Geology Final
Laccolith
Chapter 18 In the diagram, what is the structure labeled 1? (a dome shaped intrusion)
Sill
Chapter 18 In the diagram, what is the structure labeled 2? (intrusion in the shape of two parallel strips)
The magma is less dense than the surrounding material.
Chapter 18 What causes the magma to rise upward in a mantle plume?
Vent
Chapter 18 What is the feature labeled 1? (The main magma tube that leads to the surface.)
The Pacific Ocean
Chapter 18 Which area is surrounded by the Ring of Fire?
An increase in temperature increases a magma's viscosity.
Chapter 18 Which is not true? (An increase in silica increases a magma's viscosity.) (An increase in temperature increases a magma's viscosity.) (Basaltic magma has a low viscosity and retains little gas.) (Andesitic magma has both an intermediate gas content and explosiveness.)
Divergent
Chapter 18 Which type of volcanism produces the most lava annually?
Composite Volcano
Chapter 18 Which type of volcano is shown?
6:41:10
Chapter 19 At what time did the surface waves arrive at this station? (6:54:48, 6:41:10, 6:45:67, 6:41:11)
Horizontal and Vertical
Chapter 19 In which direction is the movement in this type of fault?
How far the epicenter is from the station.
Chapter 19 What can the difference in travel times between P and S waves be used to determine?
It returns to its original shape.
Chapter 19 What happens to a rock that undergoes elastic deformation once the stress is removed?
force per unit of area
Chapter 19 What is stress?
Pancaking
Chapter 19 Which seismic hazard is a form of structural failure?
reverse fault
Chapter 19 Which type of fault is shown?
Compression
Chapter 19 Which type of force caused this fault to form?
Soil and Loose Sediment
Chapter 19 Which type of geologic material is most prone to liquefaction?
P-wave
Chapter 19 Which type of wave is labeled "X"? (the wave furthest to the left)
11,460 years
Chapter 21 How old is a mammoth's tusk if 25 percent of the original C-14 remains in the sample? (The half life of C-14 is 5730 years.)
Paleozoic
Chapter 21 The end of which era is marked by the largest extinction event in Earth's History?
mineral replacement
Chapter 21 Trees that have been buried by volcanic ash are likely to be preserved in which manner?
daughter
Chapter 21 Uranium 238- breaks down into thorium-234. Which is the thorium-234 in relation to uranium-238?
Correlation
Chapter 21 What does the diagram show?
It existed for a long period of time.
Chapter 21 What is not a typical characteristic of an index fossil?
varves
Chapter 21 Which are glacial lake sediments that show cycles of deposition?
Superposition
Chapter 21 Which geologic principle is used when a geologist observes an outcrop of rocks and determines that the bottom layer is the oldest?
Epoch
Chapter 21 Which is the smallest division of geologic time?
Cambrian
Chapter 21 Which time period is missing in the diagram? ( Permian, Carboniferous, Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician, _____ )
Asteroid
Chapter 22 A meteorite is a fragment of which object?
Crust
Chapter 22 In which part of Earth would you find granite?
1.6-1.8 billion years ago
Chapter 22 Refer to Figure 6 in the text. How old are the rocks that underlie most of the state of Arizona?
4.6 billion years old
Chapter 22 Upon what age of Earth do most scientists agree?
zircon
Chapter 22 What is likely to give the oldest radiometric age date?
Laurentia
Chapter 22 What is the name of the continent labeled X in this figure of Rodinia? (large, central continent)
outgassing
Chapter 22 What process contributed to the formation of Earth's early atmosphere?
Prokaryotes
Chapter 22 What was the earliest type of life on Earth?
Core (Inner Core)
Chapter 22 Which part of Earth is the most dense?
Hydrothermal Energy
Chapter 22 Which was not a source of heat for early Earth? (asteroid and meteorite bombardment, hydrothermal energy, gravitational contraction, radioactivity)
It provides protection from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun
Chapter 22 Why is oxygen gas important to life on Earth?
Triassic
Chapter 23 During which geologic time period did the Atlantic Ocean begin to form?
30%
Chapter 23 How much of earth's land surface did glaciers cover at the height of the ice ages?
A transgressive sequence where sea level rose
Chapter 23 What does the succession of rocks in the figure above indicate? (sandstone -> shale -> limestone)
Phytoplankton
Chapter 23 What formed the deposits in the photo above?
presence of ancient sand dunes
Chapter 23 What is evidence of an arid climate in North America at the end of the Triassic?
Iridium
Chapter 23 What metal that is rare In Earth's rocks but relatively common in asteroids is used as evidence that there was an asteroid impact at the end of the Cretaceous?
Passive Margin
Chapter 23 What term best describes a shoreline that is experiencing no tectonic activity?
Dinosaurs
Chapter 23 What was the dominant terrestrial life form during the Mesozoic Era?
Ocean Floor
Chapter 23 Where would these deposits most likely have formed? (Phytoplankton Deposits)
remains of skeletons from phytoplankton
Chapter 23 Which is a likely origin of the limestone? (located where a beach once was)
Chalk
Chapter 23 Which item could be made from this deposit?
Pangaea
Chapter 23 Which supercontinent formed at the end of the Paleozoic?
they move further apart
Chapter 3 According to the illustration, what happens to water molecules when water is heated?
6
Chapter 3 Determine the number of valence electrons that oxygen has.
1
Chapter 3 How many valence electrons does this atom have? (3 protons, 3 neutrons, 3 electrons)
move the time zone split outside the city
Chapter 3 How should a city that is between two time zones establish a time?
21
Chapter 3 If calcium's most common isotope has 20 neutrons in its nucleus, how many neutrons can be found in another naturally occurring isotope of calcium? (Given: Atomic Number 20; Atomic Mass 40.08)
21
Chapter 3 If the most common isotope of scandium has 24 neutrons in its nucleus, how many protons does scandium have? (Given: Atomic Number 21; Atomic Mass 44.96)
28
Chapter 3 If titanium has 22 protons in its nucleus, how many neutrons are present in the nucleus of its most common isotope? (Given: Atomic Number 22; Atomic Mass 47.88)
the water is the same temperature as the ice
Chapter 3 In a cup, an ice cube melts in liquid water. Which is true at the moment the ice melts?
its boiling point
Chapter 3 In order for a liquid to change to a gaseous state, what must it reach?
A solid solution
Chapter 3 Many musical instruments are made of brass, which is a mixture of copper and zinc atoms. What is brass an example of?
Solid
Chapter 3 The figure shows the arrangement of atoms in a substance. What is this substance? (The atoms are close together)
It releases thermal energy
Chapter 3 What happens to a gas when it condenses and forms a liquid?
Al2O3
Chapter 3 What ionic compound is formed by the ions Al3+ and O2-?
Water Vapor
Chapter 3 What is ice converted into during sublimation?
3
Chapter 3 What is the atomic number of this atom? (3 protons, 3 neutrons, 3 electrons)
Hydrogen
Chapter 3 What kind of ion is present in an acid?
Lithium
Chapter 3 Which element does this atom represent? (3 protons, 3 neutrons, 3 electrons)
Soil
Chapter 3 Which is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?
grape (pH 3.0) (the smaller the pH the more acidic)
Chapter 3 Which is the most acidic? banana (pH 4.7) celery (pH 5.9) grape (pH 3.0) lettuce (pH 6.9)
2 g/cm^3
Chapter 4 A mineral has a mass of 100 g and a volume of 50 cm^3. What is its density?
technology
Chapter 4 A well-planned experiment must have all of the following except: (technology, a control, a hypothesis, collectible data)
Carbonates
Chapter 4 Calcite is the dominant mineral in the rock limestone. In what mineral group does it belong?
luster
Chapter 4 Dull, silky, waxy, pearly, and earthy are terms that best describe which property of minerals?
Its production must generate a profit
Chapter 4 For a mineral to be considered an ore, which requirement must it meet?
from lowest to highest
Chapter 4 How do electrons typically fill energy levels?
It cannot be scratched by any other mineral
Chapter 4 What can be implied about diamond based on the table? (Diamond is at the top with the highest score)
It has unstable nuclei
Chapter 4 What can be inferred about an isotope that releases radiation?
Chemical Composition
Chapter 4 What characteristic is used for classifying minerals into individual groups?
Silicates
Chapter 4 What group of minerals is composed mainly of silicon-oxygen tetrahedra?
Silicon
Chapter 4 What is one of the three most common elements in Earth's crust?
SiO4 ^-4
Chapter 4 What is the correct chemical formula for a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron?
Quartz
Chapter 4 What is the hardest mineral in the table?
Temperature of Magma
Chapter 4 What is the main factor that determines the formation of the minerals listed in the table? (Quartz, Feldspar, Amphibole, Olivine)
Silicon
Chapter 4 What is the second most abundant element in Earth's crust?
calcite
Chapter 4 What mineral fizzes when it comes in contact with hydrochloric acid?
Equator
Chapter 4 What name is given to the imaginary line circling Earth halfway between the North and South Poles?
at the oxygen atom
Chapter 4 Where do the tetrahedra bond to each other?
feldspar
Chapter 4 Which is an example of a mineral whose streak cannot be determined with a porcelain streak plate?
Hardness
Chapter 4 Which is the most reliable clue to a mineral's identity?
Galena
Chapter 4 Which mineral has a metallic luster?
hardness
Chapter 4 Which mineral property is being tested?
Quartz
Chapter 4 Which mineral with scratch feldspar but not topaz?
Crystal Structure
Chapter 4 Which property causes the mineral galena to break into tiny cubes?
Volume
Chapter 5 What does not affect the formation of magma?
It forms fine-grained crystals.
Chapter 5 What effect does a fast cooling rate have on grain size in igneous rocks?
Olivine
Chapter 5 What is the first mineral to form in cooling magma?
Quartz and Feldspar
Chapter 5 What minerals are most common in granite?
Intrusive
Chapter 5 What term describes igneous rocks that crystallize inside Earth?
Diorite
Chapter 5 Which intrusive rock has the same composition as andesite?
Rhyolitic
Chapter 5 Which magma type contains the greatest amount of silica?
Feldspars
Chapter 5 Which minerals are associated with the right-hand branch of Bowen's reaction series?
Partial Melting
Chapter 5 Which process is occurring in the diagram? (Given: two pictures) (Picture one shows crystalized minerals) (Picture two shows only some of the minerals still crystalized floating in magma)
Very fast cooling
Chapter 5 Which processed formed this rock? (a fine-grained rock with a shiny, smooth luster)
Kimberlite
Chapter 5 Which type of ultrabasic rock sometimes contains diamonds?
Erosion
Chapter 6 By what process are surface materials removed and transported from one location to another?
Lithification
Chapter 6 What does not cause metamorphism?
Evaporation
Chapter 6 What process forms salt beds?
Sandstone
Chapter 6 What would you expect to have the greatest porosity? (sandstone, gneiss, shale, quartzite)
Wind
Chapter 6 Which agent of erosion can usually move only sand-sized or smaller particles?
Clay
Chapter 6 Which clastic sediment has the smallest grain size?
Breccia
Chapter 6 Which is a coarse-grained clastic rock that contains angular fragments?
Limestone
Chapter 6 Which is often a biochemical rock containing fossils?
Foliated
Chapter 6 Which term best describes this rock's texture? (rock has alternating layers of light and dark minerals)