Geology Final

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Laccolith

Chapter 18 In the diagram, what is the structure labeled 1? (a dome shaped intrusion)

Sill

Chapter 18 In the diagram, what is the structure labeled 2? (intrusion in the shape of two parallel strips)

The magma is less dense than the surrounding material.

Chapter 18 What causes the magma to rise upward in a mantle plume?

Vent

Chapter 18 What is the feature labeled 1? (The main magma tube that leads to the surface.)

The Pacific Ocean

Chapter 18 Which area is surrounded by the Ring of Fire?

An increase in temperature increases a magma's viscosity.

Chapter 18 Which is not true? (An increase in silica increases a magma's viscosity.) (An increase in temperature increases a magma's viscosity.) (Basaltic magma has a low viscosity and retains little gas.) (Andesitic magma has both an intermediate gas content and explosiveness.)

Divergent

Chapter 18 Which type of volcanism produces the most lava annually?

Composite Volcano

Chapter 18 Which type of volcano is shown?

6:41:10

Chapter 19 At what time did the surface waves arrive at this station? (6:54:48, 6:41:10, 6:45:67, 6:41:11)

Horizontal and Vertical

Chapter 19 In which direction is the movement in this type of fault?

How far the epicenter is from the station.

Chapter 19 What can the difference in travel times between P and S waves be used to determine?

It returns to its original shape.

Chapter 19 What happens to a rock that undergoes elastic deformation once the stress is removed?

force per unit of area

Chapter 19 What is stress?

Pancaking

Chapter 19 Which seismic hazard is a form of structural failure?

reverse fault

Chapter 19 Which type of fault is shown?

Compression

Chapter 19 Which type of force caused this fault to form?

Soil and Loose Sediment

Chapter 19 Which type of geologic material is most prone to liquefaction?

P-wave

Chapter 19 Which type of wave is labeled "X"? (the wave furthest to the left)

11,460 years

Chapter 21 How old is a mammoth's tusk if 25 percent of the original C-14 remains in the sample? (The half life of C-14 is 5730 years.)

Paleozoic

Chapter 21 The end of which era is marked by the largest extinction event in Earth's History?

mineral replacement

Chapter 21 Trees that have been buried by volcanic ash are likely to be preserved in which manner?

daughter

Chapter 21 Uranium 238- breaks down into thorium-234. Which is the thorium-234 in relation to uranium-238?

Correlation

Chapter 21 What does the diagram show?

It existed for a long period of time.

Chapter 21 What is not a typical characteristic of an index fossil?

varves

Chapter 21 Which are glacial lake sediments that show cycles of deposition?

Superposition

Chapter 21 Which geologic principle is used when a geologist observes an outcrop of rocks and determines that the bottom layer is the oldest?

Epoch

Chapter 21 Which is the smallest division of geologic time?

Cambrian

Chapter 21 Which time period is missing in the diagram? ( Permian, Carboniferous, Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician, _____ )

Asteroid

Chapter 22 A meteorite is a fragment of which object?

Crust

Chapter 22 In which part of Earth would you find granite?

1.6-1.8 billion years ago

Chapter 22 Refer to Figure 6 in the text. How old are the rocks that underlie most of the state of Arizona?

4.6 billion years old

Chapter 22 Upon what age of Earth do most scientists agree?

zircon

Chapter 22 What is likely to give the oldest radiometric age date?

Laurentia

Chapter 22 What is the name of the continent labeled X in this figure of Rodinia? (large, central continent)

outgassing

Chapter 22 What process contributed to the formation of Earth's early atmosphere?

Prokaryotes

Chapter 22 What was the earliest type of life on Earth?

Core (Inner Core)

Chapter 22 Which part of Earth is the most dense?

Hydrothermal Energy

Chapter 22 Which was not a source of heat for early Earth? (asteroid and meteorite bombardment, hydrothermal energy, gravitational contraction, radioactivity)

It provides protection from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun

Chapter 22 Why is oxygen gas important to life on Earth?

Triassic

Chapter 23 During which geologic time period did the Atlantic Ocean begin to form?

30%

Chapter 23 How much of earth's land surface did glaciers cover at the height of the ice ages?

A transgressive sequence where sea level rose

Chapter 23 What does the succession of rocks in the figure above indicate? (sandstone -> shale -> limestone)

Phytoplankton

Chapter 23 What formed the deposits in the photo above?

presence of ancient sand dunes

Chapter 23 What is evidence of an arid climate in North America at the end of the Triassic?

Iridium

Chapter 23 What metal that is rare In Earth's rocks but relatively common in asteroids is used as evidence that there was an asteroid impact at the end of the Cretaceous?

Passive Margin

Chapter 23 What term best describes a shoreline that is experiencing no tectonic activity?

Dinosaurs

Chapter 23 What was the dominant terrestrial life form during the Mesozoic Era?

Ocean Floor

Chapter 23 Where would these deposits most likely have formed? (Phytoplankton Deposits)

remains of skeletons from phytoplankton

Chapter 23 Which is a likely origin of the limestone? (located where a beach once was)

Chalk

Chapter 23 Which item could be made from this deposit?

Pangaea

Chapter 23 Which supercontinent formed at the end of the Paleozoic?

they move further apart

Chapter 3 According to the illustration, what happens to water molecules when water is heated?

6

Chapter 3 Determine the number of valence electrons that oxygen has.

1

Chapter 3 How many valence electrons does this atom have? (3 protons, 3 neutrons, 3 electrons)

move the time zone split outside the city

Chapter 3 How should a city that is between two time zones establish a time?

21

Chapter 3 If calcium's most common isotope has 20 neutrons in its nucleus, how many neutrons can be found in another naturally occurring isotope of calcium? (Given: Atomic Number 20; Atomic Mass 40.08)

21

Chapter 3 If the most common isotope of scandium has 24 neutrons in its nucleus, how many protons does scandium have? (Given: Atomic Number 21; Atomic Mass 44.96)

28

Chapter 3 If titanium has 22 protons in its nucleus, how many neutrons are present in the nucleus of its most common isotope? (Given: Atomic Number 22; Atomic Mass 47.88)

the water is the same temperature as the ice

Chapter 3 In a cup, an ice cube melts in liquid water. Which is true at the moment the ice melts?

its boiling point

Chapter 3 In order for a liquid to change to a gaseous state, what must it reach?

A solid solution

Chapter 3 Many musical instruments are made of brass, which is a mixture of copper and zinc atoms. What is brass an example of?

Solid

Chapter 3 The figure shows the arrangement of atoms in a substance. What is this substance? (The atoms are close together)

It releases thermal energy

Chapter 3 What happens to a gas when it condenses and forms a liquid?

Al2O3

Chapter 3 What ionic compound is formed by the ions Al3+ and O2-?

Water Vapor

Chapter 3 What is ice converted into during sublimation?

3

Chapter 3 What is the atomic number of this atom? (3 protons, 3 neutrons, 3 electrons)

Hydrogen

Chapter 3 What kind of ion is present in an acid?

Lithium

Chapter 3 Which element does this atom represent? (3 protons, 3 neutrons, 3 electrons)

Soil

Chapter 3 Which is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?

grape (pH 3.0) (the smaller the pH the more acidic)

Chapter 3 Which is the most acidic? banana (pH 4.7) celery (pH 5.9) grape (pH 3.0) lettuce (pH 6.9)

2 g/cm^3

Chapter 4 A mineral has a mass of 100 g and a volume of 50 cm^3. What is its density?

technology

Chapter 4 A well-planned experiment must have all of the following except: (technology, a control, a hypothesis, collectible data)

Carbonates

Chapter 4 Calcite is the dominant mineral in the rock limestone. In what mineral group does it belong?

luster

Chapter 4 Dull, silky, waxy, pearly, and earthy are terms that best describe which property of minerals?

Its production must generate a profit

Chapter 4 For a mineral to be considered an ore, which requirement must it meet?

from lowest to highest

Chapter 4 How do electrons typically fill energy levels?

It cannot be scratched by any other mineral

Chapter 4 What can be implied about diamond based on the table? (Diamond is at the top with the highest score)

It has unstable nuclei

Chapter 4 What can be inferred about an isotope that releases radiation?

Chemical Composition

Chapter 4 What characteristic is used for classifying minerals into individual groups?

Silicates

Chapter 4 What group of minerals is composed mainly of silicon-oxygen tetrahedra?

Silicon

Chapter 4 What is one of the three most common elements in Earth's crust?

SiO4 ^-4

Chapter 4 What is the correct chemical formula for a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron?

Quartz

Chapter 4 What is the hardest mineral in the table?

Temperature of Magma

Chapter 4 What is the main factor that determines the formation of the minerals listed in the table? (Quartz, Feldspar, Amphibole, Olivine)

Silicon

Chapter 4 What is the second most abundant element in Earth's crust?

calcite

Chapter 4 What mineral fizzes when it comes in contact with hydrochloric acid?

Equator

Chapter 4 What name is given to the imaginary line circling Earth halfway between the North and South Poles?

at the oxygen atom

Chapter 4 Where do the tetrahedra bond to each other?

feldspar

Chapter 4 Which is an example of a mineral whose streak cannot be determined with a porcelain streak plate?

Hardness

Chapter 4 Which is the most reliable clue to a mineral's identity?

Galena

Chapter 4 Which mineral has a metallic luster?

hardness

Chapter 4 Which mineral property is being tested?

Quartz

Chapter 4 Which mineral with scratch feldspar but not topaz?

Crystal Structure

Chapter 4 Which property causes the mineral galena to break into tiny cubes?

Volume

Chapter 5 What does not affect the formation of magma?

It forms fine-grained crystals.

Chapter 5 What effect does a fast cooling rate have on grain size in igneous rocks?

Olivine

Chapter 5 What is the first mineral to form in cooling magma?

Quartz and Feldspar

Chapter 5 What minerals are most common in granite?

Intrusive

Chapter 5 What term describes igneous rocks that crystallize inside Earth?

Diorite

Chapter 5 Which intrusive rock has the same composition as andesite?

Rhyolitic

Chapter 5 Which magma type contains the greatest amount of silica?

Feldspars

Chapter 5 Which minerals are associated with the right-hand branch of Bowen's reaction series?

Partial Melting

Chapter 5 Which process is occurring in the diagram? (Given: two pictures) (Picture one shows crystalized minerals) (Picture two shows only some of the minerals still crystalized floating in magma)

Very fast cooling

Chapter 5 Which processed formed this rock? (a fine-grained rock with a shiny, smooth luster)

Kimberlite

Chapter 5 Which type of ultrabasic rock sometimes contains diamonds?

Erosion

Chapter 6 By what process are surface materials removed and transported from one location to another?

Lithification

Chapter 6 What does not cause metamorphism?

Evaporation

Chapter 6 What process forms salt beds?

Sandstone

Chapter 6 What would you expect to have the greatest porosity? (sandstone, gneiss, shale, quartzite)

Wind

Chapter 6 Which agent of erosion can usually move only sand-sized or smaller particles?

Clay

Chapter 6 Which clastic sediment has the smallest grain size?

Breccia

Chapter 6 Which is a coarse-grained clastic rock that contains angular fragments?

Limestone

Chapter 6 Which is often a biochemical rock containing fossils?

Foliated

Chapter 6 Which term best describes this rock's texture? (rock has alternating layers of light and dark minerals)


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