Geology: Chapter Dos

What items are commonly used by geologist to determine a mineral's hardness

Knife blade, fingernail, copper coin, and window glass

An aggregate of fine, fibrous, chain silicate minerals is generically classified as ______, a material that can be hazardous to health

Asbestos

This is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Atomic Mass Number

The ________ ____________ if an element is defined by the number of protons in its nucleus

Atomic Number

The _______ __________ of an element is the mass of an average atom of an element, given in atomic mass units

Atomic Weight

What are isotopes

Atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons

What is the best way to describe how covalent bonding works

Atoms share outer shell electrons to become stable

What best describes how ionic bonding works

Atoms with different charges are attracted to one another

Oxides

Contain O that is not bonded to Si, C, or S

Sulfides

Contain S that is not bonded to O

Halides

Contain protons bonded to F, Cl, or Br

Bond Type: Diamond

Covalent

A set of faces that have a definite geometric relationship to one another is referred to as what

Crystal Form

This is a set of faces that have a definite geometric relationship to one another

Crystal Form

All minerals have a(n) ___________ ________ where the atoms that make up the mineral are arranged in an orderly, repeating, three-dimensional pattern

Crystalline Structure

What four properties are part of the definition of a mineral

Crystalline solid, inorganic, naturally occurring, and a specific chemical composition

The __________ of a material (usually given in units of grams per cubic centimeter) is the mass per unit volume of that material

Density

What is a material's mass per unit volume

Density

Graphite is a polymorph of ________. It has the same chemical composition, but a different crystal structure

Diamond

The hardest mineral on Mohs hardness scale is

Diamond

Amphibole group

Double Chain

What is required for ionic bonding to occur

Either an atom with a negative charge or an atom with a positive charge

van der Waals bonds are weak _____ bonds that hold together the sheets of covalently bonded carbon atoms in graphite

Electrostatic

What are the two parts of a silica tetrahedron

Four oxygen atoms and one silicon cation

Between these four which is not a special property of minerals

Fracture

What physical property describes the way a mineral breaks where not controlled by clevage

Fracture

Four Shared Oxygens

Framework

Quartz

Framework

This silicate structure occurs when each tetrahedron shares all four oxygen atoms

Framework silicate

This is term used to define the scratchability of a mineral. Determined using the Mohs scale or with an instrument

Hardness

Carbonates

Have CO2 in their formula

Sulfates

Have SO2 in their formula

Native Elements

Have only one element in their formula

Bond Type: Halite

Ionic

__________ bonding occurs when oppositely charged atoms are attracted to each other, ______________ bonding occurs when electrons are shared between atoms to create a stable outer orbital, and ________ bonding allows for the free movement of electrons throughout the crystal

Ionic; covalent; metallic

A silicate mineral that is structured so that none of the oxygen atoms is shared by other tetrahedra

Isolated

Olivine

Isolated

This silicate structure has no oxygen atoms shared with other tetrahedra

Isolated silicate

O16 and O18 are ________ of the element oxygen; they each have eight protons but they have different numbers of neutrons

Isotopes

How would one describe the bonding behavior of a silicate tetrahedron

It bonds with other SiO4 tetrahedron to reduce the need for extra cation and bonds so there are enough cations to balance out its negative charge

This term is the quality and intensity of light that is reflected from the surface of a mineral

Luster

What problems are there when using color to identify minerals

Many minerals are the same color and a single mineral can occur in several colors

Bond Type: Copper

Metallic

This luster gives a substance the appearance of being made of metal

Metallic Luster

Which field of geology is concerned primarily with the study of minerals

Mineralogy

The overall charge of a single silica tetrahedron is __________ four

Minus

Cu

Native Element

Gold

Native Element

By definition, no human-made material would ever be classified as

Naturally Occuring

This group of elements have a full outer shell and are therefore very stable and nonreactive. They form the right-hand column of the periodic table

Noble Gases

This materials do not contain the complex hydrocarbon molecules associated with life

Non organic

Luster is divided into two main groups known as

Nonmetallic and Metallic

Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water. Then what is the specific gravity of water

One

Al203

Oxide

Hematite

Oxide

What are some examples of minerals that show solid solution

Plagioclase feldspar, Augite, and Olivine

What are examples of framework silicates

Quartz and the Feldspars

Name a couple framework silicates

Quartz and the feldspars

Color can be misleading when identifying minerals. Which minerals come in a variety of colors

Quartz, Gypsum, Calcite, and Plagioclase

What material is defined as a naturally formed aggregate of mineral-like substances

Rock

Mica group

Sheet

Three oxygen atoms shared

Sheet Silicate

This silicate structure occurs when each tetrahedron shares three oxygen atoms, forming planes of tetrahedra.

Sheet silicate

What is the term for oxygen combined with silicon

Silica

Quartz (SiO2) and potassium feldspar ( KAlSi3O8) are referred to as __________ minerals because they contain silicon bonded with oxygen

Silicate Minerals

Pyroxene group

Single Chain

The two types of chain silicates are

Single and Double

The color of a mineral when it is powdered is referred to as its

Streak

BaSO4

Sulfate

Gypsum

Sulfate

PbS

Sulfide

Pyrite

Sulfide

The softest mineral on Mohs hardness scale is

Talc

Place these minerals in order from hardness with the softest at the top: Topaz, Diamond, Calcite, Quartz, and Talc

Talc Calcite Quartz Topaz Diamond

This law states that the angle formed by two adjacent faces of a crystal is exactly the same for a given mineral species no matter the location

The Law of Constancy of Interfacing Angles

If a mineral does not have any cleavage, what does that tell you about it

The bond between the atoms within the crystalline structure are equally strong in all directions

What turns a neutral atom into an ion

The gain or loss of electrons

What is the atomic mass number of an atom

The number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus

What defines an element

The number of protons in its nucleus

What is luster

The quality and intensity of light reflected from a mineral's surface

Why are silicon and oxygen important with respect to crystal structure

They can polymerize into many structures (chains, sheets, framework), most minerals contain silicon and oxygen in the form of a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron, and they are the most common elements in the Earth's crust

This luster gives a substance a glazed appearance, like glass or porcelain. This is a very common luster, and most silicates have this characteristic

Vitreous Luster

A mineral's density is usually expressed as ________ ________ which is the ratio of a mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water

specific gravity

This type of fracture looks like a seashell

Conchoidal Fracture

More than 4,700 minerals have been identified but approximately how many minerals are considered to be common

200

This is a positively charged ion

A Cation

This is a naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid with a specific chemical composition

A Mineral

The term for a mineral that does not contain silica is called

A Nonsilicate

This is the basic building block of the silicate minerals is represented by a geometric shape known as

A Silica Tetrahedron

This is a negatively charged ion

An Anion

This is the smallest, electrically neutral assemblage of energy and matter that we know exists in the universe. It consists of a nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons

An Atom

Each species of an atom is called a(n) _________. They are arranged on the periodic table according to their size

An element

The regular arrangement of atoms in crystalline structures is determined in part by the type of _________ between atoms

Bonding

Calcite

Carbonate

MnCO3

Carbonate

This silicate structure shares two oxygen atoms, forming lines of tetrahedra

Chain silicate

The physical properties of a mineral are closely related to the mineral's

Chemical composition and crystalline structure

KCl

Chloride

Which mineral group is an example of sheet silicates

Clays and Micas

What is the term for a mineral's ability to break. when struck or split, along preferred planar directions

Clevage

A cation has a positive charge because

it has fewer electrons that protons

An anion has a negative charge because

it has more electrons that protons