geography exam 1

All human life began in Africa and people started to migrate out about ____________ years ago.

150,000

In the 1930s in southern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe, more than 98 percent of the people were indigenous, and they were apportioned about _____ percent of the land.

30

Between 1914 and the end of World War II, the Jewish population of Palestine grew from 60,000 to approximately

500,000

The greenhouse effect keeps the earth at a livable temperature. About how many degrees Fahrenheit (33 degrees Celsius) cooler would earth would be without the greenhouse effect?

60

The three large monotheistic faiths of the world all began in this region. They are collectively called

Abrahamic faiths

Following World War II, many formerly colonized countries became independent states. Where was the greatest concentration of these countries?

Africa and Asia

Loss of land and economic marginalization was experienced by many ________________ during the first half of the twentieth century.

Africans

In 2011, longtime leaders in the countries of Libya, Tunisia, and Egypt were toppled in

Arab Spring

During the Age of Exploration, stretching from the 1400s to the 1900s, which of the following regions was a focal point for global trade and exchange of culture?

Atlantic World

The largest language subfamily in Africa South of the Sahara is the Niger-Congo and includes the widespread __________ languages of West and Southern Africa

Bantu

The Arabian Peninsula, Egypt, Palestine, and Jordan were controlled by the _______________ until the early mid-twentieth century

British and French

Which Arab city has the largest population?

Cairo

Which of the following countries is mostly found in the equatorial climate zone

Cameroon

The "Big Five" megafauna that drives much of the ecotourism trade include lions, elephants, leopards, rhinos, and

Cape buffalo

_________ is the subdiscipline of geography concerned with the construction of maps.

Cartography

Which country has the highest Gross National Income (GNI) in South America?

Chile

good example of a country that moved from the periphery to the semperiphery as it increasingly engaged in manufacturing and became a major global exporter, as exemplified by the heavy freight traffic

China

Why do some scholars think China will supersede the United States as the dominant world superpower?

China has grown as a global epicenter of manufacturing, and its entrepreneurs are some of the biggest investors in the world.

What does the term Scramble for Africa refer to?

European powers arbitrarily divided the world's second-largest continent among themselves.

The prevailing colonial power in North Africa until the 1950s and 1960s was the

French

What is the term for the introduction of hybrid seeds, new fertilizers and pesticides, and in some cases mechanization

Green Revolution

__________ is the statistic that allows comparisons between countries regardless of population size.

Gross National Income

What fueled the second wave of colonization in the second half of the nineteenth century?

Industrialization and competition

in the Saharan region of Africa, including the northern three-fourths of countries such as Niger, Mali, and Chad, what is the most common religion

Islam

Palestine was partitioned by the United Nations in 1948 to create the state of

Israel

What is the significance of the Brundtland Commission Report of 1987?

It defined and popularized the term sustainable development.

Although Arabic diffused with Islam, several other languages remain important in SW Asia and North Africa. These include Hebrew, Berber, Farsi, Turkish and:

Kurdish

Oil production has been critical to the economic development of many previously poor countries. The first country to establish a sovereign wealth fund for the economic security of its people is

Kuwait

The 45-degree line of the ______ curve represents perfect equality, where equal portions of the population control equal amounts of income.

Lorenz

Which of the following pairs are two of the wealthiest countries in the world that are also landlocked?

Luxembourg and Switzerland

What was the original area for the domestication of corn, tomatoes, and the turkey

Mesoamerica

The major rivers responsible for much of the life and agriculture in Southwest Asia and North Africa are

Nile and Euphrates

Most African countries became independent from colonial rule by 1960, and in 1964 formed the

Organization for African Unity

What organizations was created to assist the political and economic act ivies related to oil production?

