geology 20 and 21

what happened during Cambrian explosion

animals with skeletons appeared abruptly at the beginning of the paleozoic era and experience a short period of rapid evolutionary diversification

Craton and Mobile belt are two major components of every continent in Paleozoic era. Which one is important for transgression-regression?

Craton belts

What advantages amniotic egg gave to the reptilians over amphibians?

allowed reptiles to colonize all parts of the land

what are the main moblie belts

Cordillera, Appalachian, Ouachita, Franklin

Which was called 'sea scorpion'? What was their size? Where did they live?

(Eurypterid) new top predator 5-20" up to 9 feet early on lived in marine life spread into brackish water freshwater and swamps

what was the initial era of Phanerozoic eon? when was it started and ended? Name the different periods of Paleozoic era in sequence?

- Cambrian-Silurian - 510ma-250ma - Cambrian, ordovician, Sulurian, devonian, mississippian, pennsylvanian, permian

Specify the timeline of five big mass extinctions.

1. Ordovician-Silurian extinction 439 Ma 2. Late Devonian extinction 3. Permian-Triassic extinction 4. End Triassic extinction 364 Ma 251 Ma 199 to 214 Ma 5. Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction 65 Ma

What advantages amniotic egg gave to the vertebrates?

: enclosed egg, fertilized internally Provides freedom from water bodies Facilitates exploitation of terrestrial environments MILESTONE in evolution of vertebrates

What is the difference between Background extinction and Mass extinction?

Background Extinction ◼ species go extinct through natural selection ◼ gradual environmental change or competition between species Mass Extinction ◼ large numbers of species go extinct together unusual, environmentally catastrophic conditions. ◼ Usually unrelated to their normal adaptations to their environment. Is this natural selection at work?

name the major continents that existed at the beginning of the Paleozoic era

Baltica, China, Gondwana, Kazakstania, Laurentia, Siberia

What are the three orders of lobe-finned fish?

Coelacanths (very few left) Lungfish (3 freshwater left) Crossopterygians

herbivores

Consumers that eat only plants

When did the transition from fish to amphibian occur? Which type of fish gave rise to the amphibians? What were their similarities?

Crossopterygians, a group of lobe-finned fish, gave rise to the amphibians. The link between crossopterygians and the earliest amphibians is convincing and includes a close similarity of bone and tooth structures. during devonian

Which continents were associated with Taconic, Caledonian orogeny? Specify the time of those events

Gondwana and laurentia

Why the evolution of vascular tissue was important? When did the vascular land plant appear?

It allowed food and water to be transported throughout the plant and provided the plant with additional support. occured in middle silurian

Though the diversity of marine invertebrate community increases during Ordovician, a major extinction event occurred at the end of Ordovician period. What could be the reason behind that mass extinction?

More than 100 families of marine invertebrates became extinct • At the end of Ordovician period, Gondwana moved over the south pole region. This widespread glaciation resulted in decreased sea level and cooling of surface waters. • It creates stressful conditions for the nearsurface phyto-plankton community and shallowwater marine faunas.

Ouachita orogenic activity created a large mountain range extending from ______ to ______.

Ouachita mountains in Arkansas to the marathon mountains in far west texas

What were the common marine community during the Permian?

Permian marine organisms included spiny brachiopods, bryozoans, sponges and some types of calcareous algae.

What are the similarities between vascular land plant and green alga?

Pigmentation Metabolic enzymes Reproductive cycles

why fossils from the cambrian period had a greater chance to be preserved?

Protection against predators Protection against UV Kept them from drying out Support for muscles, enabling organisms to grow large and increase their locomotion efficiency

How did the jaws in fish originate?

Studies suggest that jaws in fish originated from the first two or three anterior gill arches of jawless fish. The evolution of jaws may have been related more to respiration than feeding.

What could be the possible reason behind the Permian mass extinction?

The formation of Pangaea reduced the area of shallow seas. Widespread volcanism and continental fissure eruptions damaged the ozone layer and polluted oceans. Oceans became more anoxic (lower O2).

Carbonates from Sauk sequence contains ________ A. fragments of shells B. stromatolites C. oolitic textures D. all of the above

all of the above

define primary producers

at the base are the primary producers all other organisms are dependent example is phytoplankton and other organisms that produce their own food

Which are the decomposers of organic compound of dead organisms? A. Plankton B. Nekton C. Bacteria D. Herbivores

bacteria

who are the main decomposers?

bacteria that break down the complex organic compounds of dead organisms and recycle them within the ecosystem.

Which mobile belts were associated with Laurasia and Gondwana collision?

baltica and laurentia

Name the Ordovician marine invertebrate community.

bryozoans and shelly brachiopods, and the start of large-scale reef building by corals.

