altering both in the process
7. Vernacular Cultural Region
the product of the spatial perception of the population at large; a composite of the mental maps of the people.
Ethnic Cleansing
the removal of unwanted ethnic minority populations from a nation-state through mass killing, deportation, or imprisonment
Settlement Forms
the spatial arrangements of buildings, roads, towns, and other features that people construct while inhabiting an area
. Land-division Patterns
the spatial patterns of different land uses
Relocation Diffusion
the spread of an innovation or other element of culture that occurs with the bodily relocation of the individual or group responsible for the innovation
Cultural Geography
the study of how the physical world affects the culture of its inhabitants
Proxemics
the study of the size and shape of people's envelopes of personal space
Nonmaterial culture
the wide range of tales, songs, lore, beliefs, superstitions, and customs that passes from generation to generation as part of an oral or written tradition. Example: In my family, recipes are passed down from generation to generation.
Spatial Models
these models set up artificial situations to focus on one or more potential factors; these models use space (an abstract location on a map) to compare potential factors
23. Landscapes of Consumption
ubiquitous commercial malls and strips on urban arterial streets.
Push and Pull Factors
unfavorable, repelling conditions and favorable, attractive conditions that interact to affect migration and other elements of diffusion
Denis Cosgrove
was known as one of the most prominent cultural geographers in the world who studied the links between the landscape and culture in several places. thought that landscape itself is ideological.
1. Fred Kniffen
was known as the founding father of American folk geography. He authored over 100 books on rural culture, especially in Louisiana.
Culture
way of life held in common by a group of people; learned, collective human behavior, as opposed to innate, or inborn, behavior; includes such learned features as speech, ideology, behavior, livelihood, technology, and government; an ever-changing process in which a group is actively engaged
11. Consumer Nationalism
when local consumers favor nationally produced goods over imported goods as part of a nationalist political agenda.
Slang
words and phrases that are not part of a standard, recognized vocabulary for a given language but that are nonetheless used and understood by some of its speakers
. Rachel Silvey
works at the University of Toronto as a geodemographer. Her research focus is on conducting long interviews with people of different cultures in Indonesia.
The Internet
worldwide means of communication; cyberspace; the single worldwide computer network that interconnects other smaller individual computer networks
