GEOL 1200 Exam 110

Which earthquake severity scale varies from locality to locality for a single earthquake?

Mercalli scale

The blueschist facies form under which of these conditions:

high pressure but relatively low temperature

Which of the following statements cannot be applied to the extrusive igneous rock obsidian?

it cools very slowly

Because of its physical properties, magma tends to

move upward, away from where it formed.

Geologists who specifically study earthquakes are called

seismologists

_____ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of slate.

shale

________ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of phyllite.

shale

Viscosity does NOT depend on

the total volume of the magma body.

Sea level rises locally, and marine sediments are deposited on top of terrestrial sediments during events termed

transgressions

Grains become rounded primarily during

transportation

Chemically precipitated limestone that forms in caves or around hot springs is termed

travertine

At a minimum, how many seismic stations are necessary to locate the epicenter of an earthquake?

3

The image below shows a series of graded beds. How many graded beds are shown?

3

According to the moment magnitude scale (Mw), a magnitude 8 earthquake would be 1,000 times greater than a magnitude ________ earthquake.

5

Which of the following is NOT true about minerals?

All minerals are compounds of more than one element.

Using the Mohs hardness scale below, which of the following statements is false?

Diamonds are twice as hard as apatite.

If an earthquake's magnitude is measured based on the Richter scale, how is this abbreviated?

ML

Which of the following is a primary difference between phyllite and schist?

Mica crystals within schist are larger than those within phyllite.

During an earthquake, if a hanging wall slides upward relative to a footwall, the fault is termed a ________ fault if the fault is shallow (much closer to horizontal than vertical). Refer to the figure below for an example of such a feature.

NOT****reverse

Most earthquakes are a result of

NOT***mantle upwelling.

Which type of seismic wave has the fastest velocity?

P-wave

________ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of quartzite

Sandstone

Earthquake waves that travel along the Earth's surface are termed

Surface waves

Which of the following common minerals is softest?

Talc

Which of the following is NOT true regarding earthquakes and destruction?

The bigger the earthquake, the greater the destruction will be.

Which of the following is NOT true concerning the long-term predictions of earthquakes?

They allow city planners to schedule evacuations up to a year in advance.

The pattern of atoms in a crystal can be detected using

X-ray diffraction

If you find a tuff in the field, what type of geologic activity could you reasonably assume has occurred?

a volcanic eruption

Earthquake warning systems

alert people when an earthquake has taken place, possibly giving them seconds to get to a safer place.

The image below of Death Valley, CA, shows a road that curves around a(n)

alluvial fan

Which environment would most likely produce sedimentary deposits characterized by poorly to moderately sorted, angular to subangular grains that consist of feldspar, quartz, and lithics (rock fragments)?

alluvial fan

The vast majority of earthquakes occur

along any plate boundary

SiO44-, S2-, and CO32- are all examples of

anions

Most commonly, felsic igneous rocks

are lighter in color than mafic rocks

If a geologist found preserved mud cracks, he or she could conclude that the environment in which they formed

as once covered in wet mud

Consult the figure below. The region of thermally metamorphosed rock surrounding a cooled pluton is called a (n)

aureole

A vast, composite intrusive igneous body that covers hundreds of square kilometers (in a map view) is called a

batholith

Differentiation of the Earth's iron core and collisions of planetesimals caused early Earth to

be much hotter than at present.

Because the velocity of sediment settling (deposition) is positively related to grain size for waterborne sediments, fluvial deposits are more likely than glacial deposits to

be well sorted

Geologists call individual layers of sedimentary rocks ________, whereas several of them together are called ________.

beds; strata

Hardness refers to a mineral's ability to resist

being scratched

Cemented shells of marine organisms form which kind of sedimentary rock?

biochemical

The rapid, deep burial of sediments in an accretionary prism leads to the formation of a metamorphic rock termed

blueschist

Minerals can crystallize in all of the following ways EXCEPT

bonding carbon to oxygen atoms to form organic compounds.

Marble and quartzite are nonfoliated metamorphic rocks because

both are dominated by minerals that produce equant grains.

Which of the following structures is LEAST likely to survive an earthquake?

brick building

The image below shows a mineral with hydrochloric acid applied to it. Based on the reaction and presence of gas bubbles, which of the following minerals is this most likely to be?

calcite

Which of the following processes are NOT involved in metamorphism?

cementation and compaction of grains during diagenesis

Broadly, metamorphism involves

changes in mineralogy and texture in response to heat and stress

Minerals are grouped into mineral classes primarily on the basis of

chemistry, specifically the anions within the chemical formula.

Lithified detritus (breakdown products of preexisting rocks) forms which kind of sedimentary rock?

clastic

What type of sediment is typically found in lake bottoms?

clay/mud

The tendency for minerals to break along distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure is called

cleavage

Which of the following processes does NOT occur in the formation of metamorphic rock?

complete remelting of the rock, followed by solidification to form a new rock

As shown in the figure below, a coiled spring would be useful in illustrating any ________ wave.

compressional

Glass and quartz crystals exhibit a smoothly curving, clamshell-shaped fracture pattern termed

conchoidal fracture.

The image below shows an outcrop of coarse-grained sedimentary rock. Note the rock hammer for scale. What is the name of this rock type?

conglomerate

The boundary formed between new intrusive igneous rock and the host rock around it is called a

contact

Most medium- and deep-focus earthquakes occur at

convergent plate

As compared to coarse-grained igneous rocks, fine-grained igneous rocks

cool and solidify more quickly.

Intrusive rocks that form deep within the Earth ______________ than intrusive rocks that cool near the surface.

cool more slowly

Consult the figure below. Here, distinct internal laminations are inclined at an angle to the boundary of the main sedimentary layers. These are termed

crossbeds

A body of rock starts at location A in the graph below. The rock, over a period of time, moves to location B and begins to melt. This is an example of melting due to

decompression

If the volatile content of magma is increased, its viscosity will

decrease

Vesicles in an igneous rock are evidence for which of the following?

degassing of volatiles

Topset, foreset, and bottomset beds are indicative of ________ environments.

delta

The mineral assemblage within metamorphic rock is

dependent on both the mineral assemblage of its protolith and the temperature and pressure of formation.

What is the difference in the formation of chalk versus chert?

different source materials

In the figure provided below, what type of igneous intrusion is the vertical rock unit shown byletter A?

dike

Naturally forming glass (such as obsidian) is NOT considered a mineral because it

does not have a fixed crystalline structure.

Which of the following choices lists atomic particles ordered from smallest to largest in size?

electron, proton, nucleus, atom

Which of the following is not typically associated with the eruption of a Large Igneous Province (LIP)?

emplacement of large granite batholiths

Differential stress will cause crystals to align in a preferred orientation unless the crystals are

equant

The removal of detritus from weathered rock at an outcrop is termed

erosion

Which type of magma has the greatest silica content?

felsic

Large igneous provinces are formed by ________, which can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers.

flood basalts

Rocks resulting from thermal (contact) metamorphism will NOT possess

foliation

Basins that form on the continental side of mountain ranges are called _________ basins.

foreland

Which of the following statements is false? Hornfels facies rocks

form at high pressures and low temperatures.

Minerals that do not possess cleavage are said to possess

fracture

In which type of silicates are the greatest proportion of oxygen atoms shared by pairs of adjacent tetrahedra?

framework silicates

At any point along the surface of any nonvertical fault, as is shown in the figure below, the

hanging wall lies vertically above the footwall.

Short-term predictions of earthquake behavior

have been largely unreliable

Ore minerals, such as galena and hematite, tend to be different from typical minerals in that they have a

high specific gravity.

Which of the following common minerals is hardest?

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness

Thermal (contact) metamorphism occurs

in areas surrounding igneous intrusions

If a body of magma becomes more felsic, its viscosity will

increase

A mineral within a metamorphic rock that can be used to narrowly constrain the temperature and pressure of rock formation

index

Shiprock, New Mexico, seen in the photo below is a(n)

intrusion that represents the eroded remnant of an extinct volcano.

When magma solidifies below the surface of the Earth, ________ are formed.

intrusive igneous rocks

Regional metamorphism

is another name for dynamothermal metamorphism

Diamonds are usually found in a rock called

kimberlite

_________ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of marble.

limestone

Wet and unconsolidated substrates are uniquely susceptible to ________ during an earthquake.

liquefaction

Compaction and cementation of grains occurs during

lithification

The way a mineral scatters light is a diagnostic property termed

luster

Clay minerals within a buried body of slate are recrystallized at high temperatures and pressures to form mica, producing a rock called phyllite. This is an example of

metamorphism

The net chemical change in a metamorphic rock induced by a reaction with hot groundwater is termed

metasomatism

In general, when rock is partially melted, the chemistry of the melt is

more felsic than the original chemistry of the rock that was partially melted.

In general, if a body of igneous (source) rock is subjected to partial melting, the magma that is produced is expected to be

more felsic than the source rock.

During fractional crystallization of a magma body, the first rock that is expected to crystallize from the magma will be

more mafic than the magma

Shear stress at sufficient depth within a fault plane can induce plastic shear, forming a fine-grained metamorphic rock named ________.

mylonite

Which of the following are good conductors due to the ability of the electrons in the atoms to move around freely?

native metals

Thermal (contact) metamorphism produces

nonfoliated rocks only

During an earthquake, if a footwall slides upward relative to a hanging wall (as shown in the figure below), the fault is termed a ________ fault.

normal

A heavy book is placed on top of a ball of pizza dough, causing the dough to flatten. This is an application of

normal stress

The atomic number of an element corresponds to the

number of protons

In the discontinuous series of Bowen's reaction series, the first mineral to crystallize from a mafic melt is

olivine

The most recently formed portion of any crystal is always found

on its outer edges

For the majority of minerals, the streak obtained when the mineral is scratched against a porcelain plate is

only useful if the mineral is softer than the porcelain streak plate.

Two major sources of energy, coal and oil shale, are considered ________ sedimentary rocks.

organic

Which common gemstone results from biomineralization?

pearl

The primary difference between breccia and conglomerate is that conglomerate

possesses more rounded grains than breccia

The transformation of low-grade metamorphic rocks into high-grade metamorphic rocks is termed ________ metamorphism.

prograde

The atomic mass of an element approximately equals the number of

protons plus neutrons.

Bombs, ash, and cinders are all examples of

pyroclastic debris.

___________ metamorphism affects the greatest volumes of rock and produces the greatest variety in metamorphic rock type

regional

The transformation of high-grade metamorphic rocks into low-grade metamorphic rocks is termed ________ metamorphism.

retrograde

During an earthquake, if the hanging wall slides upward relative to the footwall, the fault is termed a ________ fault if the fault is steep (closer to vertical than horizontal). Refer to the figure below for an example of such a feature.

reverse

Granite, an intrusive igneous rock, is most similar in mineral composition to which extrusive equivalent?

rhyolite

Which earthquake scale measures the amplitude of deflection of a seismograph pen, standardized to an idealized distance of 100 km between the epicenter and the seismograph?

richter scale

Pulling a block of clay apart, resulting in the middle portion thinning and sinking, is an adequate analogy for

rift basins and subsidence

A well-sorted sandstone with asymmetric ripples was most likely deposited as sand by a

river (far from source)

Dynamothermal (regional) metamorphism occurs when

rock becomes deeply buried during continental collision and mountain building.

Which two gems are varieties of the mineral corundum (Al2O3)?

sapphires and rubies

Which of the following are most likely to preserve conditions of ancient environments on the Earth?

sedimentary rocks

Which of the following describes the progression of rock types through increasing metamorphic grade from left to right?

shale → slate → phyllite → schist

The mineral class that makes up more than 95 percent of the continental crust is termed the

silicate

The quantity of motion that occurs along a fault is termed

slip

A magma body with a ________ volume and a ________ shape cools fastest.

smaller; pancake

A mineral property defined as the density of the mineral sample divided by the density of water (1.0 g/cm3) is

specific gravity.

Periods of intermittent sliding on a fault because of stress release during episodes of slip, followed by stress buildup to the point that the fault is reactivated, are termed

stick-slip behavior

The color of a mineral in powdered form is termed

streak

Seismic retrofitting is the process of

strengthening existing buildings and structures

The image below shows a mineral specimen of pyrite. What is the term for the thin parallel corrugations or stripes shown on the crystal faces below?

striations

If a fault is nearly vertical in orientation and the two walls of rock on opposite sides slide past one another horizontally, the fault is termed a ________ fault. Refer to the figure below for an example of such a feature.

strike-slip

Death Valley is currently sinking partly due to the weight of continuously accumulating sediment shed from the mountains that border the valley. What phenomenon is this an example of and what depositional environment is created by the sediment deposition?

subsidence and alluvial fans

Flood basalts such as those found in the Columbia Plateau and the Deccan region are associated with

superplumes

Generally, which type of earthquake waves travel with the slowest velocity?

surface waves

As compared with metamorphism, diagenesis

takes place at lower temperatures and pressures

The geotherm is the rate of change of

temperature with depth in the Earth's interior.

Stratification refers to

the development of layering within sedimentary rocks.

Fragments of material erupted from a volcano eventually settle and lithify to form an extrusive igneous rock called

tuff

Retrograde metamorphism will not occur unless an increased amount of ________ is added to the system.

water

Symmetric ripples form when ________.

water deposits sediment in layers, but the direction of flow periodically changes

Potassium feldspar reacts with water to form clay. This is an example of

weathering

The breakdown of exposed rock into small fragments and dissolved ions is termed

weathering

It is unusual for ________ to carry grains larger than sand.

wind