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

The standard, horizontal grid lines on a map or globe are referred to as

Prime meridians

The vast majority of petroleum resources being exported from Southwest Asia and North Africa come from the countries bordering the

Red Sea

Densely populated zones of Africa include the Nile River, coastal West, southern Africa, and

Rift Valley lake district

The leading crude oil exporter in Southwest Asia and North Africa is the kingdom of

Saudi Arabia

____________ development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Sustainable

What is the practical result of the UN Security Council being dominated by only five countries (the United States, France, the United Kingdom, China, and Russia) with permanent seats and veto power?

The Security Council's decisions are some of the most politicized.

Which of the following is the most remote place in the world (in terms of the number of people who live far from a city of 50,000 or more)?

The Tibetan Plateau

Why are the names Southwest Asia and North Africa more accurate than "Middle East"?

The center of the continent is nearby

In 1945, following the world wars, this organization had 51 member countries; in 2015, membership has grown to 193 members.

United Nations (UN)

The creation of a national homeland for the Jewish people in Palestine was encouraged by Great Britain and the

Zionists

According to many models of development, as a country or area develops, the nature of the economy changes or progresses through a series of stages. Select the most common order of these stages.

agricultural, industrial, service

The influence of human behavior on earth since the Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s is so significant that it constitutes a new geological era called the

anthropocene

What was the system of legal segregation of people by race, ethnicity, and ancestry used in South Africa until the early 1990s

apartheid

Since the 1970s, imports of ______________ have inhibited African agriculture

asian rice and grains from Latin America

Geographers often describe the nature of economies in terms of primary, secondary, and tertiary economic activities. Which of the following is not part of primary activities?

automotive manufacturing

Geographers often describe the nature of economies in terms of primary, secondary, and tertiary economic activities. name secondary economic activities

automotive manufacturing, steel working, assembly line

Research in new regional geography sees regions as

basic world units for study

he earlier name for a portion of modern-day Iraq is Mesopotamia, which means

between the rivers

Temperature and rainfall are two of the major factors determining a

biome

Many fair trade goods are produced in Latin America, especially Mexico, but certified fair trade production is expanding rapidly in __________

both Africa and Asia

What is the cheapest method to transport heavy goods and materials?

by sea

A transportation network that favors movement to and from a central point or location, such as a capital city to a residential area, is known as what type of network?

central business district (CBD) network

Which of the following would a physical geographer study?

climate and landforms

Where climate impacts agriculture with too little rain, such as the Sahel and other dry savanna biomes, people mainly practice

crop rotation

The terraced rice fields of Ifugao Province in the Philippines is an example of

cultural landscape

Multiple subregions exist within a large area such as Africa (West Africa, East Africa, etc.). This is an example of the importance of _____________ in the study of regions.

definition

Although people in remote locations have gained connection through Internet access and mobile phone usage, there is a notable gap between the average bandwidth and accessibility, creating what is referred to as the

digital divide

More than any other world region, Southwest Asia and North Africa are noted for

dryness

Which of the following refers to situations in which two areas are in relationship with one another (through trade, for example), and one area is developing at the expense of the other?

dualism

When were many national parks, hunting reserves, and forest preserves created in Africa?

during colonial times

Other than the ITCZ, another important factor affecting climate in Africa South of the Sahara is

elevation

Transportation networks may be intentionally designed to

enhance connectivity for some communities while marginalizing others

Geographers went through their own period in the early 20th century where they used climatic factors to explain everything from intelligence to wealth. What is this set of theories called?

environmental determinism

As a result of environmental scrutiny from nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), what does the World Bank now require for World Bank-sponsored projects?

environmental impact statements

The map of world religions demonstrates the role of ______________ diffusion of ideas.

expansion

The simple spread of a concept or an idea from one person to the next in close proximity to one another is called

expansion diffusion

Landlocked countries face particular exporting problems because both time and money are required to cross country borders, making transportation

expensive

Suburbs, large roads, limited sidewalks, and a near lack of public transportation characterize the United States. These aspects are largely the result of

expensive oil prices.