At the beginning of Kaskaskia sequence, which type of deposition occurred? A. Sandstones B. Carbonates C. Black Shales

carbonates

what is the primary source of Kaskaskia sandstone

carbonates and associated evaporites

: What is economically valuable deposit in a cyclothem? A. Metallic ore B. Carbonate C. Coal D. Gravel

coal

What environmental condition made the amphibians extremely abundant during Pennsylvanian period?

coal forming swamps

suspension feeders

consume microscopic plants and animals as well as dissolved nutrients from water

What is the condition of Iapetus ocean during Acadian orogenic activity?

during this time the lapetus ocean was in the process of closing

: In a Cyclothem, marine fossils represent the time of __________. A. Early Transgression B. Late Transgression C. Late regression D. Late Transgression and Early Regression

early transgression

Both Taconic and Caledonian orogeny became the result of subducting oceanic plate. true or false

false

The reproduction system did not vary at all when Vertebrates started invading the land. A) True B) False

false

Which body parts characterize Chordata in earlier stage?

gill slits and a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord

What could be the reason behind Cyclothem formation in North America craton during the deposition of Absaroka sequence.

groups of beds recording a single advance and retreat of the sea 50 cylothems in missouri and kansas cyclic advance and retreat of sea over shallow land

Which type of plant was suitable for dry region? A) Seedless Vascular plant B) Gymnosperm plant

gymnosperms plant

sediment deposit feeders

ingest sediment and extract nutrients from it

What is Panthalassa?

is the ocean that surrounded Pangaea

The Antler orogeny marks the collision between _______ and _______.

island arc and the craton in the west

Suppose, Ammonoid fossil has been found in any sedimentary rock. What is your idea about the deposition time of that sedimentary unit?

it happened during the devonian

Why Catskill Delta is famous?

it is famous for its freshwater fish and early amphibian fossils, as well as early land plants

Give some living examples of jawless fish, ray-finned fish and lobe-finned fish.

lampery, hagfish tuna, perch, bass lungfish, latimeria

When did the worst mass extinction occur? A) Late Ordovician B) Late Devonian C) Late Permian D) Late Triassic

late permian

Place them according to their evolution order (from early to late): reptiles, amphibians, mammals, fish

mammals reptiles amphibians and fish

What are the charateristics sandstone in sauk sequence

mostly quartz (99%) grains well rounded and well sorted

What were the challenges overcome by the plants for transitioning from water to land?

namely, desiccation, reproduction, and gravity

Which fish is jawless? A) Ostracoderm B) Placoderm C) Lobe-finned fish D) Acanthodians

ostacoderm

What was the worst known mass extinction? How much of the the marine invertebrate species became extinct at that time?

permian marine invertebrate mass extinction 90%

Write down Paleozoic mineral resources.

petroleum, coal, ores of iron, lead, zinc and other metallic deposits

what are the first two steps in the plankton food chain

phytoplankton and copepods

define plankton, nekton, benthos

plankton- floaters nekton- the swimmers benthos- live on or in the seafloor

What are the differences between ray-finned and lobe-finned fish?

ray finned- no muscular base on paired fins lobe finned- external nostril lungs and gills muscles extend into fin

What effect did the closing of Iapetus ocean have on the Silurian and Devonian marine community?

reduced the number of shallow shelf environments.

carnivores

scavengers and predators

predators

secondary and tertiary consumers are this

Name the clastic wedge formed from the erosion of the Taconic highlands and Acadian highlands.

the queenston wedge catskill delta classic wedge

What body parts differ between amphibians and reptilians?

skull structure, jawbones, ear location, and limb and vertebral construction

Why earlier Chordates were rarely fossilized?

soft bodied

Who are warm blooded animals?

the therapsids

define primary consumers

they feed on primary producers and in return are fed on by higher levels of consumers- secondary and tertiary

what is carboniferous

this is what the late paleozoic era is called large underground coal deposits formed at that time mainly formed in the equatorial regions where rainfall was high and temps were warm

what is pangea? when was it formed?

this was when all of earth's supercontinents were combined formed during the Permian

Describe the intermediate stage between lobe-finned fish and earliest tetrapod.

tiktaalik roseae

What were the major invertebrate groups during Cambrian? Which of them constructed reeflike structures in the Early Cambrian?

trilobites, brachiopods and archaeocyathids archaeocyathid made up the reeflike structure

At the beginning of Paleozoic Era, an explosive development of new types of animals occurred due to the appearance of skeleton. A. True B. False

true

Formation of Ancestral Rockies are influenced by the existence of faults in the southwestern part of North American craton. A. True B. False

true

Taconic and Caledonian orogeny was related to the closing or subduction of Iapetus ocean. A. True B. False

true

The bulk of the coal driving the Industrial Revolution and contributing to global warming today has been deposited during the Carboniferous period (359-299 million years ago). A. True B. False

true

The jaw of the fish became more of a feeding structure following its evolution. A) True B) False

true

What could be the probable depositional environment of Black Shale during the deposition of Kaskaskia sequence?

undisturbed anaerobic bottom waters reduced supply of coarse sediment high organic productivity in overlying waters

what is the probable depth of Sauk sea?

very shallow not deeper than 200 M

what type of rock and water create Reef area? what is the role of barrier or sill in a reef formation

warm, clear, shallow water limestone sill impedes the outflow of dense brine from the basin large barriers enclosed basins resulting in evaporite deposition with the basins

What were the advantages of flowerless seed plants over vascular seedless plants?

whose reproductive style freed them from having to stay near water.

What makes Ammonoid a guide fossil? Reasons: i) widespread distribution ii) short stratigraphic ranges iii) composed of soft, pliable materials

widespread distribution and short stratigraphic ranges

Did insects make the transition from water to land before amphibian?

yes

are swampy areas common during cyclothem deposition

yes because the reconstruction of the environment and there was a transgressing sea

What were the changes needed in land-dwelling vertebrates?

◼ 3-chambered heart ◼ Spinal column became sturdy but flexible ◼ Ear ossicle and ear drum developed

What were the barriers amphibians needed to surmount for transitioning into the land?

❑ Desiccation ❑ Reproduction ❑ Effects of gravity ❑ Breathing air