ChildDevelopment Exam 4 Total
Both psychoanalytic theory and social learning theory regard moral development as A. following a unique course of development. B. a matter of internalization. C. unique to humans. D. complete by age 4 or 5.
B.
By age ___ years, children become capable of recognizing the difference between truthfulness and lying. A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. 10
B.
By age ____, white children generally evaluate their own racial group more favorably than other racial groups. A. 3 to 4 B. 5 to 6 C. 7 to 8 D. 9 to 10
B.
By age _____, children clearly recognize the difference between truthfulness and lying. A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. 12
B.
By the age of ________ years, most children in Western cultures have developed self-evaluations in academic ability, social competence, athletic skills, and physical appearance. A. 3 to 5 B. 6 to 7 C. 8 to 10 D. 12 to 15
B.
Children who experience ________ appear to have inherited traits that predispose them to aggressiveness. A. late-onset aggression B. early-onset delinquency C. late-onset delinquency D. moderate-onset aggression
B.
A(n) ________ is believed to promote discomfort for boys in school, but it may be as harmful—or even more so—for girls. masculine bias emphasis on extracurricular involvement Incorrect answer emphasis on math and science Correct answer that was not selected feminine bias
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Children tend to view __________ as a "feminine" subject, and parents rate their daughters as more competent at it. social studies science Correct answer language arts psychology
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Gender stereotypes cast women in an overall positive light and men in an overall negative light. Correct answer involve personality traits, physical characteristics, occupations, activities, and behaviors. are relatively flexible throughout the lifespan. persist despite deeply ingrained patterns of thinking that conflict with them.
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Girls ___________ show low rates of depressive symptoms. A. in dual-earner families B. from industrialized nations C. with an androgynous gender identity D. with a "feminine" gender identity
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In a longitudinal study of third through seventh graders, children who were ___________ declined in self-worth over the following year. gender-typical and gender-contented androgynous or masculine androgynous or gender-schematic Correct answer gender-atypical and gender-discontented
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In a study in which 20- to 40-year-olds were shown photos of children and adults and asked to rate each on "masculine," "feminine," and "neutral" personality traits, adults were reluctant to apply masculine or feminine personality traits to any of the photos. differentiated men from women more sharply than they did boys from girls. tended to apply neutral traits to girls and women and masculine traits to boys and men. Correct answer differentiated boys from girls more sharply than they did men from women.
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In homes where fathers devote as much or more time to child care as mothers, sons tend to be __________, and daughters __________. more feminine; more masculine Correct answer more emotionally sensitive; more self-confident more self-confident; less self-confident gender schematic; gender aschematic
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Katherine perceives herself as relatively feminine in characteristics. Her perception is an example of Incorrect answer gender typing. Correct answer that was not selected gender identity. gender roles. instrumental traits.
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Leah describes herself as ambitious, competitive, affectionate, and cheerful. These traits reflect a(n) __________ identity. immature feminine masculine Correct answer androgynous
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Parents make decisions for their daughters less often than for their sons. Correct answer use directive speech with their daughters more often than with their sons. grant more freedoms to their daughters than their sons. are less tolerant of "other-sex" behavior in their daughters than in their sons.
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Playing __________ enhances spatial scores. classical music contact sports like hockey and football competitive board games like checkers or chess Correct answer video games that require rapid mental rotation of visual images
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Preschoolers Matthew and Alan insist that men cannot take care of babies and women cannot drive fire trucks. They have not yet learned that certain characteristics are not easily categorized. should never be applied to males or females. Correct answer are associated with being male or female, but do not define them. represent a break from gender norms.
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Research on children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) suggests that prenatal androgen exposure has little impact on gender typing. influences certain "feminine" behaviors. Correct answer influences certain "masculine" behaviors. contributes to the development of androgyny.
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Researchers have found that school-age children who have flexible beliefs about what boys and girls can do are more likely to experience gender confusion. Correct answer notice instances of gender discrimination. rate masculine characteristics more favorably than feminine characteristics. act in socially inappropriate way
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Today, 90 percent of _______ fathers take at least some parental employment leave—more than any other nation in the world. Correct answer Swedish Norwegian Canadian Japanese
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When kindergartners were observed during a dice-rolling game, boys were more competitive when playing Correct answer that was not selected in a large group. without adult supervision. Incorrect answer against only boys. against only girls. Score: 0 out of 1
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When women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) look back on their childhoods, they recall preferring Correct answer "masculine play" and feeling dissatisfied with their female identity. quiet activities like putting together puzzles and reading books. to dress and be treated like a girl, even though their parents encouraged masculine traits. "feminine play" and feeling satisfied with their female identity
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Which of the following is a method to combat stereotypical thinking in children? Call attention to individuals who are performing a certain job, rather than groups of people performing the same job. Always label gender with children, drawing attention to which gender performs certain jobs or tasks. Correct answer Discuss gender biases with children, pointing out how words can form inappropriate beliefs and expectations. Do not contradict children when they make stereotypical remarks, as children tend to outgrow this phase.
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________ are the most likely to report depressive symptoms. School-age girls School-age boys Correct answer Adolescent girls Adolescent boys
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________ cause(s) girls to do worse than their abilities allow on difficult math problems. Poor computation skills A "feminine bias" Correct answer Stereotype threat A biological disadvantag
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________ is/are a powerful indirect means for teaching children about gender stereotypes and gender roles. The media Androgens Peer disputes Correct answer Language
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n a study of recently published, award-winning picture books for young children, Correct answer fathers seemed disengaged from the parenting role. mothers were represented only half as often as fathers. fathers often expressed affection toward their youngsters. mothers and fathers were equally engaged in the parenting role.
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A combined analysis of studies reported that older children receive more direct training in gender roles than younger children. Incorrect answer differences in the way parents socialize boys and girls are significant. parents have little influence on children's gender-typed beliefs. differences in the way parents socialize boys and girls are small
539
Children who experience frequent harsh punishment, including yelling, hitting, threats, and criticism, A. tend to change their behavior at the moment, but not in the long-term. B. strongly sympathize with others' pain. C. strongly internalize moral rules. D. are less likely to punish their own children harshly.
A
In all cultures, morality is promoted and supported by A. a social organization that specifies rules for good conduct. B. the legal system. C. one dominant religious institution. D. elders in the community.
A
After teasing Kelly about her new haircut, Brenda realizes that she hurt Kelly's feelings. Brenda states, "I thought you knew I was just kidding when I said that." Brenda is demonstrating A. recursive thought. B. undifferentiated perspective taking. C. relational aggression. D. overly high self-esteem.
A.
As toddlers approach age 2, they begin experiencing A. empathic concern and self-conscious emotions. B. the behavioral component of morality. C. heteronomous morality and realism. D. confusion over right and wrong.
A.
Attribution retraining is most effective for children when A. begun early, before children's views of themselves become hard to change. B. accompanied by public celebration of performance goals. C. success is linked to ability rather than to effort. D. it consists of well-intended messages from adults that attribute children's success to chance.
A.
Children who are explicitly taught to confront peers' sexist remarks are more likely than others to A. counter those remarks and create a climate of respect. B. engage in relational aggression. C. decrease in gender-stereotype flexibility. D. change in attitudes but not in behaviors.
A.
Children with autism A. use words to get what they want, but not to exchange ideas. B. have language abilities similar to same-age peers without autism. C. engage in higher rates of make-believe play than children without autism. D. have a broad range of interests and find it difficult to focus on one thing.
A.
Children, who are generally able to absorb prevailing societal attitudes, tend to A. associate power and privilege with white people and poverty and inferior status with people of color. B. refrain from making status assessments when they have ambiguous information. C. ignore perceptually distinct attributes in making social group classifications. D. have a difficult time distinguishing rich from poor on the basis of physical characteristics.
A.
Compared with girls, boys have a(n) __________ sense of overall self-esteem. A. slightly higher B. much higher C. lower D. equal
A.
Current theorists A. agree with Erikson that questioning of values, plans, and priorities is necessary for mature identity, but they no longer describe the process as a crisis. B. agree with Erikson that healthy identity development involves a crisis. C. believe that young people move through four distinct stages of identity development: diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and achievement. D. believe that most adolescents reach identity achievement with little or no exploration.
A.
Eight-year-old Jessica says, "Don't play with Valerie. She is a nerd, and she lies all the time." Jessica is engaging in __________ aggression. A. relational B. verbal C. direct D. proactive
A.
For parents who want to reduce their children's gender stereotyping and gender-role conformity, which of the following strategies would be helpful to use? Teach children to appreciate differences among individuals. Arrange for frequent play dates with same-sex peers. Ignore gender bias and downplay the gender complexity of groups. Point out gender differences in achievement levels, especially for girls.
A.
Four-year-old McKensie watches her friend who is crying after falling on the playground and scraping her knee. McKensie's self-experienced pain and her observations of her friend's facial reactions to pain will activate _________ in McKensie. A. corresponding areas in the cerebral cortex B. intense grief C. aggressive behavior D. the left hemisphere of the brain
A.
Fourteen-year-old Tanya has purple hair and often wears camouflage clothing. This example illustrates A. matters of personal choice. B. a social convention. C. a moral imperative. D. moral self-relevance
A.
Freud said that to maintain their parents' affection, children A. identify with the same-sex parent and form a superego, or conscience. B. develop a sense of construction by rejecting a parent's moral standards. C. respond willingly to most forms of parental discipline. D. reject the same-sex parent, instead choosing to identify with the other-sex parent.
A.
Garrett holds a number of ethnic and social-class biases. Which of the following is most likely true for Garrett? A. He has overly high self-esteem. B. He has a great deal of other-group contact in his daily life. C. He believes people's personality traits are changeable rather than fixed. D. He ignores stereotypes and forms his own opinions based on experience.
A.
Gender schema theory A. emphasizes how environmental pressures and children's cognitions work together to shape gender-role development. B. stresses the importance of genetic influences on gender typing. C. emphasizes development of gender-stereotyped beliefs through identification with the same-sex parent. D. focuses on the role of modeling and reinforcement in the development of gender identity.
A.
In U.S. schools today, __________ students are the most ethnically isolated group, with about _____ percent of their school's student body being the same race. A. white; 80 B. black; 95 C. black; 70 D. Hispanic; 85
A.
In _________ families, physical punishment is typically culturally approved, mild, and delivered in a context of parental warmth. A. African-American B. Caucasian-American C. female-headed D. middle-SES
A.
In a study examining the pattern of children's trait learning, researchers found that the stereotypes acquired first reflected A. in-group favoritism. B. flexible gender categories. C. feminine characteristics. D. out-group favoritism.
A.
In one study, males of all ages were especially attracted to jobs depicted as _________, females to jobs _________—values that likely contribute to the gender sorting typically seen in the workforce. A. highly paid; high in altruism gender-equitable; viewed as traditionally masculine or feminine an occupation held by men; that are more power-oriented focused on expressive traits; characterized by instrumental traits
A.
In response to the Heinz dilemma, Rachel says, "You shouldn't steal the drug because you'll be caught and sent to jail if you do. If you do get away, the police will catch up with you any minute." Rachel is most likely in the __________ stage. A. punishment and obedience orientation B. instrumental purpose orientation C. morality of interpersonal cooperation D. social-order-maintaining orientation
A.
Most black children view spanking as A. a practice carried out with their best interest in mind. B. being associated with antisocial behavior. C. an act of personal aggression. D. being a wrong form of punishment.
A.
Mr. and Mrs. Carloni are the parents of a toddler and are interesting in using induction as a discipline strategy. At what age does this strategy become effective? A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8
A.
Mr. and Mrs. Cortez are planning to attend a family reunion with their 4-year-old son, Graham. The trip will take about 6 hours, and the Cortez's are worried that Graham might start misbehaving after sitting in a car for many hours. How can they use positive discipline to reduce opportunities for Graham to misbehave? A. Bring back-seat activities that Graham can use if he becomes restless. B. Before leaving for the trip, explain to Graham that he may get a spanking if he acts up in the car. C. Bribe Graham with candy or fast food if he behaves in the car. D. Take another child along so Graham has a friend to play with in the car.
A.
One main criticism of Kohlberg's theory involves his supposition that A. moral maturity is not achieved until the hard-to-reach postconventional level. B. morality can only be understood in everyday, concrete situations. C. moral actions are contemplated and weighed through moral reasoning. D. moral understanding can be measured, categorized, and labeled.
A.
Parent training programs based on __________ have been devised to improve the parenting of preschool and school-age children with conduct problems. A. social learning theory B. Kohlberg's theory of moral development C. Freud's concept of induction D. Piaget's theory of moral development
A.
Parenting behavior, such as __________, is linked to both the undermining of self-control and aggressive tendencies from early childhood through adolescence in various cultures. A. inconsistent discipline that fluctuates between critical and warm B. consistently harsh discipline C. indifference toward the child's misbehavior D. consistent overindulgence
A.
Prenatal androgen exposure has been linked to higher activity levels in girls. stunted physical development in boys. nurturing behavior in boys. gender confusion in girls.
A.
Research on identity development indicates that A. adolescents who go to work after high school settle on an identity status earlier than college-bound youths. B. adolescents typically retain the same identity status across adolescence and early adulthood. C. most adolescents experience a serious identity crisis. D. most girls postpone the task of identity development to focus instead on intimacy development
A.
Sasha is a seventh grader who laughs at her friends' jokes even when she does not think they are funny. She believes her friends will like her more because of this. Sasha has developed A. perspective-taking skills. B. egocentrism. C. social comparison skills. D> mind-mindedness.
A.
Separate studies of chimpanzees by researchers Goodall and de Waal have indicated that the chimps A. conform to and enforce rules that depict a type of morality. B. have frontal regions of the cerebral cortex very similar to that of humans. C. rarely show kind or comforting acts, but often act out with aggression. D. have standards regarding behavior that favor males and victimize females.
A.
Shannon and her friends believe it is important to be assertive, appear competent, and act rational. They are promoting __________ traits, traditionally regarded as __________. instrumental; masculine expressive; feminine expressive; masculine instrumental; feminine
A.
The gender gap in ________ achievement is believed to be a major contributor to a widening gender difference in college enrollment. reading and writing math and science math and reading overall academic
A.
Three-year-old Jazara can correctly identify males and females. But when asked whether she could be a boy if she wanted to, she answers "yes." Jazara is in the gender __________ stage of gender constancy development. labeling stability consistency typing
A.
Throughout the school years, girls attain higher scores in reading achievement and A. account for a lower percentage of children referred for remedial reading instruction. B. spatial reasoning. C. this advantage comes from earlier development of the right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex. D. lower scores in writing competence.
A.
When confronted with the Heinz dilemma, Camilla responds, "He shouldn't have stolen the drug because he could get in big trouble and he might have to go to jail." Camilla's response is consistent with Kohlberg's __________ level of moral understanding. A. preconventional B. postconventional C. conventional D. reflective
A.
When girls are involved in long-term active-intervention programs, they often gain in A. gender-stereotype flexibility. B. Gender intensification. C.expressive traits. D. androgyny.
A.
When persistent adolescent delinquency begins in adolescence, it A. usually does not persist beyond the transition to early adulthood. B. should be treated with a combination of therapy and incarceration. C. is far more likely to lead to a life-course pattern of aggression and criminality. D. quickly leads to violent crime, such as assault or robbery.
A.
Which of the following approaches to reducing aggression and misbehavior has no evidence of effectiveness and may actually increase antisocial behavior and high school dropout rates? A. zero tolerance policies B. multisystemic therapy C. parent training programs D. positive peer cultures
A.
Which of the following individuals is most likely to settle on a self-definition earlier than other agemates? A. Belinda, a 19-year-old who has been an apprentice plumber for two years B. Martin, an 18-year-old who is soon to graduate from high school and plans to use his trust fund to spend a year traveling the world C. Fillipe, a 20-year-old who is in his third year at a state university D. Darla, a 20-year-old who is unable to find a job, so she lives at home with her parents
A.
Which of the following is an example of induction? A. Briana's mother explains, "Sam is crying because you took his book." B. Angel's mother puts him in a time out for hitting his sister. C. Cora's father gives her the "silent treatment" when she misbehaves. D. Wally's father models positive behavior by offering to share his snack.
A.
Which of the following statements about the Swedish "equal roles family model" is true? A. Fathers have the right to paid parental employment leave. B. Women are primarily responsible for child care, while men are primarily responsible for housework. C. In dual-earner families, men are primarily responsible for child care and housework. D. The government pays a monthly stipend to mothers who stay at home to raise children.
A.
Whose behavior among the following children would be viewed most harshly by peers? A. David, who likes to wear high-heel shoes B. Karen, who pretends to cook meals for her doll family C. Malcolm, who loves to put together puzzles D. Susie, who plays with trucks in the sandbox
A.
Why is mirror self-awareness an important measure of emotional and social development? A. It shows interest in a playmate and realization that the playmate is also interested. B. It shows that the toddler is interested in his or her surroundings. C. It predicts the onset of a belief-desire theory of mind. D. It illustrates the child's capacity for empathy.
A.
Young people who frequently grapple with social and moral issues A. may actually construct cognitive supports directly while reasoning about social or moral concerns. B. are unlikely to reason beyond Kohlberg's "good boy-good girl" orientation. C. acquire perspective-taking skills but fail to apply them consistently. D. are often overwhelmed by everyday moral dilemmas.
A.
_________ provide(s) repeated occasions for social problem solving. A. Social conflicts B. Identity exploration C. Adult-child book reading D> Attribution retaining
A.
___________ implies a realistic evaluation of the self's characteristics and competencies, along with an attitude of self-acceptance and self-respect. A. High self-esteem B. A desire theory of mind C. The ideal self D. Social comparison
A.
Between ages 3 and 6, A. physical aggression increases. B. verbal aggression increases. C. girls become more physically aggressive than boys. D. relational aggression decreases
B.
As boys and girls separate, ________ becomes a factor that sustains the separate social worlds of boys and girls. A. fear of punishment B. in-group favoritism C. out-group prejudice D. gender consistency
B.
Gender schema theory combines elements of social learning theory and cognitive-developmental theory in explaining how A. culture is the primary determinant in the development of a gender identity. B. children acquire gender-typed knowledge. C. gender-typed attitudes necessarily strengthen with age. D. biology is not a factor in gender-role learning.
B
If Gloria wants to increase her efforts to combat gender-stereotypical thinking in her children, which of the following would be most helpful? Label gender in all circumstances to avoid confusion. Monitor her own inclinations to affirm her children's stereotypical claims. Refrain from using qualifiers and individual references. Discuss how being gender-specific in language can be more accurate in understanding individuals' characteristics.
B
In most aspects of differential treatment of boys and girls, _________ discriminate the most. A. teachers B. fathers C. other-sex peers D. mothers
B
When Jenna succeeds at school or in sports, she attributes it to luck. When she fails, she feels dumb and incompetent and subsequently gives up. Jenna is exhibiting A. an incremental view of ability. B. an entity view of ability. C. achievement motivation. D. a mastery-oriented attribution.
B
ounting evidence reveals that children with autism have A. an advanced theory of mind. B. a deficient theory of mind. C. smaller-than-average brains. D. advanced language skills
B
A variety of built-in bases for morality have been suggested, but _________ are of prime importance. A. males' sense of justice and females' sense of caring B. empathy and self-sacrifice C. conformity and understanding of aggression D. observation and modeling
B.
According to Maccoby, __________ affect children's play styles early in life, including their strong preferences to spend time with the same sex. A. cultural values B. sex hormones C. innate personality traits D. child-rearing styles
B.
Between ages 3 and 6, A. girls become more physically aggressive than boys. B. verbal aggression increases. C. physical aggression increases. D. relational aggression decreases.
B.
Children who have opportunities to _____________ are less likely to form stereotypes about the other gender. A. engage in joint endeavors with same-sex peers B. in joint endeavors with other-sex peers C. discuss what boys and girls are good at D. attend same-sex schools
B.
Early experiences tend to _______ physical aggression in boys and ______ it in girls. A. discourage; ignore B. promote; dampen C. overestimate; underestimate D. overlook; promote
B.
Female gender stereotypes are flexible and tend to change over time. are generally unfavorable. cast women in a positive light. are more diverse and numerous than male stereotypes.
B.
Fifteen-month-old Aisha shows clear awareness of her father's wishes and expectations. Aisha is demonstrating A. heteronomous morality. B. compliance. C. moral self-regulation. D. matters of personal choice
B.
For the most part, moral reasoning advances in late adolescence and early adulthood A. more quickly among males than females. B. only as long as a person remains in school. C. at a constant pace across a wide variety of social circumstances. D. at a much faster rate for those with strong religious affiliation.
B.
One main criticism of Kohlberg's theory involves his supposition that A. moral understanding can be measured, categorized, and labeled. B moral maturity is not achieved until the hard-to-reach postconventional level. C. morality can only be understood in everyday, concrete situations. D. moral actions are contemplated and weighed through moral reasoning.
B.
One way to reduce prejudice in both children and adults is A. by discouraging intergroup contact. B. through intergroup contact. C. through identity exploration. D. by emphasizing a fixed view of personality traits.
B.
Preschoolers' capacity for belief-desire reasoning is evident on tasks that tap their understanding of A. social problem solving. B. false beliefs. C. recursive thought. D. social comparisons.
B.
Recently, suicide has risen among A. Asian-American school-age girls. B. African-American adolescent males. C. Caucasian-American adolescent girls. D. African-American school-age girls.
B.
Research indicates that ________ influence(s) gender typing, with environmental influences also playing a role. A. internal gender biases B. sex hormones C. cognitive immaturity, particularly in school-age children, D. chromosomes
B.
Research on adolescent delinquency indicates that early-onset boys A. increase in aggression over time. B. decline in aggression over time. C.are at similar risk for lifetime criminality than late-onset boys. D. usually outgrow their antisocial tendencies.
B.
Self-esteem in the early school years A. is usually much higher than in the preschool years. B. adjusts to a realistic level as children engage in social comparison. C. peaks as children engage in social comparisons. D. is especially low in boys
B.
Three-year-old Max throws a car at his sister, who then starts to cry. His father says, "Your sister is crying because you hurt her." Max's father is using __________ as a form of discipline. A. internalization B. induction C. modeling D. reverse psychology
B.
Two-year-old Moira describes herself as "a big girl." This description indicates that Moira has developed a(n) _______ self. A. inner B. categorical C. remembered D. autonomous
B.
Umar was raised in an Israeli kibbutz, Carlos in the United States, and Jamar in a village society. Research on moral reasoning indicates that A. Jamar will show a higher level of moral reasoning than Umar or Carlos. B. Umar will show a higher level of moral reasoning than Carlos or Jamar. C. Carlos and Jamar will show a higher level of moral reasoning than Umar. D. all three boys will show a similar level of moral reasoning.
B.
When 12-year-old Grace gets angry with her friend Maya, she excludes Maya from their social circle by spreading mean-spirited rumors about her and telling others not to invite her to social events. Which form of aggression is Grace using? A. verbal B. relational C. proactive D. physical
B.
When do babies usually sense that they are physically distinct from their surroundings? A. about 3 to 4 months B. at birth C. at about 6 to 8 weeks D. at about 3 to 4 weeks
B.
When playing a board game, 9-year-old Krista's older sister suggests making a change to the rules. Krista emphatically replies, "No! You can't play the game any other way or it would be cheating! We have to play just like the rules say." Krista's moral understanding is consistent with Piaget's __________ stage of morality. A. autonomous B. heteronomous C. authoritative D. preconventional
B.
Which of the following children is demonstrating behavior commonly found in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)? A. Lisa, who loves dresses, makeup, and elaborate hairstyles B. Andrea, who likes playing with cars and trucks and wants to be a pilot when she grows up C. Mareya, an only child who plays with both boys and girls D. Erin, who reads, daydreams, and always plays with girls
B.
Which of the following factors is related to more mature moral reasoning? A. having authoritarian parents B. having close friendships C. experiencing frequent discipline D. having permissive parents
B.
Which of the following statements about adolescent delinquency is true? A. The late-onset type is far more likely than early-onset to lead to a life-course pattern of aggression and criminality. B. Early-onset youngsters seem to inherit traits that predispose them to aggressiveness. C. Although not prone to restlessness and physical aggressiveness, early-onset boys show deficits in cognitive functioning. D. The biological risks associated with early-onset aggression rarely predict delinquency in adolescence.
B.
Which of the following statements about cultural influences on moral, social-conventional, and personal distinctions is true? A. Chinese and Japanese young people say that adults always have the right to interfere in their personal matters. B. Young people in diverse Western and non-Western cultures use similar criteria to reason about moral, social-conventional, and personal concerns. C. Justice considerations, such as breaking promises or hurting harmless animals, are not a universal feature of moral thought. D. African-American and Hispanic children are more likely than Caucasian children to say that adults have the right to interfere in their personal matters.
B.
Which of the following statements about sex differences in mathematical abilities is true? A. In countries where males and females have equal access to secondary education, there is no male advantage. B. When all adolescents are considered, the male advantage is evident in virtually every country where males and females have equal access to secondary education. C. The gender gap in math performance is greatest for low-achieving students. D. As young people progress through school, girls do better than boys on complex problems involving abstract reasoning and geometry.
B.
Which of the following statements about the effects of frequent punishment is true? A. Frequent punishment works best when combined with authoritarian child rearing. B. Frequent punishment promotes only immediate compliance. C. Frequent punishment promotes lasting changes in behavior. D. Frequent punishment instills a strong sense of morality in most children.
B.
Which of the following statements regarding school integration in the United States is true? A. About 70 percent of Native American children attend segregated schools on reservations. B. Most students attend schools where the majority of students are of their own race. C. African Americans are the most racially isolated group. D. Most schools offer classes designed to counter racial and ethnic biases.
B.
Which of the following youths is most likely to experience a lifelong pattern of aggression and criminality? A. a 15-year-old who is seeking approval from her peers B. a 6-year-old who displays deficits in cognitive functioning and has a diagnosis of ADHD C. a 14-year-old who started getting in fights when he switched schools D. a 9-year-old whose parents are getting a divorce
B.
Will, age 18 months, considers taking away another child's snack at the child-care center. His caregiver has corrected him about this in the past, and does so again today. According to Vygotsky, Will's understanding and compliance with adult directions and expectations cannot be complete until he A. learns to take control of his own behavior and moral choices. B. verbalizes the learned standards, such as saying "no" to himself. C. takes the snack, sees the child's response, and feels remorse. D. understands the moral implications of stealing
B.
Margarita and Clara are kindergartners who understand and appreciate the permanence of their gender, and have learned how to use this knowledge to make decisions and choose behaviors. Margarita and Clara are demonstrating gender A. stereotyping. B. constancy. C. labeling. D. stability.
B?
According to Piaget, __________ facilitates a child's transition to morality of cooperation, the second stage of moral development. A. modeling B. a positive relationship with an adult C. peer interaction D. fear of punishment
C
At age 4, Tarah was good at delaying gratification. As an adolescent, Tarah is likely to _____________ than adolescents who were less skilled at delay of gratification in preschool. A. work fewer hours at a part-time job B. score 10 to 20 points higher in IQ C. score higher on the SAT D. devote fewer hours to homework
C
Children and adolescents who _________ have a greater sense of civic responsibility. A. live in higher-SES neighborhoods B. live in lower-SES neighborhoods C. participate in nonsport extracurricular activities D. are the object of community service initiatives
C
Harlan believes that stealing and lying are bad, and that sharing and telling the truth are good. Harlan is demonstrating A. construction. B. induction. C. internalization. D. realism.
C
Shannon and her friends believe it is important to be assertive, appear competent, and act rational. They are promoting __________ traits, traditionally regarded as __________. expressive; masculine expressive; feminine Correct answer instrumental; masculine instrumental; feminine
C
About __________ percent of U.S. infants, who are too young to understand adult directives, get spanked or hit by a caregiver. A. 15 to 20 B. 25 to 40 C. 35 to 50 D. 65 to 70
C.
According to Mischel, as children get older, the "hot system" A. replaces the "cool system." B. disappears. C. becomes increasingly subordinated to the "cool system." D. emerges, allowing children to delay gratification for longer periods of time.
C.
According to Piaget, the two factors that limit children's moral understanding are A. a desire for autonomy and peer pressure. B. parents' internal working model and children's attachment security. C. parents' insistence on compliance and children's cognitive immaturity. D. ineffective discipline and a difficult temperament.
C.
According to an evolutionary perspective, the adult life of our male ancestors was largely oriented toward ______________, and that of our female ancestors toward _____________. A. hunting and gathering; cooking and cleaning B. rearing children; competing for mates C. competing for mates; rearing children D. protecting offspring; hunting and gathering
C.
According to one study, Swedish adolescents value masculine characteristics over feminine characteristics more than American adolescents do. only when presented with hypothetical dilemmas. less than American adolescents do. only when asked about gender-stereotyped occupations.
C.
Alexandria is able to use inferences about others' personalities to create organized character sketches that integrate physical traits, typical behaviors, and inner dispositions of people she knows. Alexandria is probably between the ages of _________ years. A. 18 and 20 B. 6 and 8 C. 14 and 16 D. 10 and 1
C.
Although individual differences exist, __________ correlates more strongly with global self-esteem than any other self-esteem factor. A. athletic ability B. academic success C. physical appearance D. emotional maturity
C.
As boys and girls separate, ________ becomes a factor that sustains the separate social worlds of boys and girls. A. gender consistency B. out-group prejudice C. in-group favoritism D. fear of punishment
C.
Because their parents often model poor social problem-solving skills and use ineffective child-rearing practices, A. aggressive children may need to be temporarily removed from the home until their parents seek therapy. B. aggressive children rarely benefit from social-cognitive training. C. intensive family intervention may be necessary to help children with social difficulties. D. children with social difficulties tend to be more prosocial with peers than adults.
C.
Between _____ percent of U.S. infants get spanked or hit. A. 5 and 10 B. 15 and 20 C. 35 and 50 D. 60 to 75
C.
Clarissa and Matthew are American high school students. Which of the following statements is true? Clarissa is more likely to reach advanced levels of high school math and science study. Matthew is more likely to reach advanced levels of high school reading achievement. They are both likely to reach advanced levels of high school math and science study. They are equally likely to reach advanced levels of reading achievement.
C.
Compared to children with other-sex siblings, those in all-girl and all-boy families are more likely to be assigned ___________ chores. A. traditionally masculine B. traditionally feminine C. "cross-gender" D. few, if any,
C.
Constructing an identity involves A. overcoming prejudice, setting reasonable goals, and being a productive member of society. B. advanced perspective-taking skills and realistic, long-term goals. C. defining who you are, what you value, and the directions you choose to pursue in life. D. a major crisis over who you are and who you hope to become.
C.
Contemporary researchers dispute Freud's view that A. guilt is a hostile impulse directed toward the person who caused it. B. moral development is a gradual process, beginning in the preschool years and extending into adulthood. C. fear of losing parental love leads to moral development. D. parents help foster moral reasoning in young children.
C.
Dane is better at delay of gratification than his cousin J.T. Dane is probably A. being raised in a dual-earner family. B. excessively shy. C. advanced in language development. D. highly creative.
C.
Dylan is a securely attached toddler. Compared to his insecurely attached agemates, Dylan A. no longer relies on joint attention to explore unfamiliar objects or environments. B. is more competitive with siblings and playmates. C. is more likely to personalize a doll or toy and have it perform a complex action. D. requires extensive adult scaffolding during play.
C.
If Elizabeth's mother says, "This toy is for girls," Elizabeth is most likely to A. understand that her mother's generic utterance should be ignored. B. challenge her mother's statement. C. show a preference for the toy. D. avoid playing with the toy.
C.
In Kohlberg's theory, when given a choice between obeying the law and preserving individual rights, the most advanced moral thinkers A. rely on religious explanations for their decision. B. support obeying the law. C. support individual rights. D. argue the importance of obeying the law, while also supporting individual rights.
C.
In adolescence, the gender gap in ______ aggression widens. A. proactive B. verbal C. physical D. reactive
C.
Jake seems to be so carefree and low in anxiety that standard interventions by his parents cause him little discomfort or concern. What is suggested for guiding a child like Jake? A. mild and patient discussions with little direct disciplinary action B. more power assertion and less induction C. affectionate parent-child bonding that motivates the child to listen to inductions and follow rules D. repetitions of the same interventions until the child comprehends their meaning
C.
Mindy, a preschooler, is able to perform well on false-belief and other theory-of-mind tasks, which indicates that Mindy's mother probably A. describes Mindy in terms of mental characteristics. B. rarely uses such terms as "want," "like," and "think." C. gives her explicit training on such tasks. D. uses an authoritarian child-rearing style.
C.
One of the problems with zero tolerance policies is that a. low-SES minorities are less likely to be punished due to discriminatory lawsuits. B. it only applies to extreme cases of hostility and aggressive behavior. C. exclusion from school can lead to antisocial behavior and a rise in dropout rates. D. many students of broad ethnicities are punished for minor offenses.
C.
One way adults can combat stereotypical thinking in children is to A. use generic utterances, such as "Most girls like dolls." B. ignore them when they use generic utterances. C. substitute child, friend, or adult for boy, girl, man, or woman. D. reprimand them for engaging in stereotypical behavior.
C.
Research on Kohlberg's stages indicates that A. most college students reason at Stage 6. B. by late adolescence, most young people reason at Stage 5. C. few people move beyond Stage 4. D. children in individualist cultures reason at higher stages than children in collectivist cultures.
C.
Research on sex differences in personality traits shows that A. girls are genetically prewired to be more nurturing and emotionally sensitive as a means of preparing them for the caregiving role. B. biological influences, rather than cultural expectations, are largely responsible for the gender gap in emotional sensitivity. C. cultural expectations for behavior, rather than biological influences, are largely responsible for the gender gap in emotional sensitivity. D. girls with an androgynous or masculine gender identity are more likely than girls with a strong feminine identity to show signs of depression.
C.
Research on the Making Choices and Making Choices-Plus programs showed that adult intervention A. resulted in lower rates of aggression at school but higher rates of aggression at home. B. made little difference in helping youngsters solve conflicts. C. led to teachers rating students as having greater social competence and students rating themselves as less aggressive. D. discouraged participants from taking responsibility for and solving their own problems.
C.
Research suggests that as children form ___________, they use it/them to acquire gender-relevant information about their social world and about themselves. A. gender biases B. traditional gender stereotypes C. basic gender categories D. a theory of mind
C.
Sammi believes that she should be able to pick her own friends, wear the kinds of clothes that she likes, and get purple highlights in her hair. These are examples of A. social conventions. B. moral identity. C. matters of personal choice. D. moral imperatives.
C.
Savannah is a gender-aschematic girl. She will choose a toy because the boys like it. her friends play with it. she likes it. it is a "girl's toy."
C.
Sex differences in behavior exist in ____ percent of mammalian species, including _________, our closest evolutionary relative. A. 83; dolphins B. 65; gorillas C. 97; chimpanzees D. 75; orangutans
C.
Six-year-old Gerald likes to wear nail polish and play with dolls. How will his peers likely respond? A. They will try to convince him to act more like a boy. B. Girls will not want to be friends with Gerald but boys will still like him. C. They will be firm about not wanting to be friends with him. D. They will stand up for Gerald if anyone picks on him.
C.
Social learning theorists believe that children learn to behave morally mainly through A. direct instruction. B. firm punishment. C. modeling. D. induction.
C.
Teenagers whose parents encourage community service are more likely to cite _____________ as factors in unemployment and poverty. A. familial obligations taking precedence over work and mental health issues B. poor intelligence and a lack of motivation C. insufficient education, the government, or the economy D. fewer opportunities, employer prejudice, and poor qualifications
C.
The Golden Rule, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you," reflects Piaget's concept of __________, which is used by older children and adolescents in their moral decision making. A. distributive justice B. realism C. ideal reciprocity D. egocentrism
C.
The cognitive-developmental position on morality is unique in its view A. that morality develops in stages. B. of the child as an immoral being who requires strict discipline. C. of the child as a thinking moral being who wonders about right and wrong. D. that physical discipline is harmful to children.
C.
The most effective forms of discipline A. combine corporal punishment with warmth. B. discourage aggression. C. encourage good conduct. D. encourage the development of empathy.
C.
Three-year-old Tori pushes her younger brother off a chair so that she can sit in it. This is an act of __________ aggression A. relational B. hostile C. proactive D. reactive
C.
When 4-year-old Patricia sees a man on a TV cooking show, she exclaims, "Cooking is a girl's job!" Patricia is using _________ to organize her experiences. A. gender constancy B. gender contentedness C. gender schemas D. in-group favoritism
C.
When asked to describe herself, 10-year-old Alissa responds, "I'm average-looking. I'm funny. I'm messy and unorganized. I'm OK at sports. I'm bad at science. I'm a good reader and writer." Alissa's evaluative self-description likely results from the school-aged child's tendency toward A. identity diffusion. B. attribution retraining. C. social comparisons. D. categorical perception
C.
When children see others behaving in "gender-inconsistent" ways, they A. experience gender intensification. B. develop more flexible beliefs about gender roles. C. that was not selected often distort their memory to make it "gender-consistent." ID. are especially critical of girls who engage in masculine pursuits.
C.
When researchers observed children's facial expressions of emotion as they watched emotionally arousing videotapes and then asked them how they felt, girls' verbal reports A. matched their expressed emotion far less often than boys'. B. contained fewer details than boys' verbal reports. C. matched their expressed emotion far more often than boys'. D. contained many more negative emotions than positive emotions.
C.
Which of the following children most likely has parents who engage in positive problem solving and provide reasonable expectations for mature behavior? A. Emma, who gets especially angry when her friends disapprove of the clothes she is wearing B. Wendell, who is intensely competitive and shouts at teammates to try harder C. Maria, who makes sensible choices when her friends want her to stay out later D. Henry, who relies heavily on peers for affirmation of his self-worth
C.
Which of the following statements about aggression is true? A. In the preschool years, most children show high rates of hostility, assaulting others with little or no provocation. B. Until age 4, boys and girls engage in similar amounts of physical aggression. C. Beginning in late infancy, all children display aggression from time to time. D. While physical and relational aggression are always direct, verbal aggression can be either direct or indirect.
C.
_______ is/are a good predictor of children's gender-role adoption in middle childhood. A. In-group favoritism B. Stereotype knowledge C. Stereotype flexibility D. Expressive traits
C.
__________ makes use of counselors who train parents in communication, monitoring, and discipline skills to disengage the children from their deviant peers. A. Monosystemic therapy B. The Incredible Years program C. Multisystemic therapy D. The EQUIP program
C.
As they revise their self-concept, young people in middle to late adolescence use __________ , indicating their awareness that psychological factors often change from situation to situation. A. hypothetical scenarios B. either/or statements C. false beliefs D. qualifiers
D
Between the ages of 12 and 18 months, the first glimmerings of self-control appear in the form of A. delay of gratification. B. strategy use to resist temptation. C. moral self-regulation. D. compliance
D
War-traumatized children benefit especially from A. being separated from their parents to be relocated to a safer area. B. repressing their fears and anxieties and focusing on the future. C. communicating with other children about their experiences. D. reassurances and affection from parents or other community members
D
When Samuel sat in Joshua's place on the bench, Joshua calmly moved him aside and sat down. Joshua was displaying __________ aggression. A. relational B. hostile C. reactive D. proactive
D
A person who has reached Kohlberg's highest moral level, Stage 6, A. believes that laws should never be disobeyed because they ensure social order. B. considers moral dilemmas in terms of self-interest. C. understands ideal reciprocity and wants to obey rules in order to maintain close personal ties. D. defines right action in terms of self-chosen ethical principles of conscience, regardless of law.
D.
According to longitudinal research, physical punishment is positively associated with adolescent aggression and antisocial behavior in ___________ families. A. middle-SES B. African-American C. Native-American D. Caucasian-American
D.
According to the cognitive-developmental approach, ___________ come(s) before ___________. gender constancy; gender stability gender consistency; gender labeling behavior; self-perceptions self-perceptions; behavior
D.
Anfisa knows the difference between boys and girls and understands that girls become women and boys become men. However, Anfisa believes that if a boy puts on a dress and wears a feminine hairstyle, he becomes a girl. Anfisa is in the __________ stage of gender constancy development. A. labeling B. consistency C. identity D. stability
D.
As children master an understanding of false beliefs between ages 4 and 6, they are A. not yet able to grasp that violations of expectations indicate false belief. B. quick to make mental inferences about the other person's perspective. C. amazingly adept at recursive thought. D. able to view beliefs as interpretations, not just reflections, of reality.
D.
As social cognition develops, children come to understand that a person's behavior A. is often so complicated that it is difficult to interpret. B. depends more on outside concrete forces than on inside abstract processes. C. becomes less complex and easier to interpret by integrating both person and situation. D. is affected not only by others' actions but also by inner states that we cannot observe directly.
D.
Belinda is a fearless and impulsive child. What is the best way to foster her conscience development? A. continuous reminders of moral internalization B. power assertion and authoritative commands C. mild requests, suggestions, and explanations D. warmth and affection along with firm correction and induction
D.
Between the ages of 12 and 18 months, the first glimmerings of self-control appear in the form of A. strategy use to resist temptation. B. moral self-regulation. C. delay of gratification. D. compliance
D.
Carol Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's theory on the grounds that A. it ignores cultural contributions to moral development. B. moral reasoning does not develop in stages, as Kohlberg claimed. C. it only applies to affluent individuals. D. it does not adequately represent the morality of females, which is based on an "ethic of care."
D.
Caroline is not highly gender-typed but she feels like she "fits in" with other girls. Caroline is demonstrating A. gender intensification. B. androgyny. C. felt pressure to conform to gender roles. D. gender typicality.
D.
Chinese and Japanese young people say that adults A. have the right to interfere in their personal matters. B. are responsible for establishing social conventions. C. are entitled to use corporal punishment for violations of social convention. D. have no right to interfere in their personal matters.
D.
Compared to many Americans, Chinese adults A. believe that high self-esteem is crucial for healthy development. B. actively promote high self-esteem in their preschoolers. C. lack the skills for fostering healthy self-esteem in their children. D. view favorable self-esteem as unimportant to healthy development.
D.
Daniel uses corporal punishment when his children misbehave. Which of the following statements about this practice is true? A. Corporal punishment is harmless and can even be beneficial. B. More than 80 percent of American parents use corporal punishment on a regular basis. C. Corporal punishment is generally more effective than "time out" or withdrawal of privileges. D. Corporal punishment has consistently negative outcomes.
D.
During middle childhood and adolescence, stereotypes are first reflected in "other-sex favoritism." gender stereotyping of activities and occupations becomes more rigid. gender stereotyping of personality traits and achievement declines. stereotypes influence children's preferences for, and sense of competence at, certain academic subjects.
D.
Four-year-old McKensie watches her friend who is crying after falling on the playground and scraping her knee. McKensie's self-experienced pain and her observations of her friend's facial reactions to pain will activate _________ in McKensie. A. the left hemisphere of the brain B. aggressive behavior C. intense grief D. corresponding areas in the cerebral cortex
D.
Girls place a high value on __________, so __________ is a powerful way to hurt a peer. competition; winning physical appearance; dating a popular boy verbal skills; expressing anger Correct answer close relationships; harming a friendship
D.
In a study of low-SES African-American and Hispanic teenagers, those who described themselves in terms of moral traits and goals A. lacked moral self-relevance. B. had lower self-esteem than their higher-SES counterparts. C. were rarely involved in community service or volunteerism. D. did not differ from their agemates in moral reasoning.
D.
In all cultures, morality is promoted and supported by A. elders in the community. B. one dominant religious institution. C. the legal system. D. a social organization that specifies rules for good conduct.
D.
In many immigrant families from collectivist cultures, adolescents' commitment to obeying their parents and fulfilling family obligations lessens the longer the family has been in the immigrant-receiving country, which induces A. an identity crisis. B. a state of moratorium. C. a bicultural identity. D. acculturative stress.
D.
In two-child families, A. both children tend to become strongly gender-typed, regardless of sex. B. same-sex siblings usually strive to be different from each other and thus become less gender-typed. C. gender stereotyping is especially rigid. D. older siblings serve as models to younger siblings' gender typing.
D.
Justin adheres to the Golden Rule, appreciates social harmony, and wants to be known as a good person. According to Kohlberg's theory, Justin is reasoning at the __________ level. A. concrete B. postconventional C. preconventional D. conventional
D.
Korinna participates in several nonsport extracurricular activities and youth organizations. Which of the following statements will most likely be true of Korinna as she moves into adulthood? A. She will show extreme competitiveness with her peers. B. Her civic commitment will drastically decline as she transitions to adulthood. C. She will gradually devote more time to career and family and less time to civic engagement. D. Her civic commitment will persist.
D.
Males, and females whose prenatal androgen levels were abnormally high, show A. superior performance on mathematical computation tasks. B. greater gender-role conformity. C. earlier development of language skills. D. superior performance on spatial rotation tasks.B
D.
Males, and females whose prenatal androgen levels were abnormally high, show earlier development of language skills. superior performance on mathematical computation tasks. greater gender-role conformity. superior performance on spatial rotation tasks.
D.
Many children of war A. turn to peers, rather than parents, for support. B. display mature moral reasoning. C. recover without intervention. D. become desensitized to violence.
D.
Once Marcella reaches school age, her capacity to view herself in terms of ________ will enable her to combine her separate self-evaluations into a general psychological image of herself—an overall sense of self-esteem. A. recursive thoughts B. physical attractiveness C. a categorical self D. a stable disposition
D.
One way schools can encourage girls' interest and confidence in math is to put more emphasis on rote memory and less emphasis on lab experience. teach them how to effectively use manipulatives. use an abstract approach rather than a hands-on perspective. teach them how to think spatially.
D.
Overall, children's conflicts are ________ when compared with children's friendly, cooperative interactions. A. excessively hostile B. frequent C. more emotional D. not very frequent
D.
Parenting behavior, such as __________, is linked to both the undermining of self-control and aggressive tendencies from early childhood through adolescence in various cultures. A. indifference toward the child's misbehavior B. consistent overindulgence C. consistently harsh discipline D. inconsistent discipline that fluctuates between critical and warm
D.
Research shows that identity __________ are psychologically healthy routes to a mature self-definition, whereas __________ are maladaptive. A. moratorium and average self-esteem; an inflated self-esteem and identity exploration B. achievement and diffusion; short-term foreclosure and moratorium C. confusion and commitment; identity crisis and exploration D. achievement and moratorium; long-term foreclosure and diffusion
D.
Samantha has always loved animals. During high school and college, she explored several career options that would allow her to work with animals, such as dog grooming and horse training. After thoroughly researching many different career paths, Samantha decided to pursue veterinary medicine. Samantha is A. identity diffused. B. identity foreclosed. C. in moratorium. D. identity achieved.
D.
Seven-year-old Griffin considers himself highly masculine. He likes to compete at sports, plays with toy cars and airplanes, and thinks of himself as physically strong and "tough." These self-perceptions make up Griffin's gender A. bias. B. constancy. C. stability. D. identity.
D.
Six-year-old Jenna views girls as considerate, caring, and nice, and boys as rough and mean. Her attitudes illustrate A. out-group favoritism. B. gender constancy. C. gender-stereotype flexibility. D. in-group favoritism.
D.
Six-year-old Vashni is most likely to interpret a statement of intention, such as "I wanted to put the glass on the shelf, but I couldn't reach," A. as right or wrong, depending on how an adult evaluates it. B. within the context of uncontrollable circumstances. C. as lying. D. in a rigid, heteronomous fashion.
D.
The sex difference favoring girls in relational aggression is A. nonexistent. B. significant. C. greatest during the preschool years. D. small.
D.
The study of gender typing, probably more than any other area of child development, has responded to __________ in our culture. A. intellectual advancement B. prejudice C. scientific discovery D. societal change
D.
When 2-year-old Haraji looks through a family photo album, he points to pictures of himself and says, "Haraji!" Haraji is displaying A. self-esteem. B. self-concept. C. autobiographical memory. D. self-recognition.
D.
Which individual will probably experience the strongest gender intensification? A. Cassandra, age 18, who hopes to one day become a wife and mother B. Amin, age 19, who is pursuing a career in dance C. Thomas, age 12, who demonstrates strong leadership skills and is captain of the basketball team D. Maura, age 14, who played baseball and hockey when she was in elementary and middle school
D.
Which of the following changes to gender identity takes place during middle childhood? A. Children of both sexes feel less pressure to conform to traditional gender roles. B. Children begin to grasp gender stability, developing a partial understanding of the permanence of sex. C. Many children become confused about their gender identity and often experiment with "other-gender" activities. D. Children begin to evaluate the degree to which they are similar to others of the same gender and the degree to which they feel satisfied with their gender assignment.
D.
Which of the following children will find it easier to delay gratification? A. Kelly, who is punished when she does not wait before eating or opening a present B. Grace, who is extremely bright but hyperactive C. Keith, who is an only child D. Juan, who is shy and inhibited
D.
Which of the following has been linked with long-lasting civic commitment? A. school-instituted community service required for graduation B. participation in noncompetitive sports C. court-mandated community service D. involvement in the school's nonathletic extracurricular activities
D.
Which of the following statements about aggression and gender is true? A. By age 2, toddlers become vaguely aware of gender stereotypes and physical aggression increases sharply for girls. B. By age 17 months, girls are more aggressive than boys, regardless of culture. C. By adolescence, girls account for about 10 percent of adolescent arrests for violent crimes, often involving serious assaults. D. By the early school years, girls use more indirect but long-lasting relational tactics of aggression.
D.
Which of the following statements about religion is true? A. Religious involvement increases across the adolescent years. B. Youths in inner-city neighborhoods are least likely to benefit from religious involvement. C. Religion is a less integral part of family life in the United States than in many European countries. D. Teenagers with religious involvement are advantaged in moral values and behavior.
D.
Which of the following statements about sex differences in mathematical abilities is true? A. In the early school grades, boys perform better than girls in math computation. B. Sex differences in math achievement are greatest among low-achieving students. C. Boys tend to rely on concrete manipulatives, whereas girls rely on mental strategies. D. Boys perform better than girls when abstract and spatial concepts are involved.
D.
Which of the following statements regarding gender and self-esteem is true? A. Boys actually have lower self-esteem than girls in math and science, even when children of equal skills are compared. B. Adolescent girls feel more confident than adolescent boys about their physical appearance. C. Boys and girls score similarly in the self-esteem dimensions of close friendship and social acceptance. D. School-age girls who focus on physical appearance and thinness have lower self-esteem than their peers.
D.
While lining up for recess, six-year-old Nicole unintentionally bumps into her classmate, Cynthia. Cynthia responds by punching Nicole in the arm. Cynthia's reaction suggests that she A. does not know the difference between right and wrong. B. is afraid of Nicole. C. has unbiased social expectations. D. attends selectively to social cues.
D.
With respect to child-rearing values, parents describe ________ as important for sons and ________ as important for daughters. A. more gender atypical roles; androgynous behaviors B. expressive traits; instrumental traits C. androgynous behaviors; gender intensification D. competition and control of emotion; warmth and closely supervised activities
D.
Young ______ whose mothers regard them as highly adept in mathematics are far ______ likely to pursue a career in physical science. A. men; less B. men; more C. women; less D. women; more
D.
Youths who have a strong sense of civic responsibility and _________ have more altruistic life goals. A. have permissive parents B. are resolute and unyielding in their opinions C. live in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods D. support situational and societal problems
D.
________ is/are associated with stopping harmful actions, repairing damage caused by misdeeds, and engaging in future prosocial behavior. A. Spankings B. Withdrawal of privileges C. Guilt and humiliation D. Empathy-based guilt reactions
D.
According to Freud, guilt A. has little impact on children's moral behavior. B. teaches children how to behave prosocially. C. is a hostile impulse redirected toward the self. D. is a hostile impulse directed toward others.
c.