The purpose of many colonial railway lines was primarily to

export resources

What is an area of land distinguished by either cultural or physical traits or criteria?

formal region

A public school district in the United States is a _________________ region

functional

Which of the following describes the process of heightening interactions, increasing interdependence, and deepening relations across country boundaries?

globalization

The process of a company adapting its product to meet the demands of local culture is known as:

glocalization

Several components in the atmosphere are responsible for global warming, including water vapor, methane, ozone, nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, and other trace gases. Collectively, these are known as

greenhouse gases

what are the common measurements of wealth?

gross domestic product, gross national income, gross national product

The __________ per capita is the most widely accepted way of measuring wealth by countries in the world today because the statistic tries to account for both income earned by residents within a country as well as income earned outside of the country that flows back in to its residents..

gross national income (GNI)

Which of the following describes a type of transportation network where a few large, central nodes are connected to smaller points?

hub-and-spoke system

A study of migrant workers from Indonesia going to Saudi Arabia is a study of

human geography

The two major fields of study within geography are physical geography and

human geography

In general, Americans change their behavior by increasing their use of public transportation and purchasing more fuel-efficient vehicles

in response to a significant increase in gasoline prices

Most street vendors, local craftsmen, farmer's markets, and roadside stalls are all part of the

informal economy

A number of social scientists suggest that we should measure more than wealth in our assessment of development. What general concept should we use?

life expectancy

What is the ITCZ

low-pressure belt whose location migrates

Geographers often describe the nature of economies in terms of primary, secondary, and tertiary economic activities. name secondary economic activities

mining, forestry, agriculture

The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem is a sacred space for

muslims

In early history (dating back to the Greeks and Romans), the primary purpose or reason for colonialism was

need for resources and tribute.

The World Bank and its imposition of loan conditions on African countries is an example of

neocolonialism

What is the most important cash crop export in Mediterranean agriculture, especially in Tunisia?

olive oil

Tensions among communities in Africa can especially revolve around ______________ a park

ownership of

Besides being problematic in its own right, top-down development often experienced a lack of __________ that inhibited the longer-term sustainability of programs because local people had little interest in maintaining projects they did not initiate or request.

participation

The uniqueness of a location and its shaping refers to

place

What is a choropleth map used to show

population density

The difference between the Sahara, a true desert, and the semi-arid Sahel region to its south is:

rainfall

Collecting data for research or mapping by using instruments that are far from the area of study is called

remote sensing

he Serengeti in Tanzania and Kenya is a well-known example of which biome

savanna

The effects of global climate change will be distributed unevenly across the planet. Which of the following factors is the most important to people?

sensitivity of a livelihood (what you do for a living)

What do abstract connections and constructs of time, distance, and relations refer to

space

Studying the context of a contagious disease in Africa, Asia, Europe, or North America entails using which geographic approach

spatial

around 10,000 BCE, crop agriculture first started in

the Fertile Crescent

To "maintain international peace and security," "to develop friendly relations among nations," to "achieve international cooperation" in order to solve economic and social problems, and to "be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends," was the mission statement for this organization following World War II.

the United Nations (UN)

As a percentage of its GNI, which of the following countries contributes the least in foreign aid?

the United States

Since 1967, the Palestinian lands of Gaza and _______________ have been occupied and controlled by Israel, although some level of autonomy to Palestinians was granted in 2005.

the West Bank

What aspect of climate change most concerns scientists connected with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change?

the extent to which human activity causes it

Nationalization of resources, such as copper in Zambia, means that _____________ now controls and owns it.

the government

Which of the following describes the process that accelerates the experience of time and reduces the significance of distance in information technology networks?

time-space compression

Ideas and goods diffuse from the hearth

to places most connected to the hearth

The emphasis on participation in participatory development came about in reaction to a history of ___________ development projects that left local people with little to no sense of ownership of the projects undertaken by outsiders in their communities.

top-down

A name of a place that evokes a sense of what a locality is like, or conveys the attributes of a place, is referred to as a

toponym

In addition to the Sahara Desert, Africa has about 5 million square miles of

tropical savanna

By importing grain rather than growing it, what else are countries importing

virtual water

When air descends at the subtropical high-pressure cells, the air

warms

spatial representation of dependency theory and depicts the world in terms of the core, semiperiphery, and periphery

world-systems theory

Most high-income countries are located in the Northern Hemisphere. Which of the following are notable exceptions?

