GEOL 1200 Exam 110
Which earthquake severity scale varies from locality to locality for a single earthquake?
Mercalli scale
The blueschist facies form under which of these conditions:
high pressure but relatively low temperature
Which of the following statements cannot be applied to the extrusive igneous rock obsidian?
it cools very slowly
Because of its physical properties, magma tends to
move upward, away from where it formed.
Geologists who specifically study earthquakes are called
seismologists
_____ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of slate.
shale
________ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of phyllite.
shale
Viscosity does NOT depend on
the total volume of the magma body.
Sea level rises locally, and marine sediments are deposited on top of terrestrial sediments during events termed
transgressions
Grains become rounded primarily during
transportation
Chemically precipitated limestone that forms in caves or around hot springs is termed
travertine
At a minimum, how many seismic stations are necessary to locate the epicenter of an earthquake?
3
The image below shows a series of graded beds. How many graded beds are shown?
3
According to the moment magnitude scale (Mw), a magnitude 8 earthquake would be 1,000 times greater than a magnitude ________ earthquake.
5
Which of the following is NOT true about minerals?
All minerals are compounds of more than one element.
Using the Mohs hardness scale below, which of the following statements is false?
Diamonds are twice as hard as apatite.
If an earthquake's magnitude is measured based on the Richter scale, how is this abbreviated?
ML
Which of the following is a primary difference between phyllite and schist?
Mica crystals within schist are larger than those within phyllite.
During an earthquake, if a hanging wall slides upward relative to a footwall, the fault is termed a ________ fault if the fault is shallow (much closer to horizontal than vertical). Refer to the figure below for an example of such a feature.
NOT****reverse
Most earthquakes are a result of
NOT***mantle upwelling.
Which type of seismic wave has the fastest velocity?
P-wave
________ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of quartzite
Sandstone
Earthquake waves that travel along the Earth's surface are termed
Surface waves
Which of the following common minerals is softest?
Talc
Which of the following is NOT true regarding earthquakes and destruction?
The bigger the earthquake, the greater the destruction will be.
Which of the following is NOT true concerning the long-term predictions of earthquakes?
They allow city planners to schedule evacuations up to a year in advance.
The pattern of atoms in a crystal can be detected using
X-ray diffraction
If you find a tuff in the field, what type of geologic activity could you reasonably assume has occurred?
a volcanic eruption
Earthquake warning systems
alert people when an earthquake has taken place, possibly giving them seconds to get to a safer place.
The image below of Death Valley, CA, shows a road that curves around a(n)
alluvial fan
Which environment would most likely produce sedimentary deposits characterized by poorly to moderately sorted, angular to subangular grains that consist of feldspar, quartz, and lithics (rock fragments)?
alluvial fan
The vast majority of earthquakes occur
along any plate boundary
SiO44-, S2-, and CO32- are all examples of
anions
Most commonly, felsic igneous rocks
are lighter in color than mafic rocks
If a geologist found preserved mud cracks, he or she could conclude that the environment in which they formed
as once covered in wet mud
Consult the figure below. The region of thermally metamorphosed rock surrounding a cooled pluton is called a (n)
aureole
A vast, composite intrusive igneous body that covers hundreds of square kilometers (in a map view) is called a
batholith
Differentiation of the Earth's iron core and collisions of planetesimals caused early Earth to
be much hotter than at present.
Because the velocity of sediment settling (deposition) is positively related to grain size for waterborne sediments, fluvial deposits are more likely than glacial deposits to
be well sorted
Geologists call individual layers of sedimentary rocks ________, whereas several of them together are called ________.
beds; strata
Hardness refers to a mineral's ability to resist
being scratched
Cemented shells of marine organisms form which kind of sedimentary rock?
biochemical
The rapid, deep burial of sediments in an accretionary prism leads to the formation of a metamorphic rock termed
blueschist
Minerals can crystallize in all of the following ways EXCEPT
bonding carbon to oxygen atoms to form organic compounds.
Marble and quartzite are nonfoliated metamorphic rocks because
both are dominated by minerals that produce equant grains.
Which of the following structures is LEAST likely to survive an earthquake?
brick building
The image below shows a mineral with hydrochloric acid applied to it. Based on the reaction and presence of gas bubbles, which of the following minerals is this most likely to be?
calcite
Which of the following processes are NOT involved in metamorphism?
cementation and compaction of grains during diagenesis
Broadly, metamorphism involves
changes in mineralogy and texture in response to heat and stress
Minerals are grouped into mineral classes primarily on the basis of
chemistry, specifically the anions within the chemical formula.
Lithified detritus (breakdown products of preexisting rocks) forms which kind of sedimentary rock?
clastic
What type of sediment is typically found in lake bottoms?
clay/mud
The tendency for minerals to break along distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure is called
cleavage
Which of the following processes does NOT occur in the formation of metamorphic rock?
complete remelting of the rock, followed by solidification to form a new rock
As shown in the figure below, a coiled spring would be useful in illustrating any ________ wave.
compressional
Glass and quartz crystals exhibit a smoothly curving, clamshell-shaped fracture pattern termed
conchoidal fracture.
The image below shows an outcrop of coarse-grained sedimentary rock. Note the rock hammer for scale. What is the name of this rock type?
conglomerate
The boundary formed between new intrusive igneous rock and the host rock around it is called a
contact
Most medium- and deep-focus earthquakes occur at
convergent plate
As compared to coarse-grained igneous rocks, fine-grained igneous rocks
cool and solidify more quickly.
Intrusive rocks that form deep within the Earth ______________ than intrusive rocks that cool near the surface.
cool more slowly
Consult the figure below. Here, distinct internal laminations are inclined at an angle to the boundary of the main sedimentary layers. These are termed
crossbeds
A body of rock starts at location A in the graph below. The rock, over a period of time, moves to location B and begins to melt. This is an example of melting due to
decompression
If the volatile content of magma is increased, its viscosity will
decrease
Vesicles in an igneous rock are evidence for which of the following?
degassing of volatiles
Topset, foreset, and bottomset beds are indicative of ________ environments.
delta
The mineral assemblage within metamorphic rock is
dependent on both the mineral assemblage of its protolith and the temperature and pressure of formation.
What is the difference in the formation of chalk versus chert?
different source materials
In the figure provided below, what type of igneous intrusion is the vertical rock unit shown byletter A?
dike
Naturally forming glass (such as obsidian) is NOT considered a mineral because it
does not have a fixed crystalline structure.
Which of the following choices lists atomic particles ordered from smallest to largest in size?
electron, proton, nucleus, atom
Which of the following is not typically associated with the eruption of a Large Igneous Province (LIP)?
emplacement of large granite batholiths
Differential stress will cause crystals to align in a preferred orientation unless the crystals are
equant
The removal of detritus from weathered rock at an outcrop is termed
erosion
Which type of magma has the greatest silica content?
felsic
Large igneous provinces are formed by ________, which can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers.
flood basalts
Rocks resulting from thermal (contact) metamorphism will NOT possess
foliation
Basins that form on the continental side of mountain ranges are called _________ basins.
foreland
Which of the following statements is false? Hornfels facies rocks
form at high pressures and low temperatures.
Minerals that do not possess cleavage are said to possess
fracture
In which type of silicates are the greatest proportion of oxygen atoms shared by pairs of adjacent tetrahedra?
framework silicates
At any point along the surface of any nonvertical fault, as is shown in the figure below, the
hanging wall lies vertically above the footwall.
Short-term predictions of earthquake behavior
have been largely unreliable
Ore minerals, such as galena and hematite, tend to be different from typical minerals in that they have a
high specific gravity.
Which of the following common minerals is hardest?
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness
Thermal (contact) metamorphism occurs
in areas surrounding igneous intrusions
If a body of magma becomes more felsic, its viscosity will
increase
A mineral within a metamorphic rock that can be used to narrowly constrain the temperature and pressure of rock formation
index
Shiprock, New Mexico, seen in the photo below is a(n)
intrusion that represents the eroded remnant of an extinct volcano.
When magma solidifies below the surface of the Earth, ________ are formed.
intrusive igneous rocks
Regional metamorphism
is another name for dynamothermal metamorphism
Diamonds are usually found in a rock called
kimberlite
_________ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of marble.
limestone
Wet and unconsolidated substrates are uniquely susceptible to ________ during an earthquake.
liquefaction
Compaction and cementation of grains occurs during
lithification
The way a mineral scatters light is a diagnostic property termed
luster
Clay minerals within a buried body of slate are recrystallized at high temperatures and pressures to form mica, producing a rock called phyllite. This is an example of
metamorphism
The net chemical change in a metamorphic rock induced by a reaction with hot groundwater is termed
metasomatism
In general, when rock is partially melted, the chemistry of the melt is
more felsic than the original chemistry of the rock that was partially melted.
In general, if a body of igneous (source) rock is subjected to partial melting, the magma that is produced is expected to be
more felsic than the source rock.
During fractional crystallization of a magma body, the first rock that is expected to crystallize from the magma will be
more mafic than the magma
Shear stress at sufficient depth within a fault plane can induce plastic shear, forming a fine-grained metamorphic rock named ________.
mylonite
Which of the following are good conductors due to the ability of the electrons in the atoms to move around freely?
native metals
Thermal (contact) metamorphism produces
nonfoliated rocks only
During an earthquake, if a footwall slides upward relative to a hanging wall (as shown in the figure below), the fault is termed a ________ fault.
normal
A heavy book is placed on top of a ball of pizza dough, causing the dough to flatten. This is an application of
normal stress
The atomic number of an element corresponds to the
number of protons
In the discontinuous series of Bowen's reaction series, the first mineral to crystallize from a mafic melt is
olivine
The most recently formed portion of any crystal is always found
on its outer edges
For the majority of minerals, the streak obtained when the mineral is scratched against a porcelain plate is
only useful if the mineral is softer than the porcelain streak plate.
Two major sources of energy, coal and oil shale, are considered ________ sedimentary rocks.
organic
Which common gemstone results from biomineralization?
pearl
The primary difference between breccia and conglomerate is that conglomerate
possesses more rounded grains than breccia
The transformation of low-grade metamorphic rocks into high-grade metamorphic rocks is termed ________ metamorphism.
prograde
The atomic mass of an element approximately equals the number of
protons plus neutrons.
Bombs, ash, and cinders are all examples of
pyroclastic debris.
___________ metamorphism affects the greatest volumes of rock and produces the greatest variety in metamorphic rock type
regional
The transformation of high-grade metamorphic rocks into low-grade metamorphic rocks is termed ________ metamorphism.
retrograde
During an earthquake, if the hanging wall slides upward relative to the footwall, the fault is termed a ________ fault if the fault is steep (closer to vertical than horizontal). Refer to the figure below for an example of such a feature.
reverse
Granite, an intrusive igneous rock, is most similar in mineral composition to which extrusive equivalent?
rhyolite
Which earthquake scale measures the amplitude of deflection of a seismograph pen, standardized to an idealized distance of 100 km between the epicenter and the seismograph?
richter scale
Pulling a block of clay apart, resulting in the middle portion thinning and sinking, is an adequate analogy for
rift basins and subsidence
A well-sorted sandstone with asymmetric ripples was most likely deposited as sand by a
river (far from source)
Dynamothermal (regional) metamorphism occurs when
rock becomes deeply buried during continental collision and mountain building.
Which two gems are varieties of the mineral corundum (Al2O3)?
sapphires and rubies
Which of the following are most likely to preserve conditions of ancient environments on the Earth?
sedimentary rocks
Which of the following describes the progression of rock types through increasing metamorphic grade from left to right?
shale → slate → phyllite → schist
The mineral class that makes up more than 95 percent of the continental crust is termed the
silicate
The quantity of motion that occurs along a fault is termed
slip
A magma body with a ________ volume and a ________ shape cools fastest.
smaller; pancake
A mineral property defined as the density of the mineral sample divided by the density of water (1.0 g/cm3) is
specific gravity.
Periods of intermittent sliding on a fault because of stress release during episodes of slip, followed by stress buildup to the point that the fault is reactivated, are termed
stick-slip behavior
The color of a mineral in powdered form is termed
streak
Seismic retrofitting is the process of
strengthening existing buildings and structures
The image below shows a mineral specimen of pyrite. What is the term for the thin parallel corrugations or stripes shown on the crystal faces below?
striations
If a fault is nearly vertical in orientation and the two walls of rock on opposite sides slide past one another horizontally, the fault is termed a ________ fault. Refer to the figure below for an example of such a feature.
strike-slip
Death Valley is currently sinking partly due to the weight of continuously accumulating sediment shed from the mountains that border the valley. What phenomenon is this an example of and what depositional environment is created by the sediment deposition?
subsidence and alluvial fans
Flood basalts such as those found in the Columbia Plateau and the Deccan region are associated with
superplumes
Generally, which type of earthquake waves travel with the slowest velocity?
surface waves
As compared with metamorphism, diagenesis
takes place at lower temperatures and pressures
The geotherm is the rate of change of
temperature with depth in the Earth's interior.
Stratification refers to
the development of layering within sedimentary rocks.
Fragments of material erupted from a volcano eventually settle and lithify to form an extrusive igneous rock called
tuff
Retrograde metamorphism will not occur unless an increased amount of ________ is added to the system.
water
Symmetric ripples form when ________.
water deposits sediment in layers, but the direction of flow periodically changes
Potassium feldspar reacts with water to form clay. This is an example of
weathering
The breakdown of exposed rock into small fragments and dissolved ions is termed
weathering
It is unusual for ________ to carry grains larger than sand.
wind
