geology 20 and 21
what happened during Cambrian explosion
animals with skeletons appeared abruptly at the beginning of the paleozoic era and experience a short period of rapid evolutionary diversification
Craton and Mobile belt are two major components of every continent in Paleozoic era. Which one is important for transgression-regression?
Craton belts
What advantages amniotic egg gave to the reptilians over amphibians?
allowed reptiles to colonize all parts of the land
what are the main moblie belts
Cordillera, Appalachian, Ouachita, Franklin
Which was called 'sea scorpion'? What was their size? Where did they live?
(Eurypterid) new top predator 5-20" up to 9 feet early on lived in marine life spread into brackish water freshwater and swamps
what was the initial era of Phanerozoic eon? when was it started and ended? Name the different periods of Paleozoic era in sequence?
- Cambrian-Silurian - 510ma-250ma - Cambrian, ordovician, Sulurian, devonian, mississippian, pennsylvanian, permian
Specify the timeline of five big mass extinctions.
1. Ordovician-Silurian extinction 439 Ma 2. Late Devonian extinction 3. Permian-Triassic extinction 4. End Triassic extinction 364 Ma 251 Ma 199 to 214 Ma 5. Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction 65 Ma
What advantages amniotic egg gave to the vertebrates?
: enclosed egg, fertilized internally Provides freedom from water bodies Facilitates exploitation of terrestrial environments MILESTONE in evolution of vertebrates
What is the difference between Background extinction and Mass extinction?
Background Extinction ◼ species go extinct through natural selection ◼ gradual environmental change or competition between species Mass Extinction ◼ large numbers of species go extinct together unusual, environmentally catastrophic conditions. ◼ Usually unrelated to their normal adaptations to their environment. Is this natural selection at work?
name the major continents that existed at the beginning of the Paleozoic era
Baltica, China, Gondwana, Kazakstania, Laurentia, Siberia
What are the three orders of lobe-finned fish?
Coelacanths (very few left) Lungfish (3 freshwater left) Crossopterygians
herbivores
Consumers that eat only plants
When did the transition from fish to amphibian occur? Which type of fish gave rise to the amphibians? What were their similarities?
Crossopterygians, a group of lobe-finned fish, gave rise to the amphibians. The link between crossopterygians and the earliest amphibians is convincing and includes a close similarity of bone and tooth structures. during devonian
Which continents were associated with Taconic, Caledonian orogeny? Specify the time of those events
Gondwana and laurentia
Why the evolution of vascular tissue was important? When did the vascular land plant appear?
It allowed food and water to be transported throughout the plant and provided the plant with additional support. occured in middle silurian
Though the diversity of marine invertebrate community increases during Ordovician, a major extinction event occurred at the end of Ordovician period. What could be the reason behind that mass extinction?
More than 100 families of marine invertebrates became extinct • At the end of Ordovician period, Gondwana moved over the south pole region. This widespread glaciation resulted in decreased sea level and cooling of surface waters. • It creates stressful conditions for the nearsurface phyto-plankton community and shallowwater marine faunas.
Ouachita orogenic activity created a large mountain range extending from ______ to ______.
Ouachita mountains in Arkansas to the marathon mountains in far west texas
What were the common marine community during the Permian?
Permian marine organisms included spiny brachiopods, bryozoans, sponges and some types of calcareous algae.
What are the similarities between vascular land plant and green alga?
Pigmentation Metabolic enzymes Reproductive cycles
why fossils from the cambrian period had a greater chance to be preserved?
Protection against predators Protection against UV Kept them from drying out Support for muscles, enabling organisms to grow large and increase their locomotion efficiency
How did the jaws in fish originate?
Studies suggest that jaws in fish originated from the first two or three anterior gill arches of jawless fish. The evolution of jaws may have been related more to respiration than feeding.
What could be the possible reason behind the Permian mass extinction?
The formation of Pangaea reduced the area of shallow seas. Widespread volcanism and continental fissure eruptions damaged the ozone layer and polluted oceans. Oceans became more anoxic (lower O2).
Carbonates from Sauk sequence contains ________ A. fragments of shells B. stromatolites C. oolitic textures D. all of the above
all of the above
define primary producers
at the base are the primary producers all other organisms are dependent example is phytoplankton and other organisms that produce their own food
Which are the decomposers of organic compound of dead organisms? A. Plankton B. Nekton C. Bacteria D. Herbivores
bacteria
who are the main decomposers?
bacteria that break down the complex organic compounds of dead organisms and recycle them within the ecosystem.
Which mobile belts were associated with Laurasia and Gondwana collision?
baltica and laurentia
Name the Ordovician marine invertebrate community.
bryozoans and shelly brachiopods, and the start of large-scale reef building by corals.
At the beginning of Kaskaskia sequence, which type of deposition occurred? A. Sandstones B. Carbonates C. Black Shales
carbonates
what is the primary source of Kaskaskia sandstone
carbonates and associated evaporites
: What is economically valuable deposit in a cyclothem? A. Metallic ore B. Carbonate C. Coal D. Gravel
coal
What environmental condition made the amphibians extremely abundant during Pennsylvanian period?
coal forming swamps
suspension feeders
consume microscopic plants and animals as well as dissolved nutrients from water
What is the condition of Iapetus ocean during Acadian orogenic activity?
during this time the lapetus ocean was in the process of closing
: In a Cyclothem, marine fossils represent the time of __________. A. Early Transgression B. Late Transgression C. Late regression D. Late Transgression and Early Regression
early transgression
Both Taconic and Caledonian orogeny became the result of subducting oceanic plate. true or false
false
The reproduction system did not vary at all when Vertebrates started invading the land. A) True B) False
false
Which body parts characterize Chordata in earlier stage?
gill slits and a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord
What could be the reason behind Cyclothem formation in North America craton during the deposition of Absaroka sequence.
groups of beds recording a single advance and retreat of the sea 50 cylothems in missouri and kansas cyclic advance and retreat of sea over shallow land
Which type of plant was suitable for dry region? A) Seedless Vascular plant B) Gymnosperm plant
gymnosperms plant
sediment deposit feeders
ingest sediment and extract nutrients from it
What is Panthalassa?
is the ocean that surrounded Pangaea
The Antler orogeny marks the collision between _______ and _______.
island arc and the craton in the west
Suppose, Ammonoid fossil has been found in any sedimentary rock. What is your idea about the deposition time of that sedimentary unit?
it happened during the devonian
Why Catskill Delta is famous?
it is famous for its freshwater fish and early amphibian fossils, as well as early land plants
Give some living examples of jawless fish, ray-finned fish and lobe-finned fish.
lampery, hagfish tuna, perch, bass lungfish, latimeria
When did the worst mass extinction occur? A) Late Ordovician B) Late Devonian C) Late Permian D) Late Triassic
late permian
Place them according to their evolution order (from early to late): reptiles, amphibians, mammals, fish
mammals reptiles amphibians and fish
What are the charateristics sandstone in sauk sequence
mostly quartz (99%) grains well rounded and well sorted
What were the challenges overcome by the plants for transitioning from water to land?
namely, desiccation, reproduction, and gravity
Which fish is jawless? A) Ostracoderm B) Placoderm C) Lobe-finned fish D) Acanthodians
ostacoderm
What was the worst known mass extinction? How much of the the marine invertebrate species became extinct at that time?
permian marine invertebrate mass extinction 90%
Write down Paleozoic mineral resources.
petroleum, coal, ores of iron, lead, zinc and other metallic deposits
what are the first two steps in the plankton food chain
phytoplankton and copepods
define plankton, nekton, benthos
plankton- floaters nekton- the swimmers benthos- live on or in the seafloor
What are the differences between ray-finned and lobe-finned fish?
ray finned- no muscular base on paired fins lobe finned- external nostril lungs and gills muscles extend into fin
What effect did the closing of Iapetus ocean have on the Silurian and Devonian marine community?
reduced the number of shallow shelf environments.
carnivores
scavengers and predators
predators
secondary and tertiary consumers are this
Name the clastic wedge formed from the erosion of the Taconic highlands and Acadian highlands.
the queenston wedge catskill delta classic wedge
What body parts differ between amphibians and reptilians?
skull structure, jawbones, ear location, and limb and vertebral construction
Why earlier Chordates were rarely fossilized?
soft bodied
Who are warm blooded animals?
the therapsids
define primary consumers
they feed on primary producers and in return are fed on by higher levels of consumers- secondary and tertiary
what is carboniferous
this is what the late paleozoic era is called large underground coal deposits formed at that time mainly formed in the equatorial regions where rainfall was high and temps were warm
what is pangea? when was it formed?
this was when all of earth's supercontinents were combined formed during the Permian
Describe the intermediate stage between lobe-finned fish and earliest tetrapod.
tiktaalik roseae
What were the major invertebrate groups during Cambrian? Which of them constructed reeflike structures in the Early Cambrian?
trilobites, brachiopods and archaeocyathids archaeocyathid made up the reeflike structure
At the beginning of Paleozoic Era, an explosive development of new types of animals occurred due to the appearance of skeleton. A. True B. False
true
Formation of Ancestral Rockies are influenced by the existence of faults in the southwestern part of North American craton. A. True B. False
true
Taconic and Caledonian orogeny was related to the closing or subduction of Iapetus ocean. A. True B. False
true
The bulk of the coal driving the Industrial Revolution and contributing to global warming today has been deposited during the Carboniferous period (359-299 million years ago). A. True B. False
true
The jaw of the fish became more of a feeding structure following its evolution. A) True B) False
true
What could be the probable depositional environment of Black Shale during the deposition of Kaskaskia sequence?
undisturbed anaerobic bottom waters reduced supply of coarse sediment high organic productivity in overlying waters
what is the probable depth of Sauk sea?
very shallow not deeper than 200 M
what type of rock and water create Reef area? what is the role of barrier or sill in a reef formation
warm, clear, shallow water limestone sill impedes the outflow of dense brine from the basin large barriers enclosed basins resulting in evaporite deposition with the basins
What were the advantages of flowerless seed plants over vascular seedless plants?
whose reproductive style freed them from having to stay near water.
What makes Ammonoid a guide fossil? Reasons: i) widespread distribution ii) short stratigraphic ranges iii) composed of soft, pliable materials
widespread distribution and short stratigraphic ranges
Did insects make the transition from water to land before amphibian?
yes
are swampy areas common during cyclothem deposition
yes because the reconstruction of the environment and there was a transgressing sea
What were the changes needed in land-dwelling vertebrates?
◼ 3-chambered heart ◼ Spinal column became sturdy but flexible ◼ Ear ossicle and ear drum developed
What were the barriers amphibians needed to surmount for transitioning into the land?
❑ Desiccation ❑ Reproduction ❑ Effects of gravity ❑ Breathing air