Australia and New Zealand

Researchers believe that the origins of this disease are in primate populations and that it mutated into its current form after repeated human consumption of undercooked monkey meat. In many studies, researchers have found human contact with monkeys to be the source of

HIV/AIDS

Which disease results in the largest number of deaths each year in Sub-Saharan Africa.

HIV/AIDS

What is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere?

Haiti

During the time of the winter solstice, a dry, northeasterly winds known as _____________ sweep over West Africa and may cause fine particles of sand to fall in Florida and the Caribbean Region.

Harmattan

Early European colonizers focused on gaining lands to establish large-scale agricultural production in the Americas and to establish trading posts for the Atlantic slave trade in Africa and ports for the spice trade in Asia. What best describes this trading system?

It had a global reach

Which of the following is not true about the earthquake that hit Haiti in 2010?

It would have been worse if the country had not enacted tough building codes in 1985.

Wahhabism is a fundamentalist sect of Islam that exhorts piety, rejection of non-Muslim beliefs, and segregation of men and women in public spaces. This sect dominates:

Saudi Arabia

About 15 percent of all Muslims believe that a descendant of the prophet Muhammad should lead the faithful. This branch of Islam is the

Shi'a

Linguistically related to Arabic in Southwest Asia and North Africa, are some of the main languages spoken in much of Ethiopia and

Somalia

People often perceive regions to exist even though they have not visited the region. One example of such a region since the founding of the United States is the

South

What was the reasoning behind the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs to promote free trade?

There was a belief that trade restrictions had led to the Great Depression.

_____________ means considering and understanding the context of what is going on in the world.

Thinking geographically

An area where an important idea starts and spreads outward, such as wheat domestication, is known as a

hearth

The origin or place that a new idea or technology is initially devised is referred to as the

hearth

Which of the following is a term often used by geographers to describe the dominance of one state on the global stage?

hegemon

The spread of Christianity from its hearth in Jerusalem to people and lands along the northern Mediterranean Sea is a good example of

hierarchical diffusion

Geographers often describe the nature of economies in terms of primary, secondary, and tertiary economic activities. name tertiary economic activities

information technology, teaching, banking

Pressure systems and wind patterns in the tropics are heavily impacted by

insolation

Throughout the entire year, tropical regions around the equator receive mainly direct

insolation

Countries such as Mali, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Niger have economic challenges not only because of climate but also because they are all

landlocked

Interpreting the impact of tectonic activity on the landforms of East Africa would be the work of a ______________ geographer

physical

Development ideas that emphasize structure, or the global framework under which countries operate, say that the _______ between countries are as or more important than internal policies for determining the future development of a country.

relationships

Corn, yams, cassava, and bananas are common crops in areas of which type of agriculture?

shifting cultivation in tropical areas

Local factors have a significant influence on a place; two geographic terms that describe these local factors are

site and situation

The divide between the Global North (developed countries) and the Global South (developing countries) is a _______________ categorization between wealthy and poorer countries.

socioeconomic and political

Geography is the study of people, place, environment, and

space

What is the geographer's term for contact between people and/or places?

spatial interaction

The place on earth receiving the direct rays of the sun is the

subsolar point

Modern colonialism began in fifteenth-century Europe. It was different from the Roman or any other preceding empire because the focus in this modern era was specifically on gaining

territory

Permanent cultivation is especially common in high-population-density areas of

the highlands of Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda